This dissertation analyzed Texas appellate court decisions relating to whether educators' actions were incident to or within the scope of duties and involved the exercise of judgment or discretion in cases involving defamation, motor vehicle exceptions, and excessive force in discipline exceptions. The questions addressed were: (1) How have the Texas appellate courts interpreted Texas Education Code Section 22.051 in litigation against teachers and school administrators for defamation? (2) How have the Texas appellate courts interpreted Texas Education Code Section 22.051 in litigation against teachers and school administrators for injury to students when plaintiffs have sued Texas educator under the motor vehicle exception to the educator immunity law? (3) How have the Texas appellate courts interpreted Texas Education Code Section 22.051 in litigation against teachers and school administrators under the excessive force in discipline exception to the educator immunity law? This dissertation utilized legal research as its methodology. Chapter 3 examines literature with regard to qualified immunity for Texas public school professional employees and discusses the limitations placed upon qualified immunity. Chapter 4 is a comprehensive study of the cases decided by Texas courts involving alleged defamation of students or others by teachers and school administrators. Chapter 5 is a comprehensive study of the cases decided by Texas courts involving the alleged negligent use of motor vehicles by professional public school employees. Chapter 6 is a comprehensive study of the cases decided by Texas courts involving the alleged use of excessive force in disciplining students. Chapter 7 discusses the findings of the analysis of cases as well as the implied limitations regarding qualified immunity of teachers and school administrators.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-18T11:43:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael de Matos Cardoso.pdf: 1005551 bytes, checksum: 885477c414449b502cf9dd2a9053b337 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T11:43:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael de Matos Cardoso.pdf: 1005551 bytes, checksum: 885477c414449b502cf9dd2a9053b337 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21 / The determination of morality (which has as antitheses the impropriety and the corruption), especially since the promulgation of Law 12.846/2013, received new focus and was even transported to the objective field, which motivated this study, whose objects of investigation are: the difference between civil responsability and administrative responsability, and the determination of the legal nature of the sanctions applied under the latter, as well as its place in administrative sanction law, where the administrative wrongdoing is also situated, presupposes the subjective element. Having analyzed these matters, we place the legal person in its proper place regarding infractions and administrative sanctions under the Law 8.429/92 and the Law 12.846/2013 / A apuração da moralidade (que tem como antíteses a improbidade e a corrupção), especialmente a partir da promulgação da Lei nº 12.846/2013, recebeu novo foco e foi transportada para o campo objetivo, o que motivou este estudo, cujos objetos de investigação são: a diferença entre a responsabilidade civil e a responsabilidade administrativa, e a apuração da natureza jurídica das sanções aplicadas no âmbito desta última, bem como o seu lugar no direito administrativo sancionador, onde também está situado o ilícito administrativo, que tem como pressuposto o elemento subjetivo. Analisadas essas matérias, posicionamos a pessoa jurídica no seu devido lugar no tocante às infrações e sanções administrativas no âmbito da Lei nº 8.429/92 e da Lei nº 12.846/2013

