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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Acilenaminonas: Síntese e Aplicação na Obtenção de Pirazóis, Pirazolo[3,4-d]piridazinonas e Pirazolo[1,5-a]pirimidinas / Acylenaminones: Synthesis and Application in the Obtaining of Pyrazoles, Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazinones and Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines

Rosa, Fernanda Andreia 19 May 2009 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The regioespecific synthesis of a series of 14 N-acylated enaminones (52-88%) from the acylation reaction of secondary β-enamino ketones [RC(O)CH=CHNR1R2; R = Ph, 4- FC6H4, 4-NO2C6H4, thien-2-yl, CCl3, CF3; R1 = H; R2 = Bn, Ph, 4-NO2C6H4] with trifluoroacetic anhydride or ethyl oxalyl chloride in pyridine is reported. On the other hand, when tertiary enaminone precursors [R = Ph, 4-MeC6H4, 4-MeOC6H4, 4-BrC6H4, 4-ClC6H4, 4-FC6H4, 4-O2NC6H4, thien-2-yl, benzofur-2-yl, CCl3, CF3; R1,R2 = Me] were used, the acylation reaction led to a series of 17 C-acylated enaminones (75-95%). A series of 4-substituted-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylates (73-94%) were obtained regiospecifically from the cyclocondensation reaction of non symmetrical enaminodiketones [RC(O)C(=CHNMe2)C(O)CO2Et; R = Ph, 4-MeOC6H4, 4-ClC6H4, 4-FC6H4, 4-O2NC6H4, thien-2-yl, benzofur-2-yl, CCl3, CF3] with tert-butylhydrazine or carboxymethylhydrazine. The reaction of these pyrazole-5-carboxylates (R = 4-MeOC6H4, 4-FC6H4, benzofur-2-yl, CF3) with hydrazine lead to synthesis of 4- substituted-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazinones (74-96%). In addition, the reaction of enaminodiketones (R = Ph, 4-MeC6H4, 4-MeOC6H4, 4-BrC6H4, 4-ClC6H4, 4-FC6H4, 4- O2NC6H4, thien-2-yl, benzofur-2-yl) with 3-amino-5-methylpyrazole was performed, where a series of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxylates were obtained regiospecifically (53-79%). / A síntese de uma série de 14 enaminonas N-aciladas regioespecificamente (52-88%) foi realizada a partir da reação de acilação de enaminonas secundárias [RC(O)CH=CHNR1R2; R = Ph, 4-FC6H4, 4-NO2C6H4, tien-2-il, CCl3, CF3; R1 = H; R2 = Bn, Ph, 4-NO2C6H4] com anidrido trifluoracético e com cloreto de etil oxalila em piridina. Quando foram utilizados como precursores enaminonas terciárias [R = Ph, 4-MeC6H4, 4-MeOC6H4, 4-BrC6H4, 4-ClC6H4, 4-FC6H4, 4-O2NC6H4, tien-2-il, benzofur-2-il, CCl3, CF3; R1,R2 = Me] a reação de acilação levou à obtenção regioespecífica de 17 enaminonas C-aciladas (75-95%). Uma série de 5-carboxietil-1H-pirazol 4-substituídos foi obtida regioespecificamente (73-94%) a partir da ciclocondensação das enaminodicetonas não simétricas [RC(O)C(=CHNMe2)C(O)CO2Et; R = Ph, 4-MeOC6H4, 4-ClC6H4, 4-FC6H4, 4-O2NC6H4, tien-2-il, benzofur-2-il, CCl3, CF3] com tert-butilidrazina ou carboximetilidrazina. A reação destes pirazóis (R = 4-MeOC6H4, 4-FC6H4, benzofur-2-il, CF3) com hidrazina monoidrato levou à síntese de pirazolo[3,4-d]piridazinona 4- substituídas (74-96%). Também foi realizada a reação de ciclocondensação de enaminodicetonas (R = Ph, 4-MeC6H4, 4-MeOC6H4, 4-BrC6H4, 4-ClC6H4, 4-FC6H4, 4-O2NC6H4, tien-2-il, benzofur-2-il) com 3-amino-5-metilpirazol onde as 7-carboxietilpirazolo[1,5-a]pirimidinas 6-substituídas foram obtidas regioespecificamente (53-79%).
112

