A relação entre drogas e psicanálise tem um entrelaçamento desde o início do projeto freudiano. A criação da psicanálise se deu logo após o envolvimento de Freud com a polêmica da cocaína e seus decorrentes embates políticos. Nessa época, questões ligadas à moralidade e ao papel da ciência em nossa sociedade começavam a entrar em xeque, por consequência do avanço tecnológico e da preocupação com a gestão dos hábitos de populações que viviam em um mundo imerso em novas possibilidades de satisfação, comercializadas enquanto soluções para o enfrentamento do mal-estar da civilização. Nossa pesquisa busca apresentar quais fatores presentes na constituição do sujeito moderno contribuem para a formação do problema das adicções, assim como mostrar que a abordagem da psicanálise sobre o assunto pode ter ignorado aspectos fundamentais para o enfretamento do problema. Por meio da teoria pulsional de Freud e da teoria de sujeito desenvolvida por Jacques Lacan, realizamos uma leitura crítica das proposições fundamentais da psicanálise sobre as drogas, a saber, a noção de autoerotismo e também a droga como elemento antissocial. Como fundamentação desta crítica, propomos uma leitura do superego presente nas adicções enquanto mecanismo integrante do que Marshall Berman cunhou de desenvolvimento fáustico. A leitura de Berman nos proporciona uma visão na qual os efeitos colaterais do desenvolvimento capitalista repercutem nas adicções enquanto problema social, possibilitando identificar como o papel das drogas em nossa sociedade possui aspectos ignorados pela formulação da teoria psicanalítica até então. Dentre esses aspectos, identificamos os lugares do trabalho e das condições sociais como fatores fundamentais no entendimento das adicções. Como resposta às teorias existentes e como proposição clínica, recorremos à formulação teórica de Nathalie Zaltzman sobre o que a mesma denominou de pulsão anarquista, constructo o qual a psicanalista direciona à clínica de situações limite. Por fim, apresentamos algumas vinhetas clínicas que servem de suporte para as reflexões e rearranjos teóricos na abordagem psicanalítica sobre o tema. Passagens que foram extraídas de experiências de trabalho no âmbito da saúde pública e em atendimentos em consultório particular compõem as modulações transferenciais, categorias que utilizamos para compreender as diferentes configurações de demandas clínicas em torno da questão das drogas e seus possíveis direcionamentos. Com o suporte das vinhetas clínicas, pudemos apontar os limites que se situam entre as drogas e os profissionais que acolhem os pacientes com essa demanda, estabelecendo uma interpretação do fenômeno da fissura, no qual a satisfação tóxica pode até ser imprescindível, mas não é suficiente / The relationship between drugs and psychoanalysis has an interlacing since the beginning of the Freudian project. The creation of psychoanalysis occurred right after the involvement of Freud with the controversy of cocaine and its resulting political clashes. At that time, issues of morality and the role of science in our society began to come into question, as a result of technological advancement and the concern for the management of habits of populations that lived in a world steeped in new possibilities of satisfaction, sold as solutions to face the malaise of civilization. Our research aims to show which factors present in the constitution of modern subject contribute to the formation of the addictions problem, as well as show that the approach of psychoanalysis on the subject may have ignored key aspects to face the problem. Through the drive theory of Freud and the theory of subject developed by Jacques Lacan, we conducted a critical reading of the fundamental propositions of psychoanalysis on drugs, namely, the notion of self eroticism and also the drug as an anti-social element. In support to this criticism, we propose a reading of the superego present in addictions as an integral mechanism that Marshall Berman coined the Faustian development. The Berman reading gives us a vision in which the side effects of capitalist development have repercussions on addictions as a social problem, making it possible to identify that the role of drugs in our society has aspects that were overlooked by the formulation of psychoanalytic theory so far. Among these aspects, we have identified the places of work and social conditions as key factors in the understanding of addictions. In response to existing theories and as a clinical proposition, we used the theoretical formulation of Nathalie Zaltzman about what she called the anarchist drive, construct which the psychoanalyst directs to the limit situations clinic. Finally, we present some clinical vignettes that support the reflections and theoretical rearrangements in the psychoanalytic approach to the subject. Passages that were extracted from work experience in the field of public health and in private practice care compose the modulations transference, categories that we use to understand the different settings of clinical demands on the issue of drugs and their possible directions. With the support of clinical vignettes, we could point out the limits that are among the drugs and the professionals who receive patients with this demand, establishing an interpretation of the phenomenon of craving, in which the toxic satisfaction may even be essential, but is not enough

