Les problèmes d'optimisation continue sont nombreux, en économie, en traitement de signal, en réseaux de neurones, etc. L'une des solutions les plus connues et les plus employées est l'algorithme évolutionnaire, métaheuristique basée sur les théories de l'évolution qui emprunte des mécanismes stochastiques et qui a surtout montré de bonnes performances dans la résolution des problèmes d'optimisation continue. L’utilisation de cette famille d'algorithmes est très populaire, malgré les nombreuses difficultés qui peuvent être rencontrées lors de leur conception. En effet, ces algorithmes ont plusieurs paramètres à régler et plusieurs opérateurs à fixer en fonction des problèmes à résoudre. Dans la littérature, on trouve pléthore d'opérateurs décrits, et il devient compliqué pour l'utilisateur de savoir lesquels sélectionner afin d'avoir le meilleur résultat possible. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse avait pour objectif principal de proposer des méthodes permettant de remédier à ces problèmes sans pour autant détériorer les performances de ces algorithmes. Ainsi nous proposons deux algorithmes :- une méthode basée sur le maximum a posteriori qui utilise les probabilités de diversité afin de sélectionner les opérateurs à appliquer, et qui remet ce choix régulièrement en jeu,- une méthode basée sur un graphe dynamique d'opérateurs représentant les probabilités de passages entre les opérateurs, et en s'appuyant sur un modèle de la fonction objectif construit par un réseau de neurones pour mettre régulièrement à jour ces probabilités. Ces deux méthodes sont détaillées, ainsi qu'analysées via un benchmark d'optimisation continue / The problems of continuous optimization are numerous, in economics, in signal processing, in neural networks, and so on. One of the best-known and most widely used solutions is the evolutionary algorithm, a metaheuristic algorithm based on evolutionary theories that borrows stochastic mechanisms and has shown good performance in solving problems of continuous optimization. The use of this family of algorithms is very popular, despite the many difficulties that can be encountered in their design. Indeed, these algorithms have several parameters to adjust and a lot of operators to set according to the problems to solve. In the literature, we find a plethora of operators described, and it becomes complicated for the user to know which one to select in order to have the best possible result. In this context, this thesis has the main objective to propose methods to solve the problems raised without deteriorating the performance of these algorithms. Thus we propose two algorithms:- a method based on the maximum a posteriori that uses diversity probabilities for the operators to apply, and which puts this choice regularly in play,- a method based on a dynamic graph of operators representing the probabilities of transitions between operators, and relying on a model of the objective function built by a neural network to regularly update these probabilities. These two methods are detailed, as well as analyzed via a continuous optimization benchmark

L’objectif de la thèse est de développer une nouvelle technique d’optique adaptive pour les interferomètres gravitationels avancés, basée sur un nouveau type de miroir pour le faisceau d’injection de l’interferomètre. Le miroir déformable, basé sur une actuation thermique, doit etre un outil compatible ultra-vide, qui fonctionne sans bruit électronique ou mécanique, bon marché et permettre la correction des modes d’ordre supérieurs afin d’améliorer le matching des faisceaux de haute puissance dans les cavités laser du détecteur sous ultra-vide. Un montage experimental de caractérisation du miroir déformable a été mis en place afin d’effectuer les tests de validation du premier prototype sous air. L’élaboration d’une procédure de caractérisation des propriétés du miroir et d’une boucle de controle a permis de développer une approche efficace pour déterminer les possibilités et les limites du miroir. Nous avons ainsi pu faire la démonstration de sa capacite a corriger les aberrations de phase d’un faisceau laser infrarouge a différentes fréquences spatiales. Nous avons également démontré que le miroir vérifie les performances de stabilité, de reproductibilité et de linearité attendues. Nous avons ensuite validé l’amélioration du mode matching d’un faisceau laser sur une cavité de réference par le miroir thermiquement déformable / In this thesis we develop a new technique of adaptive optics for the Advanced Gravitational Interferometers, based on a new type of deformable mirror for the injection beam of the interferometer. This deformable mirror, based on a thermal actuation, has to be a high vacuum compatible and low-cost device, that is working without any electronic or mechanic noise. It has to allow the correction of high order modes to improve the matching of high power laser beams in the interferometer.An experimental setup has been made to characterize the first prototype on air. An efficient process and a control loop have allowed to determine the possibilities and limits of the device. We have demonstrated its ability to correct high order modes of an infrared laser beam. Afterwards, we have validated the improvement of mode matching into a fixed cavity.