The submitted diploma thesis is called: Rehabilitation of a family endangered by transgenerational transmission of alcohol addiction. Alcohol addiction in the family is a very current topic, as it can have a significant impact on future generations of children who grew up with an alcohol addicted parent. The theoretical part deals with the issue of alcohol addiction and its impact on family functioning, psychological and social development of children and their functioning in adulthood. It also examines the causes and manifestations of transgenerational transmission of alcohol addiction in the family, including how to prevent the risk of alcohol addiction in future generations. The aim of the empirical part is to answer the main research question through interviews: What is the personal experience of the current generation of offspring of alcohol addicted parents in creating their own family and how can the family prevent the risk of transgenerational transmission of alcohol addiction to the next generation of offspring? From the research survey, we found that children who grew up in an alcoholic environment are affected to various degrees in adult life in all areas, because they have not experienced healthy parenting patterns in the family. Furthermore, it was found that protective factors in the...

The purpose of this study has been to describe and understand the meaning of adult children´s experience of growing up in a family with addiction. The study is based on a lifeworld phenomenological approach where the adult children have been the focus. The data collection consisted of five open interviews, where the adult children gave their experience of their childhood. The result of the study shows that adult children all have experienced the sense of shame/stigma, de-prioritized, a dysfunctional everyday life, a body that reacts and a body that remembers. This has led to various challenges and consequences while growing up, the adult children have handled this differently according to their own abilities and circumstances. It has also resulted in challenges in adulthood, which also have been handled differently depending on the person. Based on the results, it has been possible to understand the importance of preventive work towards families where there is an addiction problem. Something that further needs continuous research to prevent dysfunctional upbringing.

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Syftet med studien är att studera föräldrars, mamma respektive pappas emotioner och känslomässiga likheter och skillnader till unga vuxna barn med narkotikamissbruk utifrån spelfilm. Analysen består av två amerikanska spelfilmer. I studien syftar vi till droger i form av narkotika och inte alkohol. Metoden vi använt i denna studie var kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studien visade att föräldrar till missbrukande vuxna barn känner många liknande emotioner ur ett emotionssociologiskt och emotionspsykologiskt perspektiv. Däremot finns det skillnader i hur dessa emotioner synliggörs utåt och vad reaktionerna blir som resultat av emotionerna som de känner. Känslor som ofta uppstår för föräldrar till vuxna barn med missbruk är ilska, rädsla, glädje, sorg, skam och skuld. Dessa emotioner som föräldrarna känner kombineras på olika sätt vilket skildras i filmerna. Några mönster som skildras i båda filmer avseende emotioner är att ilska ofta döljer sorg, skam, skuld eller rädsla. Pappan i Beautiful Boy visar ilska tydligt utåt samtidigt som det döljer känslor av ilska, glädje, sorg, skam och skuld. Mamman i Ben is back känner också ilska men det visas inte utåt på samma sätt, utan snarare i form av sorg och illamående. Däremot döljer illamåendet en ilska som i sin tur döljer ovanstående känslor av skam, skuld, sorg eller rädsla. Andra mönster som också skildras i filmerna är att sorg döljer ilska samt att skam döljer ilska eller rädsla. I filmerna skildras att mamman och pappan känner skam över att de misslyckats som förälder. Däremot döljer denna känsla av skam, känslor som ilska och rädsla då föräldrarna är irriterade över situationen deras barn befinner sig i samt oro och rädsla för vad som kan hända och de risker som finns med missbruket. Emotioner som syns utåt ur både mamma och pappa är ilska i olika former, skuld, sorg och framförallt oro som skildras ständigt genom båda spelfilmerna. / The aim of this study was to understand how films depict how it is emotionally and also emotional similarities and differences to be a parent, mother and father of a young adult child with a narcotics addiction. The analysis is based on two American films. In this study we refer to drugs in the form of narcotics and not alcohol. The method for this study was a qualitative content analysis. The study found that parents of adult children with drug addiction feel many similar emotions from a perspective of sociology of emotions and psychology of emotions. However, there are differences in how these emotions are made visible to the outside world and what the reactions are as a result of the emotions they feel. Emotions that often arise for parents of adult children with addiction are anger, fear, joy, grief, shame and guilt. These emotions that the parents feel are combined in different ways, which is depicted in the films. Some patterns depicted in both films regarding emotions are that anger often hides grief, shame, guilt or fear. The father in Beautiful Boy clearly shows anger outwards while hiding feelings of anger, joy, grief, shame and guilt. The mother in Ben is back also feels anger but is not shown outwards in the same way, rather in the form of sadness and nausea. On the other hand, the nausea hides an anger which also hides the feelings mentioned above of shame, guilt, grief or fear. Other patterns that also are depicted in the films are that grief hides anger and that shame hides anger or fear. The films depict that the mother and father feel ashamed that they have failed as a parent, however, this feeling of shame hides feelings such as anger and fear when the parents are annoyed about the situation their sons are in, as well as worries and fears about what might happen and the risks that comes with the addiction. Emotions that are seen externally from both mum and dad are anger in various forms, guilt, grief and above all anxiety that is constantly portrayed through both feature films.

