Background and rationale: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, degenerative disorder of the central nervous system and is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The loss of functional dopamine in the striatum is thought to be responsible for the typical symptoms of PD. Cardinal features of PD include bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremor and impairment of postural balance. This study focuses on the inhibition of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) and antagonism of A2A receptors as therapeutic strategies for PD. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing mitochondrial bound isoenzyme which consists of two isoforms namely MAO-A and MAO-B. The primary function of MAO is to catalyze the oxidative deamination of dietary amines, monoamine neurotransmitters and hormones. MAO-A is responsible for the oxidative deamination of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE), while MAO-B is responsible for the oxidative deamination of dopamine (DA). The formation of DA takes place in the presynaptic neuron where it is stored in vesicles and released into the presynaptic cleft. The released DA then either binds to D1 and D2 receptors which results in an effector response. The excess DA in the presynaptic cleft is metabolized by MAO-B which may result in the formation of free radicals and a decrease in DA concentrations. Under normal physiological conditions free radicals are removed from the body via normal physiological processes, but in PD these normal physiological processes are thought to be unable to remove the radicals and this may lead to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is believed to be one of the leading causes of neurodegeneration in PD. The rationale for the use of MAO-B inhibitors in PD would be to increase the natural DA levels in the brain and also diminish the likelihood of free radicals to be formed. Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside and yields a variety of physiological effects. Four adenosine receptor subtypes have been characterized: A1, A2A, A2B and A3. They are all part of the G-protein-coupled receptor family and have seven transmembrane domains. The A2A receptor is highly concentrated in the striatum. There are two important pathways in the basal ganglia (BG) through which striatal information reaches the globus pallidus, namely the direct pathway containing A1 and D1 receptors and the indirect pathway containing A2A and D2 receptors. The direct pathway facilitates willed movement and the indirect pathway inhibits willed movement. A balance of the two pathways is necessary for normal movement. In PD, there is a decrease in DA in the striatum, thus leading to unopposed A2A receptor signaling and ultimately resulting in overactivity of the indirect pathway. Overactivity of the indirect pathway results in the locomotor symptoms associated with PD. Treatment with an A2A antagonist will block the A2A receptor, resulting in the restoration of balance between the indirect and direct pathways, thus leading to a decrease in locomotor symptoms. Aim: In this study, caffeine served as a lead compound for the design of dual-targeted drugs that are selective, reversible MAO-B inhibitors as well as A2A antagonists. Caffeine is a very weak MAO-B inhibitor and a moderately potent A2A antagonist. Substitution on the C8 position of caffeine yields compounds with good MAO-B inhibition activities and A2A receptor affinities. An example of this behaviour is found with (E)-8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine (CSC), which is not only a potent A2A antagonist but also a potent MAO-B inhibitor. The goal of this study was to identify and synthesize dual-targeted xanthine compounds. Recently Swanepoel and co-workers (2012) found that 8-phenoxymethyl substituted caffeines are potent reversible inhibitors of MAO-B. Therefore, this study focused on expanding the 8-(phenoxymethyl)caffeine series and evaluating the resulting compounds as both MAO-A and -B inhibitors as well as A2A antagonists. Synthesis: Two series were synthesized namely the 8-(phenoxymethyl)caffeines and 1,3-diethyl-7-methyl-8-(phenoxymethyl)xanthines. The analogues were synthesized according to the literature procedure. 