Magister Legum - LLM / Sustainable Energy (oil, gas and electricity) plays an important role in advancing productive capacity and increasing economic growth and sustainable development. In order to achieve this, there must be effective trade and investment in energy. Currently, there is relatively low regional and international trade in energy in the East African Community (EAC). Local and foreign direct investment flowing into the EAC is still very low in spite of a number of measures, such as, investment protection guarantees, that have been taken to improve investment. Each of the five countries in the EAC has its own energy policy, as well as a trade and investment policy and strategy. For some the policies are clearly stated; for others they are presumed. However, these policies are not effective. Without effective policies on trade and investment protection and promotion, the EAC will have minimum benefits in terms of terms of trade, investment inflows and sustainable economic development. The EAC is a customs union with an ultimate aim of attaining a political federation. Before this happens, there is need to have effective but also harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies. Adoption of comprehensive harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies shall provide a guideline to the Governments, the trade and investment agencies and other relevant stakeholders to follow in order to attain the ideals, objectives and spirit of the Community. This research, therefore, aims at proposing effective and harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies that Member States should pursue in order to develop the EAC into a viable integrated energy trade and investment zone. The study involves a review of the current policies, strategies, laws, regulations and practices in trade and investment in energy and a discussion of how the situation can be improved. The research raises many suggestions on conservation of energy as well as use of alternative sources . / South Africa

<p>Sustainable Energy (oil, gas and electricity) plays an important role in advancing productive capacity and increasing economic growth and sustainable development. In order to achieve this, there must be effective trade and investment in energy. Currently, there is relatively low regional and international trade in energy in the East African Community (EAC). Local and foreign direct investment flowing into the EAC is still very low in spite of a number of measures, such as, investment protection guarantees, that have been taken to improve investment. Each of the five countries in the EAC has its own energy policy, as well as a trade and investment policy and strategy. For some the policies are clearly stated / for others they are presumed. However, these policies are not effective. Without effective policies on trade and investment protection and promotion, the EAC will have minimum benefits in terms of terms of trade, investment inflows and sustainable economic development. The EAC is a customs union with an ultimate aim of attaining a political federation. Before this happens, there is need to have effective but also harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies. Adoption of comprehensive harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies shall provide a guideline to the Governments, the trade and investment agencies and other relevant stakeholders to follow in order to attain the ideals, objectives and spirit of the Community. This research, therefore, aims at proposing effective and harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies that Member States should pursue in order to develop the EAC into a viable integrated energy trade and investment zone. The study involves a review of the current policies, strategies, laws, regulations and practices in trade and investment in energy and a discussion of how the situation can be improved. The research raises many suggestions on conservation of energy as well as use of alternative sources ...</p>

<p>Sustainable Energy (oil, gas and electricity) plays an important role in advancing productive capacity and increasing economic growth and sustainable development. In order to achieve this, there must be effective trade and investment in energy. Currently, there is relatively low regional and international trade in energy in the East African Community (EAC). Local and foreign direct investment flowing into the EAC is still very low in spite of a number of measures, such as, investment protection guarantees, that have been taken to improve investment. Each of the five countries in the EAC has its own energy policy, as well as a trade and investment policy and strategy. For some the policies are clearly stated / for others they are presumed. However, these policies are not effective. Without effective policies on trade and investment protection and promotion, the EAC will have minimum benefits in terms of terms of trade, investment inflows and sustainable economic development. The EAC is a customs union with an ultimate aim of attaining a political federation. Before this happens, there is need to have effective but also harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies. Adoption of comprehensive harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies shall provide a guideline to the Governments, the trade and investment agencies and other relevant stakeholders to follow in order to attain the ideals, objectives and spirit of the Community. This research, therefore, aims at proposing effective and harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies that Member States should pursue in order to develop the EAC into a viable integrated energy trade and investment zone. The study involves a review of the current policies, strategies, laws, regulations and practices in trade and investment in energy and a discussion of how the situation can be improved. The research raises many suggestions on conservation of energy as well as use of alternative sources ...</p>

Investigates to what extent international trade and investment policies affect the labour rights of EPZ (Export Processing Zones) workers in Kenya. Audit the existing legal and policy framework for labour protection in Kenya and determines the extent to which the labour rights of EPZ workers in Kenya are protected. Also examines whether whether the EPZs are beneficial to Kenya and identify ways in which the labour rights of EPZ workers can be protected. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof Hani Sayed of the American University in Cairo, Egypt. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The effectiveness of South Africa's policy framework towards attracting FDI has been questionable. Determined to redress the instabilities created by the apartheid regime, the Government of National Unity (GNU) commissioned the Macroeconomic and Research Group (MERG), and charged it to devise appropriate policy reforms and intervention mechanism to address the shortcomings. This research critically interrogates the effectiveness of government's policy reforms towards attracting FDI, especially the impacts of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) initiative and the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa (ASGISA). This research concludes that the policy determinants for inflow FDI have been self-defeating. Also, it was found that necessary reforms would have to be conducted to correct some of the shortcomings of the macroeconomic policies, as a way of creating an environment that is capable of attracting greenfield investments (FDI) to South Africa. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

