O presente trabalho propõe a leitura da obra de Adolf Loos (1870-1933) através das transformações históricas que marcaram a Europa na passagem da segunda metade do século XIX à primeira do século XX. A complexidade de sua obra é uma expressão privilegiada para o entendimento das contradições instauradas no período. Por um lado, o fôlego de suas ideias é dado pela persistência de problemáticas que surgiram no século XIX; por outro, parte de sua obsolescência também se explica pela resistência que Loos apresentou a tais mudanças. Transformações que ele identificou como perdas. O tema da perda permeia toda sua produção: nos edifícios, por vezes ele figura na justaposição de elementos contraditórios (tradição ou modernidade), por outras na cisão irreparável entre interior e exterior (público ou privado) e, em alguns casos, o uso de espelhos e aberturas simetricamente dispostas cria uma tensão de ambiguidade entre espaço e imagem (realidade e representação). O eixo de leitura proposto nesta dissertação se estabelece a partir das reações do arquiteto às perdas impostas por sua época. A obra estudada é interpretada como um trabalho de luto. Textos e edifícios representativos do pensamento de Adolf Loos são investigados à luz de algumas reflexões de importantes pensadores da cultura europeia do período, como Walter Benjamin, Camilo Sitte, Georg Simmel e Sigmund Freud. A abordagem se dá através de três temas centrais: a morte da tradição, a perda de vitalidade no espaço público das metrópoles e a decadência da experiência subjetiva. / It has been over a century since Adolf Loos\'s (1870-1933) most famous works, such as Ornament and Crime (1908) and Goldman & Salatsch building (1911), came to fruition. And, in spite of that, the contradictory nature of his legacy as an architect and writer still fuels and replenishes the debates and investigations of scholars to this day. This dissertation proposes a look at Adolf Loos\'s works through the historical transformations that characterized the transition of the second half of the nineteenth century to the twentieth century. The complexity of his production is a powerful expression of the contradictions that established this period. On one hand, the perseverance of his ideas comes from the persistence of issues that were originated on the nineteenth century, on the other; his obsolescence can also be explained by his opposition to the changes that came along with the new century. Loos identifies these changes as losses. Loss is a theme that impregnates all his production. In his architecture it often surfaces as contradictory elements (tradition and modernity) overlapping one another, or, at times, as an irreparable rupture between interior and exterior (public and private), and in some cases he creates a tension of ambiguity between space and image (reality and representation) by the use of mirrors and symmetrically opposed openings. It is this demeanor, and his reactions to the losses imposed by his time, that will be the axis that guides this dissertation. We can interpret many signs in his work as symbols of mourning. We investigate writings and buildings that represent his thought through the light of important contemporary thinkers of occidental culture, such as Walter Benjamin, Georg Simmel, Camilo Sitte e Sigmund Freud. We will approach his production by three lines: the death of tradition, the loss of vitality of public spaces in the metropolis and the decadence of subjective experience.

O presente trabalho propõe a leitura da obra de Adolf Loos (1870-1933) através das transformações históricas que marcaram a Europa na passagem da segunda metade do século XIX à primeira do século XX. A complexidade de sua obra é uma expressão privilegiada para o entendimento das contradições instauradas no período. Por um lado, o fôlego de suas ideias é dado pela persistência de problemáticas que surgiram no século XIX; por outro, parte de sua obsolescência também se explica pela resistência que Loos apresentou a tais mudanças. Transformações que ele identificou como perdas. O tema da perda permeia toda sua produção: nos edifícios, por vezes ele figura na justaposição de elementos contraditórios (tradição ou modernidade), por outras na cisão irreparável entre interior e exterior (público ou privado) e, em alguns casos, o uso de espelhos e aberturas simetricamente dispostas cria uma tensão de ambiguidade entre espaço e imagem (realidade e representação). O eixo de leitura proposto nesta dissertação se estabelece a partir das reações do arquiteto às perdas impostas por sua época. A obra estudada é interpretada como um trabalho de luto. Textos e edifícios representativos do pensamento de Adolf Loos são investigados à luz de algumas reflexões de importantes pensadores da cultura europeia do período, como Walter Benjamin, Camilo Sitte, Georg Simmel e Sigmund Freud. A abordagem se dá através de três temas centrais: a morte da tradição, a perda de vitalidade no espaço público das metrópoles e a decadência da experiência subjetiva. / It has been over a century since Adolf Loos\'s (1870-1933) most famous works, such as Ornament and Crime (1908) and Goldman & Salatsch building (1911), came to fruition. And, in spite of that, the contradictory nature of his legacy as an architect and writer still fuels and replenishes the debates and investigations of scholars to this day. This dissertation proposes a look at Adolf Loos\'s works through the historical transformations that characterized the transition of the second half of the nineteenth century to the twentieth century. The complexity of his production is a powerful expression of the contradictions that established this period. On one hand, the perseverance of his ideas comes from the persistence of issues that were originated on the nineteenth century, on the other; his obsolescence can also be explained by his opposition to the changes that came along with the new century. Loos identifies these changes as losses. Loss is a theme that impregnates all his production. In his architecture it often surfaces as contradictory elements (tradition and modernity) overlapping one another, or, at times, as an irreparable rupture between interior and exterior (public and private), and in some cases he creates a tension of ambiguity between space and image (reality and representation) by the use of mirrors and symmetrically opposed openings. It is this demeanor, and his reactions to the losses imposed by his time, that will be the axis that guides this dissertation. We can interpret many signs in his work as symbols of mourning. We investigate writings and buildings that represent his thought through the light of important contemporary thinkers of occidental culture, such as Walter Benjamin, Georg Simmel, Camilo Sitte e Sigmund Freud. We will approach his production by three lines: the death of tradition, the loss of vitality of public spaces in the metropolis and the decadence of subjective experience.