1,3-Dimethyl-5,6-diaminouracil or 1,3-diethyl-5,6-diaminouracil were used as starting materials and were acylated with a suitable substituted phenoxyacetic acid in the presence of N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) as an activating reagent. The intermediary amide was treated with sodium hydroxide, which resulted in ring closure to yield the corresponding 1,3-dimethyl-8-phenoxymethyl-7Hxanthinyl or 1,3-diethyl-8-phenoxymethyl-7H-xanthinyl analogues. These xanthines were 7-N-methylated in the presence of an excess of potassium carbonate and iodomethane to yield the target compounds. In vitro evaluation: A radioligand binding assay was performed to determine the affinities of the synthesized compounds for the A2A receptor. The MAO-B inhibition studies were carried out via a fluorometric assay where the MAO-catalyzed formation of H2O2 was measured. Results: Both series showed good to moderate MAO-B inhibition activities, while none of the compounds had activity towards MAO-A. Results were comparable to that of a known MAOB inhibitor lazabemide. For example, lazabemide (IC50 = 0.091 μM) was twice as potent as the most potent compound identified in this study, 8-(3-chlorophenoxymethyl)caffeine (compound 3; IC50 = 0.189 μM). Two additional compounds, 8-(4-iodophenoxymethyl)caffeine and 8-(3,4-dimethylphenoxymethyl) caffeine, also exhibited submicromolar IC50 values for the inhibition of MAO-B. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) indicated that 1,3-diethyl substitution resulted in decreased inhibition potency towards MAO-B and that 1,3-dimethyl substitution was a more suitable substitution pattern, leading to better inhibition potencies towards MAO-B. The compounds were also evaluated for A2A binding affinity, and relatively weak affinities were recorded with the most potent compound, 1,3-diethyl-7-methyl-8-[4-chlorophenoxymethyl]xanthine (compound 16), exhibiting a Ki value of 0.923 μM. Compared to KW-6002 (Ki = 7.94 nM), a potent reference A2A antagonist, compound 16 was 35-fold less potent. Comparing compound 16 to CSC [Ki(A2A) = 22.6 nM; IC50(MAO-B) = 0.146 nM], it was found that compound 16 is 31-fold less potent as an A2A antagonist and 21-fold less potent as a MAO-B inhibitor. Loss of MAO-B inhibition potency may be attributed to 1,3-diethyl substitution which correlates with similar conclusions reached in earlier studies. In addition, the replacement of the styryl functional group (as found with CSC and KW-6002) with the phenoxymethyl functional group (as found with the present series) may explain the general reduction in affinity for the A2A receptor. This suggests that the styryl side chain is more appropriate for A2A antagonism than the phenoxymethyl functional group. Conclusion: In this study two series of xanthine derivatives were successfully synthesized, namely the 8-(phenoxymethyl)caffeines and 1,3-diethyl-7-methyl-8-(phenoxymethyl)xanthines (11 compounds in total). Three of the newly synthesized compounds were found to act as potent inhibitors of MAO-B, with IC50 values in the submicromolar range. None of the compounds were however noteworthy MAO-A inhibitors. The most potent A2A antagonist among the examined compounds, compound 16, proved to be moderately potent compared to the reference antagonists, CSC and KW-6002. It may be concluded that the styryl functional group (as found with CSC and KW-6002) is more optimal than the phenoxymethyl functional group (as found with the present series) for A2A antagonism. 1,3-Diethyl substitution of the xanthine ring was found to be less optimal for MAO-B inhibition compared to 1,3-dimethyl substitution. These results together with known SARs provide valuable insight into the design of 8-(phenoxymethyl)caffeines as selective and potent MAO-B inhibitors. Such drugs may find application in the therapy of PD. / Thesis (MSc (Pharmaceutical Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Background: Adenosine A2a receptors form a mutually inhibitory heteromeric complex with dopamine D2 receptors such that each receptor exhibits lower sensitivity to its agonist after the opposing receptor agonist is bound. This study analyzed the effects of CGS 21680, an adenosine A2A agonist, on nicotine conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescence using a rodent model of schizophrenia (SZ). Methods: Rats were treated from postnatal day (P) 1 to P21 with saline or the dopamine D2/D3 agonist quinpirole (NQ treatment) and raised to P41. After an initial preference test, rats were conditioned with saline or nicotine (0.6 mg/kg base) from P43 to P51. CGS 21680 (0.03 or 0.09 mg/kg) was given 15 minutes before nicotine was administered. The post-conditioning test was administered on P52. On P53, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) was analyzed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell-lined neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Results: Results revealed that NQ treatment enhanced nicotine CPP, and both doses of CGS 21680 alleviated this enhancement. Nicotine also resulted in a CPP in controls, which was alleviated by both doses of CGS 21680. BDNF closely followed the behavioral results: CGS 21680 alleviated the enhancement in NAcc BDNF in NQ-treated animals, and eliminated the increase in NAcc BDNF produced by nicotine in controls. NQ-treated animals conditioned to nicotine resulted in an increase of NAcc GDNF, but this was eliminated by CGS 21680. Both BDNF and GDNF correlated with CPP performance. Conclusions: Results revealed that an adenosine A2A agonist decreased the rewarding aspects of nicotine and its accompanying neural plasticity changes in a model of SZ.