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para geração de malhas adaptativas de elementos finitos 2D e 3D usando modeladores geométricos com multi-regiões e superfícies paramétricas. A estratégia adaptativa adotada é fundamentada no refinamento independente das curvas, superfícies e sólidos. Inicialmente as curvas são refinadas, no seu espaço paramétrico, usando uma técnica de partição binária da curva (binary-tree). A discretização das curvas é usada como dado de entrada para o refinamento das superfícies. A discretização destas é realizada no seu espaço paramétrico e utiliza uma técnica de avanço de fronteira combinada com uma estrutura de dados do tipo quadtree para gerar uma malha não estruturada de superfície. Essas malhas de superfícies são usadas como dado de entrada para o refinamento dos domínios volumétricos. A discretização volumétrica combina uma estrutura de dados do tipo octree juntamente com a técnica de avanço de fronteira para gerar uma malha sólida não estruturada de elementos tetraédricos. As estruturas de dados auxiliares dos tipos binary-tree, quadtree e octree são utilizadas para armazenar os tamanhos característicos dos elementos gerados no refinamento das curvas, superfícies e regiões volumétricas. Estes tamanhos característicos são definidos pela estimativa de erro numérico associado à malha global do passo anterior do processo adaptativo. A estratégia adaptativa é implementada em dois modeladores: o MTOOL (2D) e o MG (3D), que são responsáveis pela criação de um modelo geométrico, podendo ter, multi-regiões, onde no caso 3D as curvas e superfícies são representadas por NURBS. / [en] This work presents a methodology for adaptive generation of 2D and 3D finite-element meshes using geometric modeling with multi- regions and parametric surfaces. The adaptive strategy adopted in this methodology is based on independent refinements of curves, surfaces and solids. Initially, the model´s curves are refined using a binary-partition algorithm in parametric space. The discratizetion of these curves is used as input for the refinement of adjacent surfaces. Surface discretization is also performed in parametric space and employs a quadtree-based refinement coupled to an advancing-front technique for the generation of an unstructured triangulation. These surface meshes are used as input for the refinement adjacent volumetric domains. Volume discretization combines an octree refinement with an advancing-front technique to generate an unstructural mesh of tetrahedral elements. In all stages of the adaptive strategy, the refinement of curves, surface meshes and solid meshes is based on estimated numerical errors associated to the mesh of the previous step in the adaptive process. In addition, curve and surface refinement takes into account metric distortions between parametric and Cartesian spaces and high curvatures of the model´s geometric entities. The adaptive strategies are implemented in two different modelers: MTOOL (2D) and MG (3D), which are responsible for the creation of a geometric model with multi-regions, where for case 3D the curves and surfaces are represented by NURBS, and for the interactive and automatic finite-element mesh generation associated to surfaces and solid regions. Numerical examples of the simulation of engineering problems are presented in order to validate the methodology proposed in this work.

Nos pressupostos winnicotianos, experiências provenientes de uma maternagem insatisfatória podem não propiciaro desenvolvimento adequado dos fenômenos tradicionais, resultando em patologias como a adicção. Devido aos poucos estudos existentes relacionando o fenômeno adicção com a maternagem, decidiu-se investigar o funcionamento psíquico de mães de adictos a drogas, a fim de se verificar quais características deste funcionamento poderiam dificultar o desempenho adequado da função materna. Fizeram parte deste estudo 10 mães de adictos a drogas (cocaína), que foram atendidas individualmente em situação de psicodiagnóstico, incluindo Entrevista semidirigida sobre o filho, Entrevista baseada na Escala Diagnóstica Adaptativa Operacionalizada (EDAO) sobre elas próprias e aplicação do Método de Rorschach. As mães foram convidadas a participar desta pesquisa à medida que seus filhos - do sexo masculino e adicto à droga cocaína - davam entrada para tratamento no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial em Álcool e Droga (CAPS-AD) do município de Santana de Parnaíba (região oeste da Grande São Paulo, Brasil). Os filhos adictos não apresentavam perturbação neurológica ou psicológica grave e foram avaliados por outro profissional diferente do resposnável por esta coleta de dados. Na região atendida, predomina uma população de baixa renda. Os dados foram analisados e relacionados entre si, privilegiando os processos de pensamento, de socialização e a dinâmica afetiva, utilizando-se o referencial psicanalítico winnicottiano. Os resultados do grupo no Método de Rorschach e nas Entrevistas configuraram um perfil marcado por um funcionamento