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-07-18T12:07:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dorival de Freitas Junior.pdf: 1814504 bytes, checksum: ef2a4c34ccec7b2722f8abcd010e151e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T12:07:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dorival de Freitas Junior.pdf: 1814504 bytes, checksum: ef2a4c34ccec7b2722f8abcd010e151e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-20 / Corruption is a phenomenon present in the many countries reality throughout the world, not being exclusive to Brazil. The consequences of a corrupt act are harmful, especially to society, since the financial resources are diverted or do not enter the public accounts and, as a result, do not return in benefits to the population. Thus, in order to give effect to criminalization laws established in the Conventions signed and ratified by the Brazilian government, and especially after pressure from the popular movements that invaded the streets in 2013, the Act no. 12.846 / 2013 was published, also known as Anti-Corruption Act. Such Act established national or foreign legal entities as active subject of a corrupt act, if they practice acts to the detriment of the Public Administration. The Act also brings as an imputation criterion the objective way to attribute the administrative and civil liability, and shows a new sui generis kind of liability, named judicial liability, leaving out the possibility of criminal liability. However, the Anti-Corruption Act is a clearly criminal law in which practically all the illicit acts in such law and the effects of administrative and judicial conviction have the same effects already prescribed in Brazilian Environmental Crime Act, as well as the illicit acts are described as crimes in the Brazilian Penal Code and apart laws. Since it is not intended to attribute a criminal character to the legal person's liability for corrupt acts, the Act was created contaminated by several unconstitutional issues throughout its text, directly affecting implicit and explicit constitutional principles and guarantees, as well as various specific principles of the criminal law and the procedural criminal law, so that resulting in a totally unconstitutional Act that does not conform to a democratic rule of law / A corrupção é um fenômeno presente na realidade de muitos países ao longo do mundo, não sendo exclusividade do Brasil. As consequências de um ato corruptivo são nefastas, principalmente ao corpo social, tendo em vista que os recursos financeiros são desviados ou não entram nas contas públicas e, como resultado, não trazem benefícios à população. Assim, e visando dar efetividade aos mandados de criminalizações estabelecidos nas Convenções assinadas e ratificadas pelo governo brasileiro e, principalmente, após a pressão dos movimentos populares que invadiram as ruas em 2013, foi editada a Lei nº 12.846/2013, a qual ficou conhecida como Lei Anticorrupção. A mesma estabeleceu como sujeito ativo do ato corruptivo às pessoas jurídicas, nacionais ou estrangeiras, praticados em desfavor da Administração Pública. Trouxe como critério de imputação a forma objetiva para atribuir a responsabilização administrativa e civil, além de trazer uma nova espécie sui generis de responsabilização denominada de judicial, deixando de fora a possibilidade de responsabilização criminal. Ocorre que a Lei Anticorrupção é uma lei nitidamente de caráter penal, na qual praticamente todos os atos ilícitos previstos e os efeitos da condenação administrativa e judicial são os mesmos já previstos na Lei do Crime Ambiental, do mesmo modo que as condutas ilícitas descritas já se encontram definidas como crimes pelo Código Penal, bem como em outras leis extravagantes. Ao não se querer atribuir ao caráter penal a responsabilização da pessoa jurídica por atos corruptivos, criou-se uma Lei corrompida de várias inconstitucionalidades ao longo de seu texto, ferindo diretamente princípios e garantias constitucionais, implícitos e explícitos, além de diversos princípios específicos do direito penal e processual penal, resultando em uma Lei totalmente inconstitucional que não se coaduna com um estado democrático de direito

The African National Congress inherited a country with high levels of unemployment, deepening poverty and inequalities. These socio-economic challenges were the result of the previous apartheid regime‟s reliance on racism to conduct its affairs such as the distribution of basic services and socio-economic wealth of the country. As such, the African National Congress (ANC) came up with different policies and programmes aimed at significantly transforming these skewed and racialised socio-economic conditions. Socio-economic empowerment was identified as one of the key programmes to be championed by the new democratic government led by the ANC. To this end, tenders or public procurement formed a vital element of the economic strategies that were put in place as a means of empowering black entrepreneurs with a view that they will in turn empower others through the means of „trickledown‟ economics. Tender guidelines were designed to advance this programme in a transparent, fair and cost-effective way. Contrary to this noble idea, the practice of tenders has become synonymous with acts of bribery and financial kickbacks which are serious forms of corruption. In this regard, the electronic and print media report daily about government officials, public servants, politicians and business people who have found a way of manipulating tender rules and other economic empowerment policies to enrich themselves at the expense of the people of South Africa. This study focuses on tenders and corruption in the post-apartheid era. It reviews key programmes such as the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), Batho Pele, Masakhane, Affirmative Action (AA) and Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). The study claims that while these programmes were important, the lack of moral or ethical leadership at all levels of society ate into the moral fibre upon which these programmes were based. On the basis of the evidence presented, this study concluded that the ANC-led government was correct in using public procurement as one of its methods to address the legacy of Apartheid. However, the research study also confirmed that corruption is essentially a moral or ethical problem and as such there should be an ethical solution to it. While there are many ethical perspectives, this study found that African ethics in general and Ubuntu in particular is the most relevant type of ethic that could be used as a panacea to corruption. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

The problem of copyrights recently is one of the most relevant, talking about legal aspects of information society. The objective risk of expropriation of sofware or various documents arises, while using communicative network, which is very popular among members of the society nowadays, without compliance with authors. This concerns the lack of legislation, which should regulate the rights of using the software, variuos files or production situated in the network. The problem of copyrights is the most relevant for data put in the net, as communicative web has become more and more popular source of information lately. Practice evidences, that protection of intellectual property only by means of civil defence of copyrights, is not possible, therefore administrative and criminal responsibility carries out an important role. Consequently, the administrative and criminal responsibility for violation of intellectual property will be analysed in the final work. The peculiarities of violation of administrative and criminal responsibily were not studied widely by any of the lithuanian authors. While improvement of information technologies is increasing, thereby it is essential to sift legal laws regulating administrative and criminal responsibility for violation of these rights, taking into consideration both theoretical and practical aspects. So, in this work the administrative and criminal responsibilty for violation of intellectual property and its pecularities applied in the... [to full text]

This article analyzes the essential obligations arising on safety and health at work with regard to the parent company in a scheme of productive decentralization, which is characterized in our midst by the widespread use of labor intermediation and outsourcing services both modalities recognized and regulated by Peruvian law. / El presente artículo analizará las obligaciones esenciales que surgen en materia de seguridad y salud en el trabajo respecto de la empresa principal en un esquema de descentralización productiva, el cual se caracteriza en nuestro medio por el empleo difundido de la intermediación laboral y la tercerización de servicios, ambas modalidades reconocidas y reguladas por la legislación peruana.