A transmissão sináptica é essencial para o funcionamento do sistema nervoso. A neuromodulação permite regular esse processo de forma precisa. Um desses mecanismos modulatórios é a regulação da liberação de neurotransmissores. A adenosina é um importante modulador da transmissão sináptica. Além disso, a ativação do subtipo A2a dos receptores para adenosina está envolvida com a facilitação da liberação de neurotransmissores no sistema nervoso central. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos modulatórios da ativação do receptor A2a de adenosina sobre a liberação de neurotransmissores e sua via de sinalização intracelular em modelo in vitro. Além disso, a tese contempla a construção histórica dos conceitos abordados no trabalho permitindo uma visão clara de sua evolução. Esse projeto foi o pioneiro no Brasil a utilizar o sensor biossintético fluorescente de liberação de vesículas sinápticas (supereclipse sinapto-pHluorina), o qual foi gentilmente cedido pelo professor Gero Miensenboeck do Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o tratamento com o agonista do receptor A A2a de adenosina aumentou a fluorescência do supereclipse sinapto-pHluorina, assim como os níveis de glutamato e noradrenalina. Além disso, foi demonstrado que o inibidor da proteína cinase dependente de AMPc aboliu o aumento nos níveis do glutamato e noradrenalina, tal como a fosforilação da proteína sináptica sinapsina I evocado pelo agonista do receptor A2a de adenosina. Desta forma, nossos dados sugerem que a ativação do receptor A2a de adenosina em cultura de células do bulbo de ratos Wistar modula a liberação de neurotransmissores e a fosforilação da sinapsina I, assim como a proteína cinase dependente do AMPc pode ser o modus operandi desse fenômeno modulatório / Synaptic transmission is a sine qua non process for nervous system physiology. Such precise process is accomplished in part due to modulation of neurotransmitter release. Adenosine is a putative synaptic transmission modulator. Moreover, adenosine A2a receptor facilitates neurotransmitter release in the Central Nervous System. The present study focuses on the modulation of neurotransmission by adenosine A2a receptor and its intracellular signaling pathway in in vitro model. Here, we provided evidence that adenosine A2a receptor agonist increases an optical biosynthetic sensor of synaptic vesicle release (supereclipct synapto-pHluorin), as well as glutamate and noradrenaline. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor abolished glutamate and norepinephrin increase, as well as synapsin I phosphorylation evoked by adenosine A2a receptor agonist. Therefore, our data suggest that adenosine A2a receptor activation modulates neurotransmitter release and synapsin I phosphorylation in cultured cells from medulla oblongata of Wistar rats, as well as cAMP-dependent protein kinase might be the modus operandi of this modulatory phenomenon

A transmissão sináptica é essencial para o funcionamento do sistema nervoso. A neuromodulação permite regular esse processo de forma precisa. Um desses mecanismos modulatórios é a regulação da liberação de neurotransmissores. A adenosina é um importante modulador da transmissão sináptica. Além disso, a ativação do subtipo A2a dos receptores para adenosina está envolvida com a facilitação da liberação de neurotransmissores no sistema nervoso central. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos modulatórios da ativação do receptor A2a de adenosina sobre a liberação de neurotransmissores e sua via de sinalização intracelular em modelo in vitro. Além disso, a tese contempla a construção histórica dos conceitos abordados no trabalho permitindo uma visão clara de sua evolução. Esse projeto foi o pioneiro no Brasil a utilizar o sensor biossintético fluorescente de liberação de vesículas sinápticas (supereclipse sinapto-pHluorina), o qual foi gentilmente cedido pelo professor Gero Miensenboeck do Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o tratamento com o agonista do receptor A A2a de adenosina aumentou a fluorescência do supereclipse sinapto-pHluorina, assim como os níveis de glutamato e noradrenalina. Além disso, foi demonstrado que o inibidor da proteína cinase dependente de AMPc aboliu o aumento nos níveis do glutamato e noradrenalina, tal como a fosforilação da proteína sináptica sinapsina I evocado pelo agonista do receptor A2a de adenosina. Desta forma, nossos dados sugerem que a ativação do receptor A2a de adenosina em cultura de células do bulbo de ratos Wistar modula a liberação de neurotransmissores e a fosforilação da sinapsina I, assim como a proteína cinase dependente do AMPc pode ser o modus operandi desse fenômeno modulatório / Synaptic transmission is a sine qua non process for nervous system physiology. Such precise process is accomplished in part due to modulation of neurotransmitter release. Adenosine is a putative synaptic transmission modulator. Moreover, adenosine A2a receptor facilitates neurotransmitter release in the Central Nervous System. The present study focuses on the modulation of neurotransmission by adenosine A2a receptor and its intracellular signaling pathway in in vitro model. Here, we provided evidence that adenosine A2a receptor agonist increases an optical biosynthetic sensor of synaptic vesicle release (supereclipct synapto-pHluorin), as well as glutamate and noradrenaline. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor abolished glutamate and norepinephrin increase, as well as synapsin I phosphorylation evoked by adenosine A2a receptor agonist. Therefore, our data suggest that adenosine A2a receptor activation modulates neurotransmitter release and synapsin I phosphorylation in cultured cells from medulla oblongata of Wistar rats, as well as cAMP-dependent protein kinase might be the modus operandi of this modulatory phenomenon

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est la maladie neurodégénérative touchant le plus de personnes dans le monde. Jusqu’à présent, aucun traitement curatif n’existe pour soigner cette maladie, d’où la nécessité d’identifier et d’étudier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques.La découverte des effets bénéfiques de la caféine, antagoniste du récepteur à adénosine A2A (A2AR), conjuguée à une surexpression de ce dernier chez les patients atteints de la MA, font de ce récepteur une cible d’intérêt. En effet, des antagonistes des A2ARs ont montré leur capacité à améliorer les performances cognitives de par une diminution de la charge amyloïde associée à une diminution la phosphorylation de la protéine Tau.Bien que plusieurs antagonistes aient été développés pour le traitement de maladies neurodégénératives, ceux-ci présentent un manque d’efficacité corrélée à de faibles propriétés pharmacocinétiques. Ainsi, à partir d’études de modélisation moléculaire, deux nouvelles familles d’antagonistes présentant un noyau central benzoxazole ou quinazoline ont été conçus, synthétisés et évalués pharmacologiquement. Trois composés ont été sélectionnés et font actuellement l’objet d’études pharmacologiques complémentaires sur modèles animaux. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the aged population. So far, there is no way to halt or slow-down AD. Therefore, there is a constant need of developing novel therapeutic strategies.In recent years, adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) has attracted a growing interest since it has been proved that this receptor is over-expressed during AD. Also, epidemiological studies showed that people consuming regularly caffeine-based beverages over a lifetime are substantially less likely to develop this disease. Indeed, A2AR antagonists improve memory performance as it reduces β-amyloid deposits and Tau-phosphorylation.Though several antagonists have been developed for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, current research efforts are focus on developing new antagonists with relevant ADME properties and a better efficacy. Based on a molecular modeling-guided design, we synthesised new A2AR antagonists with benzoxazole and quinazoline as central scaffold. Three molecules were selected and will be subject to evaluation on animal’s model.

O canabidiol (CBD), o principal canabinóide não psicotrópico extraído da marijuana (Cannabis sativa), é reconhecido por sua potente propriedade imunosupressora e anti-inflamatória. A injúria pulmonar aguda (ALI) é uma doença inflamatória para qual ainda não foi desenvolvida terapias específicas e a única alternativa de tratamento é meramente de suporte em UTI. Desta forma, foi proposta uma investigação sobre os efeitos anti-inflamatórios do CBD em um modelo murino de ALI, induzida pela instilação intra-nasal de LPS (lipopolissacarídeo), dentro de uma perspectiva imune-neuro-endocrinológica. Para a análise do potencial anti-inflamatório do CBD, avaliou-se a contagem total e diferencial de células do lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) (análise da migração de leucócitos para os pulmões), a atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO) no tecido pulmonar (análise indireta da atividade de neutrófilos), a produção de citocinas e quimicionas no sobrenadante do LBA (análise do perfil inflamatório pulmonar), a concentração de proteínas (albumina) no sobrenadante do LBA (análise indireta da permeabilidade vascular pulmonar) e a expressão de moléculas de adesão (ICAM-1 e VLA-4) em leucócitos do LBA. Analisou-se, ainda, o mecanismo farmacológico dos efeitos anti-inflamatórios do CBD no modelo de ALI, utilizando-se de um antagonista altamente seletivo para o receptor de adenosina A2A (ZM241385). Por fim, avaliou-se os efeitos neuroendócrinos do CBD na vigência da inflamação