psíquico imaturo, por um embotamento afetivo e intelectual, dificuldades de relacionamento objetal adulto, atitudes ambíguas e tendência à repetição de vivências conjugais geradoras de sofrimento, decorrentes de violência e abusos. Tal funcionamento parece derivar-se das próprias vivências precoces, permeadas por uma maternagem não suficientemente boa, que compromete o desenvolvimento do processo de sepração e individuação. A partir deste funcionamento, estas mães não se mostraram capazes de favorecer o desenvolvimento adequado de seus filhos pelas próprias dificuldades na passagem da dependência para a independência e no desenvolvimento de um espaço transicional. / Winnicott reported that an unsatisfatory good-enough mothering experience may not provide the appropriate transitional phenomena development leading to pathologies, for instance the addition. Considering the few studies regarding the relations between the addictive phenomenon and mothering from the mother perspective, was decided upon the investigation on the drug-addicted mother\'s psychic functioning, in order to verify if these performance characteristics could disturb the proper mother\'s function development. This study copes with 10 drug-addict mothers (cocain) that were attended individually in psychodiagnostic assessment, including a semi-structured interview referring to their son, an Adaptive Operational Diagnostic Scale (EDAO) interview and the Rorschach Method. The mothers were invited to participate in the study as long as that their sons, also drug addicted (cocain), had been brought for the treatment at the Alcohool and Drugs Psychological Care Center (CAPS-AD) in the Santana de Parnaíba municipality (São Paulo west region, Brazil), and this is predominantly low-income population. Theis sons were addicts and they did not present neurological or psychological severe disturbance, they were evaluated by another professional other than the person responsible for data collection. Using the Winnicott\'s psychoanalitic reference the data was analyzed and related among each other, focusing on the thought and socialization processes, and on the affective dynamics. The Rorschach Method and interviews results suggested a group with an immature psychological functioning profile, distinguished by an affective flattening, an intellectual blunting, a difficulty in an adult object-reaction, double-meaning attitudes and repeated marital experiences that causes suffering by its violence and abuse. These characterists seem to be a consequence of their own previous experiences and from an unsatisfactory good-enough mothering, hindering their separation/individuation process development. Consequently, the mothers were not able to assist their sons with a proper development considering their own difficulties related to the dependence-independence process and their transitional area development.

Dans le contexte du développement de systèmes embarqués alliant hautes performances et basse consommation, la recherche de l'efficacité énergétique optimale des processeurs est devenue un défi majeur. Les solutions architecturales se sont positionnées durant les dernières décennies comme d'importantes contributrices à ce challenge. Ces solutions, permettant la gestion du compromis performance de calcul/consommation, se sont dans un premier temps développées pour les circuits mono-processeurs. Elles évoluent aujourd'hui pour s'adapter aux contraintes de circuits MPSoCs de plus en plus complexes et sensibles aux déviations des procédés de fabrication, aux variations de tension et de température. Cette variabilité limite aujourd'hui drastiquement l'efficacité énergétique de chacune des unités de calcul qui composent une architecture MPSoC, car des marges pessimistes de fonctionnement sont généralement prises en compte. De grandes améliorations peuvent être attendues de la diminution de ces marges de fonctionnement en surveillant dynamiquement et localement la variabilité de chaque unité de calcul afin de réajuster ses paramètres de fonctionnement tension/fréquence. Ce travail s'insère dans une solution architecturale bas-coût nommée AVFS, basée sur une optimisation des techniques de gestion locales DVFS, permettant de réduire les marges de conception afin d'améliorer l'efficacité énergétique des MPSoCs, tout en minimisant l'impact de la solution proposée sur la surface de silicium et l'énergie consommée. Le développement d'un système de surveillance des variations locales et dynamiques de la tension et de la température à partir d'un capteur bas coût a été proposé. Une première méthode permet d'estimer conjointement la tension et la température à l'aide de tests statistiques. Une seconde permet d'accélérer l'estimation de la tension. Enfin, une méthode de calibration associée aux deux méthodes précédentes a été développée. Ce système de surveillance a été validé sur une plateforme matérielle afin d'en démontrer le caractère opérationnel. En prenant en compte les estimées de tension et de température, des politiques visant à réajuster dynamiquement les consignes des actionneurs locaux de tension et de fréquence ont été proposées. Finalement, la consommation