La population des adolescents et des jeunes adultes (AJAs 15-25 ans) atteints de cancer représentent environ 1700 nouveaux cas, par an, en France. L'apparition d'une maladie cancéreuse, potentiellement létale, au cours de l'adolescence, vient impacter à différents niveaux les jeunes patients. La vie est rythmée selon les examens médicaux, traitements et/ou hospitalisations. La scolarité ou l'activité professionnelle sont bien souvent suspendues, reportées voire même remaniées. Alors qu'à cette période de développement les adolescents tentent de se séparer de leurs parents, tant affectivement, que financièrement et socialement, on observe bien souvent un mouvement de retour vers les figures parentales. De plus, la maladie vient directement impacter le corps qui est, entre autre, au centre des préoccupations des adolescents. Ainsi, les problématiques adolescentes sont à la croisée de la maladie et du développement dit « normal » de l'adolescent. Par ailleurs, nous savons que l'adolescence est la période des premières expériences en termes de relations amoureuses, sexuelles et de consommations de substances (alcool, tabac, cannabis). C'est également une période propice aux addictions comportements, telles que les jeux vidéo et internet et les troubles des conduites alimentaires. Cette recherche a pour objectif de décrire les consommations d'alcool, de tabac et de cannabis chez une population d'adolescents et de jeunes adultes atteints de cancer, ainsi que les conduites alimentaires et en ligne. Cette étude vise également à décrire et comprendre le vécu de ces jeunes et les stratégies adaptatives auxquelles ils ont recours pour faire face à la fois à l'annonce de la maladie et aux traitements. Une méthodologie mixte a été utilisée. Le volet quantitatif, utilise un ensemble de questionnaires évaluant les stratégies de coping, la symptomatologie anxio-dépressive, les consommations de tabac, d'alcool et de cannabis, ainsi que les conduites alimentaires et le comportement en ligne. Cette étude propose un suivi de cohorte durant la phase de traitement curatif (N=66) ; 6 mois après le début des traitements (N=20) où l'on met en relation les stratégies adaptatives initiales ainsi que les consommations et conduites alimentaires et en ligne. Le volet qualitatif, propose une exploration du vécu personnel de six jeunes patients confrontés à la maladie et aux traitements à l'aide de l'Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Les analyses quantitatives ont montré que la grande majorité des participants ne présentaient pas de symptomatologie anxio-dépressive durant les traitements anti-cancéreux et qu'ils se tournaient globalement vers des stratégies centrées sur le problème (acceptation et réinterprétation positive). Une minorité de participants déclarent consommer de l'alcool (3%), du tabac (1,5%) et du cannabis (4,5%). Les participants déclarant avoir des préoccupations concernant l'alimentation représentent 9% de l'échantillon et enfin, environ 19% des participants déclarent un usage problématique d'internet avec de possibles conséquences. Six mois après le début des traitements, l'intensité de la symptomatologie anxio-dépressive a tendance à diminuer. Il n'existe pas de différences significatives entre les scores de conduites à risque au T1 et T2 et les stratégies d'ajustement restent inchangées entre la première et la deuxième passation. Dans les premiers mois de prise en charge, les adolescents et jeunes adultes ne présentent pas de symptomatologie anxio-dépressive structurée. Leur modalité de consommation ne présente pas de risque concernant l'observance aux traitements anti-cancéreux. Enfin, les éléments recueillis à travers ce travail et notamment les analyses qualitatives, permettent de mieux comprendre et d'appréhender le vécu des jeunes patients traités pour une maladie cancéreuse. / The population of adolescents and young adults (AJAs - 15-25 years) with cancer represent approximately 1,700 new cases per year in France. Over The appearance of a potentially lethal cancerous disease during adolescence is affecting young patients at different levels. According to medical examinations, treatments and / or hospitalizations life is punctuated. School or professional activity are often suspended, postponed or even reworked. While in this period of development, adolescents try to separate themselves from their parents, emotionally, financially and socially, there is often a movement back to the parent figures. Moreover, the disease directly impacts the body which is, among other things, at the center of adolescents' concerns. Thus, adolescent problems are at the crossroads of the disease and the so-called "normal" development of the adolescent.Nevertheless, we know that adolescence is the first experience period in terms of romantic relationships, sexual relations and consumption of substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis). It is also a period conducive to addictions behaviors, such as video games and internet and eating disorders. The objective of this research is to describe alcohol, tobacco and cannabis consumption in a population of adolescents and young adults with cancer, as well as eating and online behaviors. This study also aims to describe and understand the experiences of these young people and the adaptive strategies they use to deal with both the announcement of the disease and treatments. A mixed methodology was used. The quantitative component uses a set of questionnaires evaluating coping strategies, depressive-anxiety symptoms, tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use, as well as eating behaviors and online behavior. This study proposes a cohort follow-up during the curative treatment phase (N 66); 6 