pulmonar; analisou-se a atividade geral dos animais no campo aberto (análise do comportamento doentio) e os níveis séricos de corticosterona (análise da ativação do eixo Hipotálamo-Hipófise-Adrenal (HPA)). Mostrou-se que tanto o tratamento prolifático (antes da indução da inflamação) como o tratamento terapêutico (depois da indução da inflamação), com uma dose única de CBD (20 ou 80 mg/kg) apresenta um efeito anti-inflamatório prolongado em camundongos submetidos ao modelo de ALI (principalmente 1 e 2 dias após a indução da inflamação). Mostrou-se que o CBD diminuiu a migração de leucócitos para os pulmões (neutrófilos, macrófagos e linfócitos), diminuiu a produção de citocinas (TNF e IL-6) e quimicinas (MCP-1 e MIP-2) no LBA, diminuiu a atividade MPO no tecido pulmonar, diminuiu a concentração de albumina no LBA e diminuiu a expressão de moléculas de adesão (ICAM-1) em neutrófilos do LBA. Mostrou-se, ainda, que o receptor de adenosina A2A está envolvido nos efeitos anti-inflamatórios do CBD na ALI, uma vez que o tratamento com o ZM241385 aboliu todos os efeitos anti-inflamatórios descritos previamente. Por fim, mostrou-se que o CBD apresentou poucos efeitos comportamentais no campo aberto e que não ativou o eixo HPA. Desta forma, mostrou-se pela primeira vez que o tratamento profilático e, também, o tratamento terapêutico com CBD (20 ou 80 mg/kg) tem um efeito anti-inflamatório prolongado em um modelo murino de ALI, muito provavelmente em decorrência de um aumento da sinalização via receptor de adenosina A2A. Por esta razão, acredita-se que o CBD possa ser considerado, no futuro, uma ferramenta terapêutica útil no tratamento de doenças inflamatórias pulmonares. / Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychotropic plant (Cannabis sativa)-derived cannabinoid, is recognized for its immunossupressant and anti-inflammatory properties. Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory condition for which treatment is mainly supportive (ICU patients), because effective therapies have not been developed. Therefore, it was proposed an investigation in order to address the anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in a murine model of LPS-induced ALI, within an immune-neuro-endocrine perspective. To analyze the potential anti-inflammatory effect of CBD, it was evaluated total and differencial cell count of leukocytes present in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (migration of leukocytes into the lungs), myeloperoxidase activity in the lung tissue (indirect analysis of neutrophil activity), production of cytokines and chemokines in the BAL (analysis of the pulmonar inflammatory profile), protein (albumin) concentration in the BAL (indirect analysis of pulmonar vascular permeability), and expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VLA-4) in leukocytes of the BAL. It was also analyzed the pharmacologic mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in the model of ALI, by using a highly selective antagonist of the adenosine A2A receptor (ZM241385). Finally, it was analyzed the neuro-endocrine effects of CBD in the context of lung inflammation; it was analyzed the general activity of the mice in the open field (analysis of sickness behavior) and the seric levels of corticosterone (activation of HPA (Hypothalamus-Hypophysis-Adrenal) axis). It was shown that both prophylactic (before the induction of inflammation) and therapeutic (after the induction of inflammation) protocols of treatment, with a sigle dose of CBD (20 or 80 mg/kg), has a long-term anti-inflammatory effect in mice submitted to the model of ALI (specially, after 1 and 2 days of the induction of inflammation). It was shown that CBD decreased leukocyte (neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocytes) migration into the lungs, decreased cytokines (TNF and IL-6) and chemokines (MCP-1 and MIP-2) in the BAL, decreased MPO activity in the lung tissue, decreased albumin concentration in the BAL, and decreased adhesion molecule expression (ICAM-1) in neutrophils of the BAL. It was also shown that adenosine A2A receptor is involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of CBD on LPS-induced ALI, because ZM241385 abrogated all of the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabidiol previously described. Finally, it was shown that CBD has discreet behavioral effects in the open field and was not able to activate the HPA axis. Thus, it was shown for the first time that both prophylactic and also therapeutic treatment with CBD (20 or 80 mg/kg) has a long-term anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model of ALI, most likely associated with an increase in the signaling through the adenosine A2A receptor. Hence, it is possible that in the future CBD may prove useful as a therapeutical tool in the treatment of pulmonar inflammatory conditions.