<p dir="ltr"><a href="" target="_blank">The goal of this study was to contribute to the research on determinants of caregiving by exploring whether adult children’s health problems shape their involvement in their mothers’ care. Drawing from equity theory and contingent exchange theory (Davey & Eggebeen, 1998; Davey & Norris, 1998; Walster et al., 1978), I proposed that adult children with health problems would be less likely to be their mothers’ primary caregivers but more likely to be their mothers’ secondary caregivers compared to their healthier siblings. Additionally, based on gender role development theories (Chodorow, 1978; Gilligan, 1982; Leaper & Friedman, 2007), I hypothesized that health problems would reduce sons’, but not daughters’, likelihood of serving as their mothers’ primary caregivers. The results of both the quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed that from both the mothers’ and children’s perspectives, adult children with and without health problems were equally as likely to serve as their mothers’ primary or secondary caregivers. Furthermore, the results suggested that daughters were expected to provide care despite their own health obstacles, whereas this expectation was not present for sons. The findings suggested that adult children with health problems are still participants in their mothers’ care and should be included in conversations regarding planning for their mothers’ future care needs and current caregiving arrangements. Additionally, the findings highlighted how providing care comes at a higher cost for children with health problems compared to their healthier siblings. Future research should investigate how additional support to caregivers with health problems may lead to better caregiving outcomes for both the caregivers and care recipients.</a></p>

This exploratory study was written with the intent to inform educators of the impact that divorce may have on children, of possible factors contributing to the resiliency in children of divorce, and of possible intervention efforts on the part of educators. An extensive literature review presented various perspectives from researchers, authors, and theorists. Developmental theorists such as Erickson were paralleled with empirical evidence collected by researchers such as Wallerstein. Studies including a meta-analysis by Amato (2001) were presented in discussions of the possible outcomes for children of divorce. Long-term outcomes were considered from the perspective of a sociologist and a journalist. Positive parenting skills were offered by experts such as Brooks (2005). A qualitative study of the reflective experiences of adult children of divorced parents was also initiated to determine the accuracy of the literature review and to encourage further research in this area. This thesis involved a self-administered survey of eleven adult children of divorce, while analysis of the survey data utilized a modified form of Grounded Theory. <p>Findings from the survey and the literature review demonstrated the need for relevant educational programs and professional development of educators. It also revealed that programming for parents should include significant elements of motivational and transfer-of-learning techniques, and that programs promoting positive reflective thought are needed for adults emerging from childhood divorce experiences. <p>The descriptions of emotions and behaviours disclosed by the participants of the survey were compelling and direct, offering convincing insight into the impact of parental divorce. Participants indicated that parents, and other significant individuals, did not understand what they were feeling. Most participants could recall individuals or groups that did intervene positively in their lives; one mention was made of teacher concern about possible depression. The participants offered insight into positive and negative parental behaviours, and their reflective discussions suggested that one significant outcome of parental divorce was the impact it had on the parent/child relationship, as well as the suggestion that a difficult transition into adult relationships was often a result of this experience. Although significant research has been accomplished on the short-term impact on child development, investigation into the long-term outcomes of parental divorce has received minimal attention, possibly making it difficult for educators to have concrete data to draw upon. <p>The research strongly suggested that there may be a population of individuals that could benefit from educational programs that focus upon their experience as children of divorce. It is my conclusion that an appropriate educational context of constructive reflection and support can contribute positively to the well-being and quality of life for children of divorce.