additionnelle due à l'intégration des éléments constitutifs de l'architecture AVFS a été évaluée et comparée aux réductions de consommation atteignables grâce aux réductions des marges de fonctionnement. Ces résultats ont montré que la solution AVFS permet de réaliser des gains en consommation substantiels par rapport à une solution DVFS classique. / Nowadays, embedded systems requiring high performance and low power, the search for the optimal efficiency of the processors has become a major challenge. Architectural solutions have positioned themselves in recent decades as one of the main contributors to this challenge. These solutions enable the management of the trade-off between performance / power consumption, initially developed for single -processor systems. Today, they evolve to be adapted to the constraints of circuits MPSoCs increasingly complex and sensitive to process, voltage and temperature variations. This PVT variability limits drastically the energy efficiency of each of the processing units of a MPSoC architecture, taking into account pessimistic operating margins. Significant improvements can be expected from the reduction of the operating margins by dynamically monitoring and local variability of each resource and by adjusting its voltage / frequency operating point. This work is part of a low-cost architectural solution called AVFS, based on local DVFS optimization technique, to reduce design margins and improve the energy efficiency of MPSoCs, while minimizing the silicon surface and the energy additional cost. The development of a monitoring system of local and dynamic voltage and temperature variations using a low-cost sensor has been proposed. A first method estimates jointly voltage and temperature using statistical tests. A second one speeds up estimation of the voltage. Finally, a calibration method associated with the two previous methods has been developed. This monitoring system has been validated on a hardware platform to demonstrate its operational nature. Taking into account the estimation of voltage and temperature values, policies to dynamically adjust the set point of the local voltage and frequency actuators have been proposed. Finally, the additional power consumption due to the integration of the components of the architecture AVFS was evaluated and compared with reductions achievable through reductions in operating margins consumption. These results showed that the AVFS solution can achieve substantial power savings compared to conventional DVFS solution.

La popularité des robots parallèles s’est considérablement accrue lors des dernières décennies. Cette popularité a été stimulée par les nombreux avantages qu’offrent les robots parallèles par rapport à leurs homologues traditionnels sériels concernant certaines applications industrielles nécessitant de fortes accélérations et une bonne précision. Toutefois, afin d'exploiter pleinement leur potentiel et de tirer le meilleur de leurs capacités, un long chemin reste encore à parcourir. En plus de la conception mécanique, l'étalonnage et l'optimisation de la structure, le développement d’une commande efficace joue un rôle primordial dans l’amélioration de la performance globale des robots parallèles. Cependant, ces derniers sont connus par leur dynamique fortement non linéaire qui s’accroît considérablement lorsque de fortes accélérations sont sollicitées conduisant à des vibrations mécaniques. En outre, les incertitudes sont abondantes dans ces systèmes en raison des hypothèses simplificatrices de modélisation, l'usure des composants du robot et les variations de l'environnement. De plus, leur dynamique couplée et la redondance d'actionnement dans certains mécanismes donnent lieu à des problèmes de commande complexes et difficiles à gérer. Par conséquent, les stratégies de commande développées pour les robots parallèles devraient tenir compte de tous les enjeux et défis mentionnées précédemment. L'objectif principal de cette thèse réside dans la proposition de nouvelles stratégies de commande adaptatives pour les robots parallèles tenant compte de leurs caractéristiques et particularités afin d'améliorer leurs performances de suivi de trajectoires. En outre, les stratégies de commande développées devraient être validées d'abord en simulation, puis à travers des expérimentations temps-réel sur les robots parallèles à notre disposition. Dans ce contexte, trois contributions majeures sont proposées dans le cadre de cette thèse. Tout d'abord, une nouvelle classe de contrôleurs adaptatifs avec des gains de retour non linéaires temps-variant est proposée. La deuxième contribution réside dans le développement d’une version adaptative de la commande robuste RISE. Pour la troisième contribution, la stratégie de commande adaptative L1, récemment développée, est appliquée pour la première fois sur un robot parallèle, suivie de deux nouvelles extensions basées-modèle. Des simulations numériques ainsi que des expérimentations temps-réel sur différents prototypes de robots parallèles sont présentées et discutées. Tous les contrôleurs proposés sont validés pour différents scénarios permettant ainsi de montrer leur pertinence et