Synthesis of Stable 1H-Azirines Reinvestigated: A Structural Corrigendum

Banert, Klaus, Hagedorn, Manfred, Peisker, Heiko January 2012 (has links)
The isoquinoline-catalyzed synthesis of pretended 1H-azirines from phenacyl bromides and N,N\'-dialkylcarbodiimides was repeated. The products do not possess the structure of antiaromatic 1H-azirines, but simple N-acyl-N,N\'-dialkylureas were formed instead. This structural corrigendum was confirmed by the independent synthesis of the known ureas and comparison of their 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic data in the case of six compounds. Thus,1H-azirines keep their classification as very short-lived intermediates.
113

Peptidmimetika an Zellulosemembranen

Heine, Helge Niklas 21 July 2000 (has links)
Die SPOT-Synthese an Zellulosemembranen wurde 1992 als eine hocheffiziente Methode zur parallelen Synthese von Peptiden beschrieben. Die wichtigste Anwendung der so synthetisierten Verbindungen ist das direkte Festphasen-Screening. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ist es gelungen, das Anwendungsgebiet der SPOT-Methode von Peptiden auf verschiedene Peptidmimetika auszudehnen und durch Screening entsprechender Bibliotheken bioaktive Substanzen zu identifizieren. (1) Peptoid-Synthese an Zellulosemembranen Die Ähnlichkeit von Oligo-N-alkylglycinen (Peptoiden) zu Peptiden sowie die Vereinbarkeit ihrer Synthese mit den Bedingungen der SPOT-Technik ließen sie als besonders geeignete Kandidaten für eine Erweiterung der SPOT-Synthese von Peptiden auf Peptidmimetika erscheinen. Die Peptoide wurden nach der 1992 für die Synthese am Harz beschriebenen Sub-Monomer-Methode synthetisiert, bei der die N-Alkylglycin-Monomere zweistufig durch Bromacetylierung und nachfolgende Bromsubstitution durch ein primäres Amin aufgebaut werden. Die Kernaufgabe bei der Anpassung der Synthesebedingungen an Zellulosemembranen war dabei die Entwicklung einer N/O-selektiven Bromacetylierungsmethode, da die Anwesenheit freier Membran-Hydroxyfunktionalitäten ein Reagenz erfordert, welches eine N-Acylierung in Anwesenheit von O-Nukleophilen zuläßt. Durch Untersuchung mehrerer Aktivester der Bromessigsäure konnte gezeigt werden, daß der kristalline Bromessigsäure-2,4-dinitrophenylester im Hinblick auf Ausbeute und N/O-Selektivität optimale Eigenschaften besitzt. Im Anschluß an die Bromacetylierungsmittel wurden 46 primäre Amine auf ihre Anwendbarkeit bei der Synthese von Modell-Tripeptoiden untersucht. Aus den Ergebnissen konnten Gesetzmäßigkeiten abgeleitet werden, die eine Abschätzung der Verwendbarkeit von Aminen für die Peptoidsynthese im Hinblick auf Flüchtigkeit, sterischen Anspruch, Nukleophilie des Stickstoffatoms sowie vorhandene funktionelle Gruppen in Seitenketten ermöglichen. (2) Synthese und Screening von Peptoid-Bibliotheken Unter den optimierten Synthesebedingungen wurden zwei Bibliotheken mit jeweils 8000 Tri- bzw. Hexapeptoiden synthetisiert. Die Trimeren-Bibliothek beinhaltete dabei den gesamten Sequenzraum basierend auf 20 Bausteinen, während die Verbindungen der Hexameren-Bibliothek aus einem wesentlich größeren, auf 40 Bausteinen basierenden Sequenzraum statistisch ausgewählt wurden. Um zu überprüfen, ob sich die Bibliotheken zur "de novo" Auffindung von Protein-Liganden eignen, wurden sie auf Bindung zum monoklonalen Antikörper Tab-2 untersucht. Es konnten in beiden Fällen bioaktive Oligomere identifiziert werden (Trimere: KD >= 87 µM, Hexamere: KD >= 2.7 µM), die sich vom Peptid-Epitop des Antikörpers [VVSHFND] deutlich unterschieden. (3) Rückgratmodifizierte Peptoide Mit dem Ziel, Rückgratmodifikationen in Peptoide einzufügen, wurden neun Biselektrophile im Rahmen eines "chemischen Screenings" zur Synthese eines Modell-Trimers verwendet. Vier der Bausteine waren geeignet und ermöglichten damit die Einführung von beta-Peptoid-, m- und p-Aminomethylbenzoesäure- sowie Carbamat-Einheiten in Peptoide. Beim Versuch, in analoger Weise auch Harnstoffe zugänglich zu machen, wurde unter den Linker-Spaltungsbedingungen eine Cyclisierung zu Hydantoinen beobachtet. Diese interessante Reaktion wurde näher untersucht, um die SPOT-Methode auf die Synthese von Hydantoinen als heterocyclische Struktur zu erweitern. (4) Synthese von Hydantoinen an Zellulosemembranen Die Bildung von Hydantoinen in einer Cyclisierungsreaktion, bei der Ammoniak aus einem Amid freigesetzt wird, wurde an fester Phase noch nicht genutzt, während dieser Reaktionstyp in Lösung bereits intensiv untersucht wurde. Durch eine Optimierung der Cyclisierungsbedingungen ließ sich die zunächst unvollständige Reaktion zur Vollständigkeit bringen. Auch C-substituierte Hydantoine konnten durch Verwendung von alpha-Aminosäureamiden bzw. -tert.