This exploratory study was written with the intent to inform educators of the impact that divorce may have on children, of possible factors contributing to the resiliency in children of divorce, and of possible intervention efforts on the part of educators. An extensive literature review presented various perspectives from researchers, authors, and theorists. Developmental theorists such as Erickson were paralleled with empirical evidence collected by researchers such as Wallerstein. Studies including a meta-analysis by Amato (2001) were presented in discussions of the possible outcomes for children of divorce. Long-term outcomes were considered from the perspective of a sociologist and a journalist. Positive parenting skills were offered by experts such as Brooks (2005). A qualitative study of the reflective experiences of adult children of divorced parents was also initiated to determine the accuracy of the literature review and to encourage further research in this area. This thesis involved a self-administered survey of eleven adult children of divorce, while analysis of the survey data utilized a modified form of Grounded Theory. <p>Findings from the survey and the literature review demonstrated the need for relevant educational programs and professional development of educators. It also revealed that programming for parents should include significant elements of motivational and transfer-of-learning techniques, and that programs promoting positive reflective thought are needed for adults emerging from childhood divorce experiences. <p>The descriptions of emotions and behaviours disclosed by the participants of the survey were compelling and direct, offering convincing insight into the impact of parental divorce. Participants indicated that parents, and other significant individuals, did not understand what they were feeling. Most participants could recall individuals or groups that did intervene positively in their lives; one mention was made of teacher concern about possible depression. The participants offered insight into positive and negative parental behaviours, and their reflective discussions suggested that one significant outcome of parental divorce was the impact it had on the parent/child relationship, as well as the suggestion that a difficult transition into adult relationships was often a result of this experience. Although significant research has been accomplished on the short-term impact on child development, investigation into the long-term outcomes of parental divorce has received minimal attention, possibly making it difficult for educators to have concrete data to draw upon. <p>The research strongly suggested that there may be a population of individuals that could benefit from educational programs that focus upon their experience as children of divorce. It is my conclusion that an appropriate educational context of constructive reflection and support can contribute positively to the well-being and quality of life for children of divorce.

This qualitative study explored the foster care emanicipation experience of adults who had "aged out" of the foster care system. This study found that foster care had negative impacts on participants' ability to form attachments while in foster care and in their adult relationships.

The purpose of this study was to examine parents’ management styles when caring for adult children with serious mental illness (SMI), as well as parents’ perspectives on what type of community-based mental health interventions would support and/or enhance overall family functioning. This qualitative descriptive study was undergirded by Knafl and Deatrick’s Family Management Style Framework. Thirty parents (N = 30) caring for adult children with SMI over age 18 were recruited as participants. Demographic data included age, gender, ethnicity, educational level, annual income, and National Alliance on Mental Illness membership. Parents were interviewed in their homes or other private setting. Verbal informed consent was obtained. Audio-recorded, individual, semistructured interviews were conducted until redundancy was achieved. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Four major themes emerged from the data. These themes described prolonged, difficult, and confusing phases that parents and the family undergo in caring for an adult child with SMI. These phases have a progressive nature, moving from parents recognizing that their child has a SMI to redefining family life as a result of caring for an adult child with SMI. Successful management of these phases must include increasing access to mental health information, mental health screening, early interventions, violence prevention, and various treatment options for adult children and their families.