efficacité. / Parallel Kinematic Manipulators (PKMs) have gained an increased popularity in the last few decades. This interest has been stimulated by the significant advantages of PKMs compared to their traditional serial counterparts, with respect to some specific industrial tasks requiring high accelerations and accuracy. However, to fully exploit their potential and to get the most of their capabilities, a long path is still to be covered. In addition to mechanical design, calibration and optimization of the structure, efficient control development plays an essential role in improving the overall performance of PKMs. However, PKMs are known for their highly nonlinear dynamics which increases considerably when operating at high accelerations leading to mechanical vibrations. Moreover, uncertainties are abundant in such systems due to model simplifications, the wear of the components of the robot and the variations of the environment. Furthermore, their coupled dynamics and actuation redundancy in some mechanisms give rise to complex and challenging control issues. Consequently, the developed control schemes should take into account all the previously mentioned issues and challenges. The main goal of this thesis lies in the proposal of new adaptive control schemes for PKMs while considering their characteristics and particularities in order to improve their tracking capabilities. Moreover, the developed control strategies should be first validated through numerical simulations, then through real-time experiments on available PKMs. Within this context, three main contributions are proposed in this thesis. First, a new class of adaptive controllers with nonlinear time-varying feedback gains is proposed. The second contribution lies in an adaptive-based extended version of RISE robust feedback control strategy. For the third contribution, the recently developed L1 adaptive control strategy is applied for the first time on a PKM, followed by two novel model-based extensions. Numerical simulations as well as real-time experiments on various PKMs prototypes are provided and discussed. All the proposed controllers are validated for different operating conditions in order to show their relevance and efficiency.

O etanol contribui significativamente para que a matriz energética do país se apresente extremamente favorável quanto à participação da energia renovável. A demanda por este biocombustível é crescente e tecnologias que permitam a sua produção de forma sustentável é de suma importância, como a fermentação com alto teor de etanol, já empregada em alguns países. Linhagens de leveduras com tolerância a múltiplos estresses muito contribuíram para a implantação de tal tecnologia no Brasil. Neste contexto se insere o presente trabalho, o qual busca linhagens de leveduras capazes de suportar os estresses impostos por uma fermentação com alto teor alcoólico. Para tal, 3 entre as melhores linhagens industriais de Saccharomyces cerevisiae atualmente disponíveis (CAT-1, PE-2 e SA- 1), foram utilizadas num programa para a seleção de híbridos para tolerância múltipla aos estresses etanólico, osmótico, ácido, além de outros, inerentes à fermentação com alto teor de etanol. Estas linhagens foram esporuladas e dissecadas para obtenção de células haplóides, as quais foram submetidas a cruzamentos entre- e intra-linhagens. Foram conduzidos cruzamentos massais (aleatórios) cujos produtos foram submetidos à evolução adaptativa em meios com os fatores estressantes em intensidades crescentes no transcorrer de 80 gerações. Ao final da evolução buscou-se variantes prevalentes na população de híbridos, os quais foram submetidos a novos procedimentos seletivos com imposições de várias condições estressantes. Igualmente foram conduzidos cruzamentos direcionados entre haplóides mediante micromanipulação, sendo tais híbridos submetidos ao mesmo procedimento seletivo nos meios estressantes. Assim, a partir de 230 haplóides das 3 linhagens, 174 isolados (120 oriundos dos cruzamentos massais e 54 dos cruzamentos direcionados) foram pré-selecionados pela maior tolerância aos meios seletivos, tendo os seus cariótipos estabelecidos mediante a cariotipagem eletroforética. Os isolados com maior tolerância (27) foram novamente avaliados em fermentações com reciclo de células e sob condições de elevado teor alcoólico (até 14,5% v/v) em mosto de melaço e água. Em todas as etapas da seleção os isolados foram comparados com as linhagens parentais (CAT-1, PE-2 e SA-1), sendo que ao final do processo seletivo destacou-se a linhagem 35B (híbrido entre CAT-1 e PE-2) com atributos fermentativos superiores aos exibidos pelos parentais. Tais atributos fermentativos contemplaram parâmetros bioquímicos, fisiológicos e tecnológicos (rendimento em etanol, viabilidade celular, crescimento em biomassa, formação de glicerol e teores celulares de carboidratos de reserva glicogênio e trealose). Os resultados permitem sugerir que devido às características fermentativas desejáveis do híbrido 35B, o mesmo possa ser empregado no processo industrial para ser avaliado como uma promissora linhagem a conduzir a fermentação com alto teor alcoólico. / Ethanol contributes significantly