Constitutional doctrine has little addressed on the General Comptroller of the Republic and its controlling function of public resources execution and management. Efforts have been made to explain this situation in other realities, regarding high budgetary, accounting and auditing content needed to carry out auditing activities constitutionally assigned to this kind of entities. Nevertheless, identifying competences of the General Comptroller of the Republic and its nature of autonomous constitutional body shapes an important expression of Constitutional State and the principle of powers division. This entity controls State’s Public Budget execution contributing to constitutional property protection, legality of budget implementation and the appropriate management of public resources, also the «efficiency» of social needs, proper functioning of public administration and prevention of corruption, among others duties. This article analyzes the constitutional mission of the General Comptroller in a Constitutional State promoting the process of given a constitutional status to the legal system in its area of influence, also optimizing constitutional properties protected. For such purpose, the 29622 recent law («Law that modifies the 27785 Organic Law of National Control System and the General Comptroller of the Republic extending powers in order to sanction in accordance of functional administrative responsibility») shall be used as object of constitutional analysis. / La doctrina constitucional se ha ocupado poco de la Contraloría General de la República y de su función de control sobre la ejecución y gestiónde recursos públicos en el Estado. Esta situación se ha tratado de explicar enotras realidades en función del alto contenido presupuestario, contable y de auditoría de la actividad fiscalizadora atribuida constitucionalmente a esta clase de entidades. No obstante, la delimitación competencial de la Contraloría General de la República y su condición de organismo constitucional autónomo configuran una manifestación importante del Estado constitucional y su principio de división de poderes. Dicho organismo controla la ejecución del presupuesto público del Estado y contribuye a la protección de bienes constitucionales, como la legalidad de la ejecución presupuestal y la adecuada gestión de recursos públicos, la «eficiencia de las necesidades sociales», el buen funcionamiento de la administración estatal y la prevención de la corrupción, entre otros. El presente artículo se propone analizar la misión constitucional de la Contraloría General de la República en el Estado constitucional, con el fin de contribuir a la promoción del proceso de «constitucionalización del ordenamiento jurídico» en el ámbito de la actuación e influencia de dicha entidad y la optimización de los bienes constitucionales que protege. Para tal efecto, se utilizará como objeto de análisis constitucional la reciente ley 29622, «Ley que modifica la ley 27785, Ley Orgánica del Sistema Nacional de Control y de la Contraloría General de la República, y amplía las facultades en el proceso para sancionar en materia de responsabilidad administrativa funcional».

El presente estudio tiene por finalidad determinar de qué manera la regulación de la subsanación voluntaria como eximente de responsabilidad en la Ley N° 27444, Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General ha afectado la seguridad jurídica y la protección al medio ambiente, respecto de las actividades de la industria manufacturera. De acuerdo a ello, en el presente estudio se expone de manera general la potestad sancionadora de la Administración Pública; definición y elementos de las infracciones administrativas; los eximentes de responsabilidad administrativa, la subsanación voluntaria como eximente de responsabilidad, las obligaciones ambientales aplicables a los titulares de la industria manufacturera, entre otros. Asimismo, para determinar el efecto mencionado, se ha evaluado la normativa y las resoluciones emitidas por el Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA), en el sector industria manufacturera, desde el año 2017 al 2019. Verificándose una afectación negativa tanto a la seguridad jurídica como a la protección al medio ambiente, respecto de las actividades de la industria manufacturera. Motivo por el cual, se recomienda la modificación de la Ley 27444, Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General y el Reglamento de Supervisión del OEFA. / The purpose of this study is to determine how the regulation of voluntary remedy as an exemption from responsibility in the Law 27444, Law of General Administrative Procedure has affected the legal security principle and the protection of the environment, regarding of the activities of the manufacturing industry. Therefore, this research exposes about the sanctioning power of the Public Administration; the definition and elements of administrative infractions; exemptions of administrative responsibility, the voluntary remedy as a responsibility exemption, the environmental obligations applicable to the holders of the manufacturing industry, and others. Also, to determine the aforementioned effect, the regulations and resolutions issued by the Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA), in the manufacturing industry sector from 2017 to 2019, have been evaluated in this study. Verifying a negative impact on both legal security principle and environmental protection, regarding of the activities of the manufacturing industry. Accordingly, it´s recommended the modification of the Law 27444, Law of General Administrative Procedure and the Supervision Regulation of the OEFA. / Trabajo de investigación