months after the beginning of treatments (N20) where the initial adaptive strategies as well as the consumption and behavior of food and online are related. The qualitative component provides an exploration of the personal experiences of six young patients with disease and treatment using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Quantitative analyzes showed that the vast majority of participants did not exhibit symptomatology anxio-depressive during anti-cancer treatments and that they generally turn to oriented strategies problems (acceptance and positive reinterpretation). A minority of participants reported using alcohol (3%), tobacco (1.5%) and cannabis (4.5%). Participants claiming to have food disorder count for 9% of the sample, and finally, about 19% of participants report problematic use of the Internet with possible consequences. Six months after the onset of treatment, the intensity of anxiety-depressive symptoms tends to decrease. There are no significant differences between scores of lines at risk at T1 and T2 and the adjustment strategies remain unchanged between the first and the second passes. In the first few months of treatment, adolescents and young adults have no structured anxio-depressive symptoms. Their mode of consumption does not present any risks regarding adherence to anti-cancer treatments. Finally, the information gathered through this work, and in particular the qualitative analyzes, make it possible to understand better and apprehend the experience of young patients treated for a cancerous disease.

When I began the Compulsion and Recovery Research Project in 1992, I did so in response to the schism between professionals who were leaders in the addiction recovery field. Known as the D and A Debate, this schism resulted in changes in government policy, funding and service provision, causing great confusion to people suffering with addictions. It was described by the media as 'addiction treatment now a battleground'.As a family therapist specialising in addictions recovery, I became concerned about this battle between leaders in the recovery field and its impact on the community. I had experience in running halfway houses for people recovering from addictions and knew that abstinence with AA worked. I embarked on a research project which used a dialectic/narrative method inquiry method, interviewing leaders in the conflict and others who contributed progressive ideas to recovery. This process aimed at ensuring there was validity, rigour and ethics in the research process. Importantly as a result of this inquiry, I came to believe that the Drug and Alcohol Debate (D and A Debate) protagonists need not dogmatically defend their own model to the point of being in conflict, as all their treatments work, and it was valid to concede that different models work for different people in different stages of their recovery - 'whatever works works, and not to be judged by others'. (Nicotine Anonymous The Book, 1992:113) / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Pastaruoju metu itin išaugus mokslininkų susidomėjimui vizualiąja kultūra ir susiformavus studijų krypčiai, kuri įvardijama kaip vizualiosios studijos, analizės apimtis išsiplėtė. Iš visų amžiaus grupių jaunimas dažniausiai siejamas su vizualiąja kultūra. Daugelis jaunimo subkultūrų vizualiai išsiskiria iš aplinkos savo stiliumi – apranga, šukuosenomis ir aksesuarais. Kartais netgi subkultūros stilistika itin išsiskiria iš aplinkos, o subkultūros įvaizdis palaikomas piktinantis tais, kurie kreipia dėmesį į išorinius dalykus, tiek pačiais subkultūros atstovais, tiek ir pašaliniais. Įsigilinusi į subkultūras, supratau, kad aksesuarų estetinis vaidmuo , tai tik viena iš funkcijų, kurias jie atlieka. Tai ypač pastebima jaunimo grupėse pvz., pankų, kiber pankų, rokerių , bdsm subkultūrose. Jų naudojami aksesuarai išreiškia vidinę būseną, išduoda priklausomybę tam tikrai grupei ,bei atskleidžia pomėgius. Dizainas yra vizuali priemonė socialinėms, kultūrinėms, gamybinėms ir ekonominėms vertybėms kurti, vienijanti įvairių socialinių tiek geografinių kultūrų žmones. Sukurdama vizualinio dizaino projektą, siekiu atkreipti dėmesį į akcentus – aksesuarus, kurie leis iš naujo susipažinti su jumis supančiais paaugliais. / Accsesories which revealed additions of the human Accessories, the details reveal human sense of style. They give us possibility to know about willing to express the personality . Accessories, allows you to unite personalities with common interests, pride or same weakness . It makes easier to find the tone of communication with another person. History shows, that the wearing of accessories is not just a positive transfer of knowledge, This caused the power to change or tendencies demonstration. We can say that the choice of accessories is strongly developed characters in the language of susikalba many different nationalities. In this master's work chosen for expressing the human dependency anglysis, and authentic examples of creativity. A historical overview of analog accessories, and based on psychological literature ,also on the basis of psychological literature - a breakdown of the nature of human addiction. Twentieth century at the end and beginning of the twenty-first man takes the daily addiction, like a normal tone, not shocking surrounding. My job is to create XXIa. accessories, which are typical for me, an individual style that would become focal points of the promotional posters and the wake of the dependency or just for promoting the interest in them .. but refused to be indifferent.