to the energy country matrix, which presents itself as extremely favorable to the share of renewable energy. The demand for this biofuel is increasing and technologies for its production in a sustainable way is of paramount importance such as fermentation with very high gravity, already used in some countries. Yeast strains tolerant to multiple stresses greatly contributed to the deployment of such technology in Brazil. In this context the present work is inserted, which seeks yeast strains capable of withstanding the stresses imposed by high ethanol content fermentation. In order that, three of the best industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae currently available (CAT-1, PE-2 and SA-1), were used in a program to select hybrids with tolerance towards multiples stresses: ethanolic, osmotic and acid, besides other factors involved in a high ethanol content fermentation. These strains were sporulated and dissected to obtain haploid cells, which were submitted to inter- and intra-strains crossings. Hybrids from polycrossings (random crossings) were subjected to an adaptative evolution in media with increasing stressing action over the course of 80 generations. At the end of evolution, prevalent variants were sought in the hybrids population, and submitted to new selective procedures with several stressing conditions. In the same way, directed crossings (between identified haplois) were performed by micromanipulation, and the resulting hybrids were subjected to the same selective procedure. Therefore, from 230 haploid from the 3 parent strains, 174 were isolated (120 from polycrossings and 54 from directed crossings) and pre-selected for higher tolerance in selective media; moreover their karyotypes were established by electrophoretic karyotyping. Strains showing greater tolerance (27) were again evaluated during cell recycling fermentations with high ethanol content (up to 14.5% v/v) using must formulated with water and molasses. At all stages, the isolates were compared with the parental strains (CAT-1, PE-2 and SA-1), and at the end of the selection process, the strain 35B (hybrid between CAT-1 and PE-2) standed out with fermentative attributes higher than the parentals. The fermentative performance was assessed by biochemical, physiological and technological parameters (ethanol efficiency, cell viability, biomass gain, glycerol formation and cellular levels of reserve carbohydrates - glycogen and trehalose). The results suggest that due to desirable fermentation traits, the hybrid 35B, could be used as starter in industrial fermentation process with high ethanol content.

A Psicologia Clínica Preventiva vem se desenvolvendo no campo da pesquisa e prática, com o intuito de aprimorar modelos de intervenção clínica que possibilitem a promoção de saúde e a prevenção de problemas psíquicos na comunidade. O atendimento preventivo familiar é um meio de se alcançar a comunidade. Em projetos psicossociais com famílias, constatou-se a necessidade de um instrumento diagnóstico familiar que abrangesse a detecção precoce de sinais e sintomas, abreviando uma ação mais eficaz. Perante essa demanda, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo geral: o estudo piloto de um modelo diagnóstico familiar, com base na concepção da Teoria da Adaptação e da Escala Diagnóstica Adaptativa Operacionalizada (EDAO), para utilização no campo da Prevenção em Psicologia Clínica; e por objetivos específicos: 1) avaliar a adequação das relações familiares nos setores adaptativos; 2) verificar as situações-problema intrafamiliares; e, 3) averiguar quantas entrevistas preventivas são suficientes para abarcar a compreensão psicodinâmica/adaptativa da família. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas preventivas domiciliares com cinco famílias inscritas no Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF). Verificou-se que três a quatro entrevistas preventivas, com duração de uma hora e meia, foram suficientes para obter os dados dos setores adaptativos e definir as situações-problema intrafamiliares. Os principais fatores que influenciaram na duração das entrevistas foram: indicação de brevidade, motivação de cada família, interrupções, capacidade da família em abordar assuntos ansiógenos, a superação ou não de resistências e, a participação de vários membros familiares. Uma das famílias interrompeu sua participação, mas seus dados puderam ser considerados na análise de resultados. A avaliação da adequação setorial indicou que: nenhuma família apresentou respostas adequadas no setor Afetivorelacional, somente, uma apresentou pouco adequada e, a maioria apresentou pouquíssimo adequadas; no setor Produtividade: duas famílias apresentaram respostas adequadas, duas apresentaram pouco adequadas e, uma pouquíssimo adequadas; no Orgânico duas famílias apresentaram respostas adequadas, uma pouco adequadas e duas pouquíssimo adequadas; já no Sociocultural todas as famílias apresentaram respostas adequadas. As situações-problemas foram passíveis de definição e, eram desencadeadas predominantemente por conflitos no setor Afetivo-relacional. Estes dados revelaram maior comprometimento no setor