O canabidiol (CBD), o principal canabinóide não psicotrópico extraído da marijuana (Cannabis sativa), é reconhecido por sua potente propriedade imunosupressora e anti-inflamatória. A injúria pulmonar aguda (ALI) é uma doença inflamatória para qual ainda não foi desenvolvida terapias específicas e a única alternativa de tratamento é meramente de suporte em UTI. Desta forma, foi proposta uma investigação sobre os efeitos anti-inflamatórios do CBD em um modelo murino de ALI, induzida pela instilação intra-nasal de LPS (lipopolissacarídeo), dentro de uma perspectiva imune-neuro-endocrinológica. Para a análise do potencial anti-inflamatório do CBD, avaliou-se a contagem total e diferencial de células do lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) (análise da migração de leucócitos para os pulmões), a atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO) no tecido pulmonar (análise indireta da atividade de neutrófilos), a produção de citocinas e quimicionas no sobrenadante do LBA (análise do perfil inflamatório pulmonar), a concentração de proteínas (albumina) no sobrenadante do LBA (análise indireta da permeabilidade vascular pulmonar) e a expressão de moléculas de adesão (ICAM-1 e VLA-4) em leucócitos do LBA. Analisou-se, ainda, o mecanismo farmacológico dos efeitos anti-inflamatórios do CBD no modelo de ALI, utilizando-se de um antagonista altamente seletivo para o receptor de adenosina A2A (ZM241385). Por fim, avaliou-se os efeitos neuroendócrinos do CBD na vigência da inflamação pulmonar; analisou-se a atividade geral dos animais no campo aberto (análise do comportamento doentio) e os níveis séricos de corticosterona (análise da ativação do eixo Hipotálamo-Hipófise-Adrenal (HPA)). Mostrou-se que tanto o tratamento prolifático (antes da indução da inflamação) como o tratamento terapêutico (depois da indução da inflamação), com uma dose única de CBD (20 ou 80 mg/kg) apresenta um efeito anti-inflamatório prolongado em camundongos submetidos ao modelo de ALI (principalmente 1 e 2 dias após a indução da inflamação). Mostrou-se que o CBD diminuiu a migração de leucócitos para os pulmões (neutrófilos, macrófagos e linfócitos), diminuiu a produção de citocinas (TNF e IL-6) e quimicinas (MCP-1 e MIP-2) no LBA, diminuiu a atividade MPO no tecido pulmonar, diminuiu a concentração de albumina no LBA e diminuiu a expressão de moléculas de adesão (ICAM-1) em neutrófilos do LBA. Mostrou-se, ainda, que o receptor de adenosina A2A está envolvido nos efeitos anti-inflamatórios do CBD na ALI, uma vez que o tratamento com o ZM241385 aboliu todos os efeitos anti-inflamatórios descritos previamente. Por fim, mostrou-se que o CBD apresentou poucos efeitos comportamentais no campo aberto e que não ativou o eixo HPA. Desta forma, mostrou-se pela primeira vez que o tratamento profilático e, também, o tratamento terapêutico com CBD (20 ou 80 mg/kg) tem um efeito anti-inflamatório prolongado em um modelo murino de ALI, muito provavelmente em decorrência de um aumento da sinalização via receptor de adenosina A2A. Por esta razão, acredita-se que o CBD possa ser considerado, no futuro, uma ferramenta terapêutica útil no tratamento de doenças inflamatórias pulmonares. / Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychotropic plant (Cannabis sativa)-derived cannabinoid, is recognized for its immunossupressant and anti-inflammatory properties. Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory condition for which treatment is mainly supportive (ICU patients), because effective therapies have not been developed. Therefore, it was proposed an investigation in order to address the anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in a murine model of LPS-induced ALI, within an immune-neuro-endocrine perspective. To analyze the potential anti-inflammatory effect of CBD, it was evaluated total and differencial cell count of leukocytes present in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (migration of leukocytes into the lungs), myeloperoxidase activity in the lung tissue (indirect analysis of neutrophil activity), production of cytokines and chemokines in the BAL (analysis of the pulmonar inflammatory profile), protein (albumin) concentration in the BAL (indirect analysis of pulmonar vascular permeability), and expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VLA-4) in leukocytes of the BAL. It was also analyzed the pharmacologic mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in the model of ALI, by using a highly selective antagonist of the adenosine A2A receptor (ZM241385). Finally, it was analyzed the neuro-endocrine effects of CBD in the context of lung inflammation; it was analyzed the general activity of the mice in the open field (analysis of sickness behavior) and the seric levels of corticosterone (activation of HPA (Hypothalamus-Hypophysis-Adrenal) axis). It was shown that both prophylactic (before the induction of inflammation) and therapeutic (after the induction of inflammation) protocols of treatment, with a sigle dose of CBD (20 or 80 mg/kg), has a long-term anti-inflammatory effect in mice submitted to the model of ALI (specially, after 1 and 2 days of the induction of inflammation). It was shown that CBD decreased leukocyte (neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocytes) migration into the lungs, decreased cytokines (TNF and IL-6) and chemokines (MCP-1 and MIP-2) in the BAL, decreased MPO activity in the lung tissue, decreased albumin concentration in the BAL, and decreased adhesion molecule expression (ICAM-1) in neutrophils of the BAL. It was also shown that adenosine A2A receptor is involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of CBD on LPS-induced ALI, because ZM241385 abrogated all of the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabidiol previously described. Finally, it was shown that CBD has discreet behavioral effects in the open field and was not able to activate the HPA axis. Thus, it was shown for the first time that both prophylactic and also therapeutic treatment with CBD (20 or 80 mg/kg) has a long-term anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model of ALI, most likely associated with an increase in the signaling through the adenosine A2A receptor. Hence, it is possible that in the future CBD may prove useful as a therapeutical tool in the treatment of pulmonar inflammatory conditions.

