The establishment of the East African Community (EAC) in 1999 brought with it new expectations for the citizens of the East African region. The main objective of the EAC is to bolster development in various fields such as economic, social, cultural, research, technology and legal affairs. In order to reach such an objective, the EAC member states have pledged to adhere to human rights, as one of the founding principles of the EAC. Member states are also required to respect accepted universal human rights standards when carrying out Community activities. In order to ensure that EAC values, as provided in the EAC Treaty, are preserved, member states voluntarily decided to put in place a judicial organ for the Community − the East African Court of Justice (EACJ). The Court is the main judicial organ of the EAC, with the primary responsibility for interpreting and applying EAC law. Despite the fact that human rights constitute one of the EAC norms, the EACJ has yet to be granted an explicit human rights jurisdiction. It has thus fallen on the Court to engage in judicial activism to indirectly protect human rights within the Community. Thus, this study examines the role of the EACJ in protecting human rights within the EAC, as well as the challenges it is facing at present and its prospects. This study, therefore, demonstrates that the current limitation on the human rights jurisdiction of the EACJ has rendered the Court unable to protect human rights effectively within the EAC. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLD / Unrestricted

Regulation of mining includes the global and national standards and acts established to curb mineral conflicts, violence, mining malpractices, and the lack of local and national benefit of global mining investments, or any form of resource curse. Regulations are for instance the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI); UN resolutions 1515 (XV), 1803, and 62/274, that focus on the principle of sovereignty but also transparency in resource extraction; Dodd-Frank Act, the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region and OECDs rules on traceability and conflict-free mining of 3TG (tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold). However, the existing knowledge shows that these rules are not effective due to corruption and the facts that these rules favour MNCs and weaken local states in terms of collection of tax and royalty. This research explores how these rules work in East African Community and bases on case of Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda. The results show that (1) MNCs keep the cost low and avoid tax through mechanism such as transfer-pricing and sub-contracting, and by minimising labour rights (salaries and benefits of miners); (2) conflicts with local population exist and include forced resettlement, lack of fair compensation, rape and killing locals which involved company security guards and national forces (case of North Mara in Tanzania and of Hoima in Uganda); (3) sovereignty regime changes whereby states try to regain their place in mining and share benefit with MNCs (state-MNC sovereignty – Case of Tanzania and Uganda), and to abide in the international regulations while holding the hybrid and multilevel types of resource governance (state-global sovereignty – Case of Rwanda); (4) the implementation of global standards work especially those with rigour in sanctions albeit different territorial jurisdictions; (5) local and national benefit are still low.

Magister Legum - LLM / The East African Commu1nity (EAC) was re-established on 30 November 1999 by the Republics of Kenya and Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania1 signing the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community (the Treaty). The Treaty came into force on 7 July 2000.2 The Republics of Burundi and Rwanda acceded to the Treaty on 18 June 2007 and became full members of the EAC with effect from 1 July 2007.3 The EAC was formed with the major aim of widening and deepening co-operation among the Partner States in political, economic, social and cultural fields4 that would lead to equitable economic development in the region.

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The successful launch of the European Monetary Union (EMU) raised an already ever growing interest in the economics of monetary integration and the formation of monetary unions around the world. Following the EMU experience, countries have considered forming a monetary union amongst themselves. The East African Community (EAC), comprising the three original member countries Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and now including Burundi and Rwanda, is an example of such a group of countries that seek to form a monetary union. This study aims to identify the current level of financial integration amongst the East African countries. In order to do so the study examines whether the pass-through of monetary policy in the five countries has become similar over time. This is to provide an indication of the extent to which the nominal convergence criteria amongst the member countries have been met. The results of the study provide an indication of whether the formation of a monetary union in East Africa is possible. The empirical analysis used in this study included stationarity tests, four tests of co integration and an asymmetric error correction model to investigate whether the pass-through of monetary policy transmission in the five countries has become more similar over the ten year sample period from 1999 to 2008. The analysis uses three interest rates and 6-year rolling windows to identify the extent of macroeconomic convergence that prevails within the EAC, and consequently whether the formation of a monetary union is possible. The results suggest that the magnitude of the convergence amongst the countries remain low and there are significant rigidities in the deposit and lending rates over time, however the passthrough has improved with respect to the lending rate but not the deposit rate. The overall conclusion of the study suggests that an EAC wide monetary union is currently not possible based on the evidence provided from the pass-through analysis.