Afetivorelacional com influência no setor Orgânico. Assim, o estudo mostrou que este modelo de diagnóstico é uma proposta possível no que tange ao trabalho preventivo com famílias. Entende-se que a importância deste estudo, recai na possibilidade de promover recursos teóricos e técnicos que inspirem trabalho clínico e preventivo com famílias / Preventive Clinical Psychology has been developing in the research and practical fields with a view to improving clinical intervention models to enable health promotion and psychicproblem prevention in the community. Preventive family assistance is understood as tool to reach the community. In psychosocial projects involving families, the author found the need for a family diagnosis tool to cover the early detection of signs and symptoms, therefore accelerating a more effective action. In view of such demand, the general purpose of this paper is: to develop a pilot study for a family diagnosis model, based on the concept of the Adaptation Theory and Operational Adaptive Diagnostic Scale (EDAO, in Portuguese) to be used in the field of Clinical Psychology Prevention; its specific purposes were: 1) to evaluate the adequacy of family relations in the adaptive areas; 2) to check intra-family problem situations; and 3) to investigate how many preventive interviews are sufficient to cover the psychodynamic/adaptive understanding of the family. For this reason, preventive home interviews were be conducted with five families registered with the Family Health Program (PSF, in Portuguese). We observed that three to four one-hour-and-a-half preventive interviews were sufficient to obtain data from adaptive areas and define intra-family problem situations. The main factors affecting the duration of interviews were: indication of brevity, motivation of each family, interruptions, family ability to address anxiogenic matters, overcoming or not resistance, and participation of several family members. One of the families discontinued participation, but their data could be considered in the results analysis. The evaluation of area adequacy suggested that: none of the families presented proper responses in the affection-relational area, only one of them presented a poor response, most of them presented very poor response; in the productivity area: two families presented proper responses, two presented poor response and one of them presented very poor responses; in the organic area, two families presented proper responses, one of them presented poor responses and two of them presented very poor responses; however, in the social-cultural area, all families presented proper responses. Problem situations were possible to define and were triggered predominantly by conflicts in the affection-relational area. Those data revealed greater commitment in the affection-relational area with influence on the organic area. Therefore, the study showed that this diagnosis model is a viable proposal in regard to preventive work with families. The importance of this study is understood to be related to the possibility of promoting theoretical and technical courses to make feasible a clinical and preventive work with families

La réduction des dimensions des transistors a augmenté la sensibilité des circuits numériques aux variations PVT et, plus récemment, aux effets de vieillissement, notamment BTI et HCI. De larges marges de sécurité sont donc nécessaires pour assurer un fonctionnement correct du circuit, ce qui entraîne une perte d'énergie importante. Les solutions actuelles pour améliorer l'efficacité énergétique sont principalement basées sur des solutions de type «Adaptive Voltage and Frequency Scaling (AVFS)». Cependant, ce type de solution ne peut anticiper les variations avant qu'elles ne se produisent. Cette approche doit donc être amélioré pour traiter les problèmes de fiabilité liés au vieillissement. Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthodologie pour générer des modèles simplifiés pour estimer la fréquence maximale du circuit Fmax. Un premier modèle est créé pour estimer le délai de propagation du (des) chemin(s) critique(s) en fonction des variations PVT. Les effets BTI et HCI sont ensuite modélisés via une modification des paramètres du premier modèle. Construit à partir des modèles au niveau transistor, le modèle de vieillissement obtenu prend en compte tous les facteurs qui influent sur le vieillissement, à savoir, la topologie des circuits, l'application, la tension et la température. La méthodologie proposée est validée sur deux architectures en technologie 28nm FD-SOI. Les modèles peuvent être alimentés par des moniteurs de température et de tension, ce qui permet une évaluation précise de l'évolution de Fmax. Toutefois, ces moniteurs sont sensibles au vieillissement. Aussi, une méthode de recalibrage pour compenser les effets du vieillissement a été développée pour un moniteur numérique de température et de tension. Des exemples d'applications en ligne sont donnés. Les modèles sont également utilisés pour simuler des circuits complexes sous des variations de vieillissement, par exemple un circuit multi-cœur et un système AVFS. Cela permet d'évaluer différentes stratégies