Les Récepteurs Couplés aux Protéines G (RCPG) constituent la plus grande famille de protéines membranaires chez l’Homme, et leur implication dans un grand nombre de processus physiologiques justifie pleinement l’intérêt de leur étude. Les anticorps spécifiques de ces récepteurs sont des outils polyvalents à haute valeur ajoutée, qui restent toutefois encore trop rarement disponibles, notamment en raison des difficultés techniques posées par leur génération. Ce manuscrit présente la mise au point d’une méthode d’immunisation alternative et innovante, mettant en jeu des particules virales recombinantes dérivées du Virus de la Forêt de Semliki (SFV) codant pour le récepteur d’intérêt. Appliquée au récepteur de l’adénosine A2A humain, l’immunisation permet d’engendrer la surexpression de celui-ci à la surface des cellules de l’animal infecté, et de provoquer l’apparition d’une réponse immunitaire. Cette approche permet d’une part de générer un sérum polyclonal de souris spécifique au récepteur, et ouvre donc une nouvelle voie pour l’obtention d’anticorps monoclonaux murins. Elle semble d’autre part prometteuse pour la génération de nanobodies. / G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest membrane protein family represented in the human genome. Their involvement in a wide number of biological processes fully supports their study. GPCR-targeting antibodies are versatile and valuable tools, which remain scarcely available, chiefly because their generation is a challenging process. This thesis presents an alternative and innovative strategy in which recombinant Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) particles coding for the receptor of interest are used as immunogens. When applied to the human version of the Adenosine A2A receptor, this method enables to cause the receptor’s overexpression at the surface of the infected animal cells, which generates an immune response. This strategy enables to raise receptor-specific mouse polyclonal serum. It opens a new path towards the generation of monoclonal mouse antibodies. Additionally, it seems to also be a promising approach to develop nanobodies.