There is little known about mothers who are recovering from addictions who lose custody of their children. This hermeneutic thesis, using Canadian phenomenologist Max van Manen’s method and a combination of both scholarly elements and rich storytelling, explores the lived experience of four women recovering from addictions who have lost custody of their children. Using a dual approach of manual and computer-assisted coding, three themes (each with three sub-themes) emerged from semi-structured interviews. The first theme, betrayal, examines three sources of betrayal for the women. The second theme, soul-ache, describes the spaces that a mother finds herself in upon losing custody of her children. The third and final theme, reclamation, follows the mothers as they learn to live again. The findings of this thesis, situated within disciplinary knowledge, extend current knowledge regarding these mothers. The implications arising from this thesis are discussed and recommendations for future research are provided. / 2011-03

Healthy maternal–infant attachment is the foundation on which a child’s physical, cognitive, psychological, and emotional development rests. This relationship between the dyad does not begin at birth but rather prior to conception or any time throughout pregnancy. Our understanding of how this relationship develops between a mother and her fetus remains largely intangible for researchers and clinicians alike as it is a highly complex process with many variables influencing the evolving bond. Situated within a poststructural critical feminist framework, the purpose of this qualitative study using a grounded theory approach was to gain a better understanding of how women who use substances during pregnancy experience the process of a developing relationship with their fetuses, and to identify intersecting variables that may influence their health behaviours. Five main categories emerged including choosing the mothering path, balancing the risks, needing safe passage, breaking the cycle, and mothering against all odds. All of the women in the study described feeling an increase in maternal–fetal attachment as the pregnancy progressed and demonstrated efforts to reduce substance use, engage with the health care system, and improve dietary choices to limit negative consequences for their developing fetuses. Barriers to changing health behaviours were identified by the participants as well as by health care providers working with this population. In gaining a deeper understanding of the variables that influence maternal–fetal attachment in women who use substances and development of a substantive theory, nursing practice may be informed by providing direction around how best to support harm reduction approaches in this population.

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Title of diploma thesis: Role of Motivation for Physical Activity in Treatment of Addictions Abstract: Motivation for a healthy habit in the form of physical activity may be beneficial for patients seeking abstinence. Physical activity take part of the treatment program and can improve the overall prognosis of treatment. It can improve an individual's psyche and prevent potentially harmful habits associated with drug abuse. The aim of this study was to determine the motivation of patients for physical activity during three-month treatment at the Department of Addictology in Prague. The research group consisted of 72 patients in standard 3-months inpatient treatment. Following measures were used for data collection: 1) Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2) and Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID- 5); 2) anthropometrics; 3) body composition data from "InBody 230"; 4) training diaries. According to the results, 72 % of patients were treated with alcohol dependence. Excellent internal consistency values of the PID-5 facets and satisfactory to good internal consistency values of BREQ-2 on the item level were obtained. Significant correlations of the PID-5 facets and domains of the BREQ-2 confirm criterion validity in terms of motivation. Type of motivation significantly varies according type...

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