concernant la performance, l'énergie et la fiabilité. / The continuous scaling of transistor dimensions has increased the sensitivity of digital circuits to PVT variations and, more recently, to aging effects such as BTI and HCI. Large voltage guard bands, corresponding to worst-case operation, are thus necessary and leads to a considerable energy loss. Current solutions to increase energy efficiency are mainly based on Adaptive Voltage and Frequency Scaling (AVFS). However, as a reactive solution, it cannot anticipate the variation before it occurs. It has, thus, to be improved for handling long-term reliability issues. This thesis proposes a new methodology to generate simplified but nevertheless accurate models to estimate the circuit maximum operating frequency Fmax. A first model is created for the modelling of the propagation delay of the critical path(s) as a function of PVT variations. Both BTI/HCI effects are then modelled as a shift in the parameters of the first model. Built on the top of device-level models, it takes into account all factors that impact global aging, namely, circuit topology, workload, voltage and temperature variations. The proposed modelling approach is evaluated on two architectures implemented in 28nm FD-SOI technology. The models can be fed by temperature and voltage monitors. This allows an accurate assessment of the circuit Fmax evolution during its operation. However, these monitors are prone to aging. Therefore, an aging-aware recalibration method has been developed for a particular V T monitor. Examples of on-line applications are given. Finally, the models are used to simulate complex circuits under aging variations such a multi-core circuit and an AVFS system. This allows the evaluation of different strategies regarding performance, energy and reliability.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a solução numérica da equação geral de advecção-difusão usando uma metodologia numérica conservativa. Para a discretização espacial, é usado o Método de Volumes Finitos devido à natureza conservativa da equação em questão. O método é configurado de modo a ter suas variáveis centradas em centro de célula e, para as variáveis, como a velocidade, centradas nas faces um método de interpolação de segunda ordem é utilizado para um ajuste numérico ao centro. Embora a implementação computacional tenha sido feita de forma paramétrica de maneira a acomodar outros esquemas numéricos, a discretização temporal dá ênfase ao Método de Crank-Nicolson. Tal método numérico, sendo ele implícito, dá origem a um sistema linear de equações que, aqui, é resolvido empregando-se o Método Multigrid-Multinível. A corretude do código implementado é verificada a partir de testes por soluções manufaturadas, de modo a checar se a ordem de convergência prevista em teoria é alcançada pelos métodos numéricos. Um jato laminar é simulado, com o acoplamento entre a equação de Navier-Stokes e a equação geral de advecção-difusão, em um domínio computacional tridimensional. O jato é uma forma de vericar se o algoritmo de geração de malhas adaptativas funciona corretamente. O módulo produzido neste trabalho é baseado no código computacional AMR3D-P desenvolvido pelos grupos de pesquisa do IME-USP e o MFLab/FEMEC-UFU (Laboratório de Dinâmica de Fluidos da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia). A linguagem FORTRAN é utilizada para o desenvolvimento da metodologia numérica e as simulações foram executadas nos computadores do LabMAP(Laboratório da Matemática Aplicada do IME-USP) e do MFLab/FEMEC-UFU. / This work presents a study about the numerical solution of variable coecients advectiondi usion equation, or simply, general advection-diusion equation using a conservative numerical methodology. The Finite Volume Method is choosen as discretisation of the spatial domain because the conservative nature of the focused equation. This method is set up to have the scalar variable in a cell centered scheme and the vector quantities, such velocity, are face centered and they need a second order interpolation to get adjusted to the cell center. The computational code is parametric, in which, any implicit temporal discretisation can be choosen, but the emphasis relies on Crank-Nicolson method, a well-known second order method. The implicit nature of aforementioned method gives a linear system of equations which is solved here by the Multilevel-Multigrid method. The correctness of the computational code is checked by manufactured solution method used to inspect if the theoretical order of convergence is attained by the numerical methods. A laminar jet is simulated, coupling the Navier-Stokes equation and the general advection-diusion equation in a 3D computational domain. The jet is a good way to check the corectness of adaptative mesh renement algorithm. The module designed here is based in a previous implemented code AMR3D-P designed by IME-USP and MFLab/FEMEC-UFU (Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Federal University of Uberlândia). The programming language used is FORTRAN and the simulations were run in LabMAP(Applied Mathematics Laboratoy at IME-USP) and MFLab/FEMEC-UFU computers.