Esse estudo foi realizado para verificar se a exposição a separações repetidas (por diferentes intervalos de tempo) de mães dos seus filhotes no período neonatal poderiam ser classificadas como indutoras de um estado do tipo deprimido em genitoras. Sessenta ratas Wistar prenhes foram divididas em 3 grupos: controle, separação por 10 minutos e separação por 3 horas. As intervenções neonatais foram realizadas nos dias 1-10 pós parto. Após o desmame as genitoras foram submetidas ao teste do nado forçado, ao teste do labirinto em cruz elevado e ao teste do odor de predador. Também foi avaliado o comportamento alimentar e os padrões de reatividade a um sabor doce e a um sabor amargo. Foi medido os níveis de ocitocina no líquido cefaloraquidiano, corticosterona plasmática e atividade hipocampal Na+, K+-ATPase, assim como a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes catalase, glutationa peroxidase, superoxido dismutase, produção de radicais livres, e a produção de óxido nítrico, além dos níveis dos receptores A2A de adenosina e D2 de dopamina no estriado dorsoventral e no hipocampo. Foi observado que somente a separação por 3 h induziu um aumento significativo no tempo de imobilidade no teste do nado forçado, o que é consistente com estudos prévios. A atividade hipocampal da Na+, K+-ATPase se mostrou diminuída no grupo separado por 10 minutos e mais significativamente diminuída nas genitoras submetidas a separação por 3 horas de seus filhotes. Adicionalmente, os níveis de ocitocina no líquido cefaloraquidiano se encontravam aumentados no grupo separado por 10 minutos, o que pode estar relacionado a um aumento no cuidado materno, induzido por esta manipulação dos filhotes, por parte das genitoras, como reportado na literatura. Uma redução nos níveis de óxido nítrico no hipocampo das genitoras separadas por 3 horas foi observado Nessas genitoras também foi verificado um aumento no comportamento de risco, uma diminuição no sentimento prazeroso frente a uma solução doce e aumento na sensibilidade a uma solução aversiva, o que é congruente a um perfil de estado do tipo deprimido. Além disso, nós verificamos uma diminuição na quantidade do receptor de dopamina D2 no estriado das mães submetidas a separação por 3 horas dos filhotes, o que poderia ser relacionado com uma diminuição no prazer (anedonia) que acontece na depressão. Conclui-se que a retirada dos filhotes das mães por longos períodos tornam essas mães mais susceptíveis ao desenvolvimento de características depressivas. / This study was carried out to ascertain whether exposure to repeated separations (different times) of mothers from their pups in the neonatal period could be classified as an induction of a depressive-like state in dams. Sixty Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control, brief separation and long-term separation. The neonatal interventions were done on postpartum days 1-10. After weaning, the dams were subjected to the forced swimming test, elevated plus maze and predator odor test. It was also evaluated the feeding behavior and the taste reactivity patterns to a sweet and to a bitter solution. It was mesaured cerebral spinal fluid oxytocin, plasma corticosterone, and hippocampal Na+, K+-ATPase activity, as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, free radicals production, and the production of nitric oxide and the levels of adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in the dorsoventral striatum and hippocampus. It was observed that only the 3 h separation induced a significant increase in the immobility time of rats in the forced swimming test, which is consistent with previous studies. Hippocampal Na+, K+-ATPase activity was decreased in the brief separated group and more significantly decreased in dams subjected to 3h separation from their pups. Additionally, cerebral spinal fluid oxytocin was increased in dams of the brief separated group, which may be related to the increased handled-induced maternal care, as reported in the literature. A reduction in nitric oxide levels in the hippocampus in dams of the long separated group was also observed. It was also verify an increase in the risk-taking behavior by the 3h separated mothers. The 3h separated mother also demonstrated a diminished feeling of pleasure with a sucrose solution and a increased sensibility to a aversive solution, wich is congruent with a depressive like state profile. Furthermore, we shown a decrease in the dopamine D2 receptor quantity in the striatum of the 3 h separated mothers, wich could be related to a decrease in pleasure feeling (anhedonia) experienced in depression. It is concluded that the withdrawal of pups from their mothers for long periods make the mothers more susceptible to the development of depressive features.

Le récepteur humain de la mélatonine MT1 appartient à la famille des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG). En raison du rôle majeur qu'il joue dans la régulation du rythme circadien, ce récepteur est impliqué dans les troubles du sommeil et la dépression et présente donc un intérêt thérapeutique important. Afin de progresser vers une meilleure caractérisation structurale et fonctionnelle de ce récepteur, nous avons élaboré une stratégie globale visant à générer les échantillons et méthodes nécessaires pour de telles études. Nous avons ainsi mis au point un ensemble original de conditions de production et de purification permettant d'isoler les récepteurs MT1 sous forme relativement pure, homogène et fonctionnelle. Parallèlement, à partir d'un RCPG de référence, le récepteur de l’adénosine A2A, nous avons mis au point un panel de techniques d’analyses biochimiques et biophysiques qui contribuent à une caractérisation fine des récepteurs purifiés et leur interaction avec des ligands. / The human MT1 melatonin receptor belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). It plays a major role in the regulation of circadian rhythm and is involved in sleep disorders and depression. This receptor is thus of significant therapeutic interest. However, very few in vitro studies have been conducted on this receptor and in particular no structural characterization and interactio studies by biophysical methods. In order to progress on these aspects, we developed conditions of production and purification of MT1 receptors for obtaining samples compatible with this type of study. Furthermore, we initiated stabilization tests of the purified receptors. Meanwhile, we have developed biochemical and biophysical analysis techniques to characterize the purified receptors and study their interactions with ligands, on a reference GPCR, the A2A adenosine receptor.