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Corporate governance systems have evolved over centuries, often in response to corporate failures or system crises. From the early 1990s in South Africa, corporate governance began to reach prominence, prompted by losses from fraudulent activities within corporate entities such as Masterbond, Fidentia and Enron. Corporate governance is aimed at curtailing such fraudulent behaviour. In 1994, the elected democratic majority government of South Africa found that there were no standard rules or principles in place to either control or govern the delivery of services and the carrying out of policies. Government then made corporate governance a significant part of their strategic vision of restructuring. A protocol on corporate governance was published to provide guidance, specifically to the public sector in South Africa. In line with the protocol, policies and procedures were put in place in order to assist the public sector to meet corporate governance standards and best practice. It is apparent that the lack of systematic accountability can cost the public sector and the taxpayers of South Africa millions in terms of redoing work, inefficiency, workplace conflicts and misunderstandings. This in turn leads to ineffective work practices and leadership. This research study set out to establish how accountable the public sector is, specifically the Western Cape Government, concerning the protocol and the policies and procedures that are in place. The study aimed to evaluate the accountability of project coordinators within the Western Cape Government, specifically on construction projects. The literature review in the research report identifies the roles and responsibilities, stipulated in the policies and procedures, that the public sector needs to adhere to in order to be accountable. A scorecard was compiled to cross check the accountability of staff within the Western Cape Government in line with the policies and procedures in place. A construction project was used as an example on the scorecard and the outcome thereof is published in the report. This research report reveals the shortcoming of governance and specifically accountability within governance and determines how it could be addressed.

La théorie des prérogatives de contrat administratif transplantée du droit administratif français a invoqué un débat de longue période dans la communauté judiciaire qu’une législation nationale unifiée a toujours été absente même aujourd’hui. En fait, dans le droit administratif français lié qui se compose principalement par la jurisprudence dans ce domaine, il y a non seulement une série de conditions préalables pour réaliser chaque prérogative, mais aussi un mécanisme de protection qui maintient un équilibre financier du contrat pour la justice finale. Or, sur la base d’une préférence pour les pouvoirs publics enracinée dans les traditions juridiques et le régime politique de la Chine, combinés certaines situations actuelles contemporaines, les chercheurs chinois ont partiellement mis en évidence la première, mais ignoré la seconde, conduisant à l’échec de cette transplantation juridique. En fait, comme une sorte de pouvoir administratif, la prérogative ne doit pas être considérée dans le propre système de contrat qui se compose par les droits et obligations consensuels, mais se réfère à la compétence légale de l’administration qui doit être contrôlée par la responsabilité légale. De plus, cela peut s’interpréter aussi comme la rupture de contrat, de sorte que l’administrateur doive prendre la responsabilité contractuelle fondée sur la théorie de la responsabilité sans faute, la relativité de contrat et la force de contrat, au lieu de la Légalité au sens étroit; la responsabilité administrative dans ce domaine devrait par conséquent être attribuée à la rupture de contrat, à l’endommagement et à l’illégalité. Peu importe quel modèle serait suivi par la législation à l’avenir, un système judiciaire indépendant et influant dans la pratique sociale sera la protection ultime de tous les systèmes juridiques incluant le contrat administratif en Chine. / The theory of prerogatives of administrative contract transplanted from the French administrative law has triggered such a longtime debate in the judicial community that a unified national legislation has been absent even today. Actually, in the French administrative law, composed mainly by Case Law in this domain, there is not only a series of conditions to enforce each prerogative, but also a protective mechanism to keep a financial balance of contract for the final justice. However, based on a preference to the Power rooted from the legal traditions and the political regime of China, combined with certain contemporary facts, Chinese researchers have partially highlighted the former but ignored the latter, leading to the failure of this legal transplant. Actually, as a type of administrative power, the prerogative should not be considered into the proper system of contract composed by the conventional rights and obligations, but refers to the legal authority of administration that should be controlled by the legal responsibility. In addition, it could be considered as the breach of contract too, so that the administrator should take the contractual responsibility based on the Theory of no-fault, on the Relativity of contract and on the Force effect of contract; thus the administrative responsibility hereof could be assumed for the breach of contract, for the quasi-tort out of contract and for the illegality. No matter which pattern would be followed by the future legislation in China, an independent and influential judicial system should be the final protection of all legal systems including the administrative contract.