[EN] "Luxury" has always been a cause for debate throughout history. It was criticized by Plato and Aristotle and limited during the times of the old Roman Empire. However, luxury has now become a natural part of our lives. The change in the meaning of luxury represents the step from the ancient world to the modern world, and the step from feudalism to capitalism, becoming associated to new values: 01_ The value of the private sphere and the individual. The step from the ancient world to the modern world also entails the step from public luxury to private luxury. 02_ The emotional value of luxury. Our desires and imagination lead us towards new desires. As the value of something which is intangible. 03_ The value of the superfluous. This would be a luxury which does not provide any added value. 04_ The material value. The material value is closely linked to the emotional value of luxury, as it isn't so much about the cost of the material, but about the shapes and sensations which are obtained with it. 05_ The value of refinement. The qualitative value of luxury, which leads towards the evolution of societies. 06_ The value of innovation. Throughout history luxury has been the promoter of innovations. Technique has played a vital role in architecture, giving rise to new spatial possibilities. The thesis looks into the values associated to luxury, identifying them in the architecture of Adolf Loos aiming to represent a modern vision of luxury. The similarities in the biographies of Adolf Loos and Peter Zumthor (central European architects, both sons of artisan fathers, influences by their time spent in the United States,...) justify the choice the latter as a modern reference in the research, which establishes a link between said vision from the early 20th century and the architecture of the early 21st century. This proves how these values remain current even today, although logically their transfer to architecture is different. Lastly comparing this modern vision of luxury with contemporary visions of luxury by means of different conversation. The aim is to move away from the prejudice associated to luxury to prove how architecture can go beyond what is necessary with the aim of improving the living conditions of the inhabitant. / [ES] El "lujo" ha sido siempre motivo de debate a largo de la historia. Ya fue criticado por Platón y Aristóteles y limitado en la antigua Roma. En el presente, el lujo se ha integrado de forma natural en nuestras vidas. El cambio del significado del lujo representa el paso del mundo clásico al mundo moderno, y el paso del feudalismo al capitalismo1, asociándole nuevos valores: 01_ El valor de la esfera privada y el individuo. El paso del mundo clásico al mundo moderno implica también el paso del lujo público al lujo privado. 02_ El valor emocional del lujo. Los deseos e imaginaciones llevan a nuevos deseos. Se trata del valor de lo intangible. 03_ El valor de lo superfluo. Se trata de aquel lujo que no aporta ningún valor añadido. 04_ El valor material. El valor material está íntimamente ligado al valor emocional del lujo, pues no se trata tanto del coste del material, sino en las formas y sensaciones que con él se consiguen. 05_ El valor del refinamiento. Se trata del valor cualitativo del lujo, que lleva a evolucionar a las sociedades. 06_ El valor de la innovación. El lujo ha sido a lo largo de la historia impulsor de innovaciones. La técnica ha jugado un papel vital, dando lugar a nuevas posibilidades espaciales. La Tesis investiga los valores asociados al lujo, identificándolos en la arquitectura de Adolf Loos para mostrar una visión moderna del lujo. Las similitudes en las biografías de Adolf Loos y Peter Zumthor (arquitectos de Europa Central, ambos hijos de padres artesanos, influenciados por sus vivencias en Estados Unidos,¿) justifican la elección de este último como un referente contemporáneo en la investigación, que establece un nexo entre dicha visión de principios del siglo XX y la arquitectura de principios del siglo XXI. Así se demuestra como dichos valores permanecen vigentes hoy en día, aunque lógicamente su traslación a la arquitectura sea diferente. Finalmente se contrasta esta visión moderna del lujo con las visiones contemporáneas del lujo mediante diferentes conversaciones. Se trata de alejarse de los prejuicios sobre el lujo para demostrar como la arquitectura puede ir más allá de lo necesario con el fin de mejorar las condiciones de vida del habitante. / [CA] El "luxe" ha estat sempre motiu de debat al llarg de la història. Ja fou criticat per Plató i per Aristòtil i limitat a l'antiga Roma. En el present, el luxe s'ha integrat de forma natural en les nostres vides. El canvi de significat del luxe representa el pas del món clàssic al món modern, i el pas del feudalisme al capitalisme , associant-li nou valors: 01_ El valor de l'esfera privada i l'individu. El pas del món clàssic al món modern implica també el pas del luxe públic al luxe privat. 