-butylestern enantiomerenrein zugänglich gemacht werden. / SPOT-synthesis on cellulose membranes was introduced as a highly efficient method for the parallel synthesis of peptides in 1992. The most important applications of libraries synthesized by SPOT-synthesis are solid phase binding assays. Within this work the extension of the SPOT-method to the synthesis of various peptidomimetics and the identification of bioactive substances by screening of corresponding libraries is described. (1) peptoid synthesis on cellulose membranes The similarity of oligo-N-alkylglycines (peptoids) and peptides as well as the compatibility of their synthesis with the conditions of the SPOT-technique made them ideally suited for the extension of the SPOT-synthesis from peptides to peptidomimetics. The peptoids were synthesized by the sub-monomer approach originally developed for the synthesis on standard resins in 1992. N-alkylglycine monomers are hereby synthesized in a stepwise manner by bromoacetylation and subsequent substitution of the bromine atom by a primary amine. The most critical point in the adaptation of the synthesis conditions was the development of an N/O-selective reagent for bromoacetylation due to the presence of free hydroxyl functionalities of the membrane support requiring a reagent suitable for N-acylation in the presence of O-nucleophiles. Several active esters of bromoacetic acid were synthesized and tested whereby crystalline 2,4-dinitrophenylbromoacetate gave the best results with respect to yield and N/O-selectivity. After optimization of bromoacetylation 46 primary amines were applied to the synthesis of model tripeptoids. Rules for the applicability of amines in peptoid synthesis with respect to volatility, sterical demand, nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom and compatibility with sidechain functional groups were derived from the results. (2) synthesis and screening of peptoid libraries Two libraries consisting of 8000 tri- and hexapeptoids respectively were synthesized under optimized conditions. The library of trimers displayed the entire sequence space based on 20 building blocks, whereas the sequences of the hexamers were selected statistically from the sequence space based on 40 building blocks. In order to examine the suitability of the libraries for the "de novo" identification of protein ligands they were screened for binding to the monoclonal antibody Tab-2. Bioactive peptoids could be identified in both cases (trimers: KD >= 87 µM, hexamers: KD >= 2.7 µM) both differing significantly from the peptide epitope [VVSHFND]. (3) backbone modified peptoids In order to introduce backbone modifications into peptoids nine biselectrophiles were applied in the synthesis of model trimers in a chemical screening. Four of the building blocks were well suited allowing the incorporation of beta-peptoid, m- and p-aminomethylbenzoic acid and carbamate units into peptoids. When the introduction of urea-units in a similar approach was attempted hydantoins were formed during cleavage from the solid support. This interesting reaction was examined in detail in order to extend SPOT-synthesis to the synthesis of heterocycles. (4) synthesis of hydantoins on cellulose membranes The formation of hydantoins from terminal amides was not yet described in a solid phase synthesis, whereas it was examined intensively in solution. By optimizing the conditions of cyclization the reaction could be driven to completion. C-substituted hydantoins were obtained as single enantiomers, when alpha-amino acid-amides or -tert. butylesters were used in the synthesis.

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