Magister Legum - LLM

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T19:29:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 24 / Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Este trabalho investiga as experiências de busca de liberdade empreendidas por escravos e libertos no município de Rio Grande, no extremo sul do Império brasileiro, durante o século XIX. Uma atenção especial é dada as alforrias neste intento, demonstrando-se os principais grupos que alcançaram manumissões, nomeadamente mulheres e africanos, com destaque para as variações ao longo do oitocentos na transição do cativeiro à liberdade. A população alforriada é sempre vista em comparação àquela registrada nas listas de cativos dos inventários post-mortem. Assim se procede para verificar a capacidade de mulheres, mas principalmente de africanos, em libertarem-se do cativeiro com referência as suas proporções na população escrava. Se viu que as cativas sempre receberam uma maior número de alforrias que os cativos, contudo, durante a Guerra dos Farrapos elas chegaram aos maiores patamares, aproveitando o momento de crise econômica que se abateu sobre a província. Os africanos recebem uma maior atenção. Ao contrário d / This work investigates the experiences of searching for freedom undertaken by freed and slaves in the county of Rio Grande, in the extreme south of the Brazilian Empire during the nineteenth century. Particular attention is given the manumissions this intent, showing up the main groups that reached manumissões, particularly women and Africans, with an emphasis on changes over eight hundred in the transition from captivity to freedom. The population manumitted is always compared to that registered on the lists of captives that inventories post-mortem. This way, it is possible to verify the capacity of women, but mainly from Africa, freeing up captivity with reference their proportions in the population slave. The women captive always received a larger number of manumissions that the men, however, during the War of Farrapos they reached the highest levels, taking the time to the economic crisis which hit on the province. The African receive greater attention. Unlike observed for other regions of Brazil, in Rio

Magister Legum - LLM / Sustainable Energy (oil, gas and electricity) plays an important role in advancing productive capacity and increasing economic growth and sustainable development. In order to achieve this, there must be effective trade and investment in energy. Currently, there is relatively low regional and international trade in energy in the East African Community (EAC). Local and foreign direct investment flowing into the EAC is still very low in spite of a number of measures, such as, investment protection guarantees, that have been taken to improve investment. Each of the five countries in the EAC has its own energy policy, as well as a trade and investment policy and strategy. For some the policies are clearly stated; for others they are presumed. However, these policies are not effective. Without effective policies on trade and investment protection and promotion, the EAC will have minimum benefits in terms of terms of trade, investment inflows and sustainable economic development. The EAC is a customs union with an ultimate aim of attaining a political federation. Before this happens, there is need to have effective but also harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies. Adoption of comprehensive harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies shall provide a guideline to the Governments, the trade and investment agencies and other relevant stakeholders to follow in order to attain the ideals, objectives and spirit of the Community. This research, therefore, aims at proposing effective and harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies that Member States should pursue in order to develop the EAC into a viable integrated energy trade and investment zone. The study involves a review of the current policies, strategies, laws, regulations and practices in trade and investment in energy and a discussion of how the situation can be improved. The research raises many suggestions on conservation of energy as well as use of alternative sources . / South Africa

<p>Sustainable Energy (oil, gas and electricity) plays an important role in advancing productive capacity and increasing economic growth and sustainable development. In order to achieve this, there must be effective trade and investment in energy. Currently, there is relatively low regional and international trade in energy in the East African Community (EAC). Local and foreign direct investment flowing into the EAC is still very low in spite of a number of measures, such as, investment protection guarantees, that have been taken to improve investment. Each of the five countries in the EAC has its own energy policy, as well as a trade and investment policy and strategy. For some the policies are clearly stated / for others they are presumed. However, these policies are not effective. Without effective policies on trade and investment protection and promotion, the EAC will have minimum benefits in terms of terms of trade, investment inflows and sustainable economic development. The EAC is a customs union with an ultimate aim of attaining a political federation. Before this happens, there is need to have effective but also harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies. Adoption of comprehensive harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies shall provide a guideline to the Governments, the trade and investment agencies and other relevant stakeholders to follow in order to attain the ideals, objectives and spirit of the Community. This research, therefore, aims at proposing effective and harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies that Member States should pursue in order to develop the EAC into a viable integrated energy trade and investment zone. The study involves a review of the current policies, strategies, laws, regulations and practices in trade and investment in energy and a discussion of how the situation can be improved. The research raises many suggestions on conservation of energy as well as use of alternative sources ...</p>

<p>Sustainable Energy (oil, gas and electricity) plays an important role in advancing productive capacity and increasing economic growth and sustainable development. In order to achieve this, there must be effective trade and investment in energy. Currently, there is relatively low regional and international trade in energy in the East African Community (EAC). Local and foreign direct investment flowing into the EAC is still very low in spite of a number of measures, such as, investment protection guarantees, that have been taken to improve investment. Each of the five countries in the EAC has its own energy policy, as well as a trade and investment policy and strategy. For some the policies are clearly stated / for others they are presumed. However, these policies are not effective. Without effective policies on trade and investment protection and promotion, the EAC will have minimum benefits in terms of terms of trade, investment inflows and sustainable economic development. The EAC is a customs union with an ultimate aim of attaining a political federation. Before this happens, there is need to have effective but also harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies. Adoption of comprehensive harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies shall provide a guideline to the Governments, the trade and investment agencies and other relevant stakeholders to follow in order to attain the ideals, objectives and spirit of the Community. This research, therefore, aims at proposing effective and harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies that Member States should pursue in order to develop the EAC into a viable integrated energy trade and investment zone. The study involves a review of the current policies, strategies, laws, regulations and practices in trade and investment in energy and a discussion of how the situation can be improved. The research raises many suggestions on conservation of energy as well as use of alternative sources ...</p>