02_ El valor emocional del luxe. Els desitjos i imaginacions porten a nous desitjos. Es tracta del valor de l'intangible. 03_ El valor del superflu. Es tracta d'aquell luxe que no aporta cap valor afegit. 04_ El valor material. El valor material està íntimament lligat al valor emocional del luxe, doncs, no es tracta tant del cost del material, sinó en les formes i sensacions que amb ell s'aconsegueixen. 05_ El valor del refinament. Es tracta del valor qualitatiu del luxe, que porta a evolucionar a les societats. 06_ El valor de la innovació. El luxe ha estat al llarg de la història impulsor d'innovacions. La tècnica ha jugat un paper vital, donant lloc a noves possibilitats espacials. La Tesi investiga els valors associats al luxe, identificant-los en l'arquitectura d'Adolf Loos per a mostrar una visió moderna del luxe. Les similituds en les biografies d'Adolf Loos i Peter Zumthor (arquitectes d'Europa Central, tots dos fills de pares artesans, influenciats per les seves vivències als Estats Units, ...) justifiquen l'elecció d'aquest últim com un referent contemporani en la recerca, que estableix un nexe entre aquesta visió de principis del segle XX i l'arquitectura del segle XXI. Així es demostra com aquests valors romanen vigents avui en dia, encara que lògicament la seva translació a l'arquitectura sigui diferent. Finalment es contrasta aquesta visió moderna del luxe amb diferents versions contemporànies del luxe mitjançant diferents converses. Es tracta d'allunyar-se dels prejudicis sobre el luxe per a demostrar com l'arquitectura pot anar més enllà del necessari amb la finalitat de millorar les condicions de vida de l'habitant. / Bruns Banegas, S. (2015). Adolf Loos.Visiones del lujo en la arquitectura [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/55503 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

[EN] Adolf Loos, controversial Viennese architect of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, revolutionized the architecture of its time, change and create a foundation for a new architecture. This research analyzes the color treatment that makes seven of their mansions: Villa Karma (1903-1906), Villa Steiner (1910), Villa Scheu (1912-1913), Villa Duschnitz (1915-1916), Villa Strasser (1919), Villa Moller (1927-1928), Villa Müller (1928-1930). The analysis was performed by extracting written and graphic documentation necessary to configure it in a chromatic of each of the villas, which were obtained the conclusions chips material. It was observed that the color is consistent with space and its function. Loos argued for an honest architecture without superfluous and useless ornamentation and the use of noble materials. Loos replaced and exceeded the ornament through the intrinsic nature of every noble material. By using the materials and get painting interiors where color is present. (...) The colors can be used together in a room exactly the same way, provided they are as pure as the colors of a flower meadow. (Loos, 1929) / [ES] Adolf Loos, controvertido arquitecto vienés de finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, revolucionó la arquitectura de su tiempo, crearía un cambio y las bases para una nueva arquitectura. En esta investigación se ha estudiado el tratamiento que hace del color en siete de sus mansiones: Villa Karma (1903-1906), Villa Steiner (1910), Villa Scheu (1912-1913), Villa Duschnitz (1915-1916), Villa Strasser (1919), Villa Moller (1927-1928), Villa Müller (1928-1930). El análisis se ha realizado extrayendo de documentación escrita y gráfica el material necesario para poder configurarlo en unas fichas cromáticas de cada una de las villas, de las cuales se han obtenido las conclusiones. Se observó que el color va en consonancia con el espacio y con su función. Loos abogaba por una arquitectura honesta sin ornamentación superflua e inútil y por el uso de materiales nobles. Loos sustituyó y superó el ornamento por medio de la naturaleza intrínseca de cada material noble. Mediante el empleo del material y pintura consigue unos interiores donde el color se hace presente. (...)Los colores se pueden utilizar juntos en una habitación exactamente de la misma manera, siempre y cuando sean tan puros como los colores de un prado de flores. (Loos, 1929) / [CA] Adolf Loos, controvertit arquitecte vienés de finals del segle XIX i principis del segle XX, va revolucionar l'arquitectura del seu temps, crearia un canvi i les bases per a una nova arquitectura. En esta investigació s'ha estudiat el tractament que fa del color en set de les seues mansions: Vila Karma (1903-1906), Vila Steiner (1910), Vila Scheu (1912-1913), Vila Duschnitz (1915-1916), Vila Strasser (1919), Vila Moller (1927-1928), Vila Müller (1928-1930). L'anàlisi s'ha realitzat extraient de documentació escrita i gràfica el material necessari per a poder configurar-ho en unes fitxes cromàtiques de cada una de les viles, de les quals s'han obtingut les conclusions. Es va observar que el color va d'acord amb l'espai i amb la seua funció. Loos advocava per una arquitectura honesta sense ornamentació supèrflua i inútil i per l'ús de materials nobles. Loos va substituir i va superar l'ornament per mitjà de la naturalesa intrínseca de cada material noble. Per mitjà de l'ocupació del material i pintura aconseguix uns interiors on el color es fa present. (...) Els colors es poden utilitzar junts en una habitació exactament de la mateixa manera, sempre que siguen tan purs com els colors d'un prat de flors. (Loos, 1929) / Álvarez González, MA. (2016). ESTUDIO DE LA APLICACIÓN DEL COLOR EN SIETE VILLAS DE ADOLF LOOS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62175

Tomo 1. Parte didáctica.Estudio sobre las relaciones entre arte y vida y sus consecuencias sobre la forma del espacio escénico moderno.Tomo 2. Parte reflexiva.Definición de lo tragicómico como género del arte moderno desde el romanticismo hasta nuestros días.

Confronted with issues, whose (socioeconomic) causes cannot be resolved through the modification of the built environment, architectural interventions may often inadvertently aid the reproduction of the problems they seek to resolve. In eliminating symptoms of social inequality, alienation and marginalization, architecture can legitimize the social order out of which they arise. In such situations, architects’ attempts to concern themselves with narrowly practical concerns are insufficient even to their own aims, and in order to properly address the issues facing it, architecture must simultaneously operate as a vehicle for social critique and political emancipation. In the work of philosopher Slavoj Žižek, a critical-emancipatory intervention corresponds to an emphasis of a constitutive tension and discord (“the gap”) within what is commonly perceived as a stable, neutral background. Critique strives not to explicitly reveal existing problems. Instead, it reveals an inherent inconsistency within an implicit, ideological fantasy of order and harmony that allows us to naturalize these problems. Consequently, the critical-emancipatory potential of architecture resides not in its programmatic content nor in its representational image, but in its capacity to disrupt the reassuring affective texture of ideology. Critique resides in a formally subtle (concerning architecture in its narrowest definition as an affective structure), yet politically radical shift in how problems of everyday life are interpreted and processed; re-introducing a minimal sense of disquietude that is both critical and emancipatory. The disquietude, that marks an absence of a fantasy of order and harmony, can, paradoxically, only be sustained as a product of a formally (representationally) ordered and harmonious appearance. The critical-emancipatory disquietude is not a compromise of the order and harmony, but rather a reflection of its uncompromisingly egalitarian nature.

1 English abstract: Villa Müller versus Villa Tugendhat - A Comparison of Two Different Restoration Projects of Modernist Buildings. The work compares two successful restorations of interwar Czechoslovak avant-garde buildings realized between 1995 and 2012. At first, the respective histories of both buildings are compared since their creation through two totalitarian regimes up to their restoration. The fates of builders and architects of both villas are also described. From the point of view of historic preservation the work describes the state of both buildings before the commencement of restoration. The errors committed by the original designers are also described here. The methodology of restoration of both villas stemming from the professional points of view and relevant laws governing heritage protection is also treated in detail. The emphasis is given on preparation works preceding the design phase - the historic-structural survey, which, in both cases, was conceived as above-standard. Due to their span, these surveys have marked a key moment in relation to the modern cultural heritage within the Czech context. In the last part of the work links and comparisons are given to similar modern cultural heritage objects abroad. The work also documents the influence these two restorations have had on...