The effectiveness of South Africa's policy framework towards attracting FDI has been questionable. Determined to redress the instabilities created by the apartheid regime, the Government of National Unity (GNU) commissioned the Macroeconomic and Research Group (MERG), and charged it to devise appropriate policy reforms and intervention mechanism to address the shortcomings. This research critically interrogates the effectiveness of government's policy reforms towards attracting FDI, especially the impacts of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) initiative and the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa (ASGISA). This research concludes that the policy determinants for inflow FDI have been self-defeating. Also, it was found that necessary reforms would have to be conducted to correct some of the shortcomings of the macroeconomic policies, as a way of creating an environment that is capable of attracting greenfield investments (FDI) to South Africa. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Political territorial dispute underlie in great proportions the universe of knowledge and the power comprised by both the State and the market. They determine space, protect the territory (sovereign) however, they (de)territorialize whenever their interests are at game. The globalized world context converges to the local, except when this territory itself produces the capital which the system rules. Therefore, this research is located in the Northeast of Brazil, particularly at Polo Costa dos Coqueirais region, in Sergipe’s coast cut by rivers, with 163km of beaches, dunes and its unique vegetation composing, through its landscape and territory identity, perspective to social, economic and environmental development. This research aims at analyzing the tourism public territorial policies and the role of the State in the investments at Polo Costa dos Coqueirais’ in order to reduce poverty in Sergipe within the two last decades. This study is supported by the methodological hermeneutic principles, participativeresearch type, which is complemented by socioeconomics (quantitative) analysis instruments. There is underlying this choice the dimension of phenomenology complement that defines the path to be followed. This definition allowed to develop not only the strategies to elaborate workshops, notebooks to gather document and field data; but also make use of forms and interviews scripts to compose the workshops results. Besides that cartograms were built to gather quantitative data in order to support this study. The substantiation of this thesis consolidates into the following prior premises: ideological (State and Market); the ones that represent tourism society (Polo Council) and pragmatic (community participation). As a result of this relation emerge: (i) International agencies’ methodology, especially BID,that has not been contributing to generate new achievements that lead to better income indicators to the population affected. Fact that corroborates with the argument that the State’s engagement with the social welfare and the lack of effective involvement of the society at conducting tourism territory policies broaden the contradictory effects of tourism investments in the Northeast by great investors; (ii) The bases for support and negotiation of those who represent the Polo’s civil society appear contradictory as this influence in public tourism policies efficiency, society does not keep its management power and this affects the advances which were obtained by participation in tourism development. (iii) Investments in tourism have caused different impacts over distinct communities that make Polo Costa dos Coqueirais. PRODETUR/SE partially accomplishes what has been established by the resource investment program of the multilateral agencies, especially concerning to BID, privileging the market itself, once it is noticeable that there was some distinct improvement between coast regions, in terms of tourism facilities to the South–Center part of the State. Thus, this study advances into proposing a territory matrix of community tourism which embodies the effective citizenship exercise as an essential element to establish, in local scale, a new project to develop tourism activities in order to contribute to overcome poverty . / La dispute politique territoriale existe à grande échelle dans l'univers des savoirs et du pouvoir constitué de l'État et du marché. Ceux-ci déterminent l'espace, le territoire (souverain), mais font preuve de déterritorialisation quand cela arrange leurs intérêts. Ce contexte de monde globalisé est à l'encontre de ce territoire excepté quand celui-ci est touristique et produis le capital et cela est dans l'ordre de système. Cette étude se situe au Nordeste du Brésil, particulièrement dans la région de Polo Costa dos Coqueirais, localisé sur le littoral Sergipanais qui possède 163 km 2 de plages, entrecoupées de fleuves, de dunes et de végétation singulière, composée à travers son paysage et son identité territoriale, des perspectives de développement social, économique et environnemental. Nous nous proposons d'analyser les politiques territoriales du tourisme et le rôle de l’État dans les investissements de l’espace publique de Polo Costa dos coqueirais, et pour vaincre la pauvreté des deux dernières décennies. Le soutien méthodologique est herméneutique, type recherche participant, complété par les instruments de l’analyse socio-économiques (quantitatif). Il y a dans ce choix une dimension de complémentarité avec la phénoménologie qui définit le chemin à être parcouru. Cette décision a permis l’élaboration d’une matrice territoriale de tourisme communautaire. Décision fondée du point de vue philosophique à travers la Proposition d'utilisation Critique-Dialectique et des Dimentions de l'Espace-Temps. Ces définitions ont permis de développer des stratégies pour l'élaboration des ateliers et des cahiers qui enregistrent, les données documentées et celles du terrain ainsi que les formulaires et rapports d'entretien qui viennent s'ajouter aux résultats des ateliers. En dehors de la construction des cartogrammes et relevés de données quantitatives en fonction de l'étude. Les propositions de la thèse ont été élaborées premierement à partir de : les idéologiques (État et marché), celles qui représentent la société du tourisme (conseil de Polo) et les pragmatiques (participation de la communauté). De cette relation propositive nous avons: (i) la méthodologie des organismes internationaux, en particulier du BID, qui ne contribue pas à gérer de nouveaux emplois visant à améliorer le revenu de la population. Ceci corrobore les arguments de ce que la sortie de l'État et le manque effectif d'implication de la société dans la conduite des politiques territoriales du tourisme finissent par amplifier les effets contradictoires des investissements touristiques dans le nordeste, financé par les grands investisseurs; (ii) les bases de soutien et de négociation de ceux qui représentent la société civile de Polo apparaissent contradictoirement, dans la mesure que cette influence dans efficacité des politiques publiques de tourisme, n'est pas approprié quant à la gestion de la direction, et affecte les effets des avancées dans cette participation pour le développement du tourisme. (iii) les investissements dans le secteur du tourisme ont eu un impact différent sur les communautés qui composent Polo Costa dos Coqueirais. Le PRODETUR/SE effectue partiellement ce qui a été établi dans le programme d'investissement d'aides des agences multilatérales, spécialement en ce qui concerne le BID servant ainsi le marché, une fois que l'on voit une amélioration entre les régions du littoral, du point de vue de l'infrastructure touristique pour le centre sud de l'État. Par conséquent, l’État avance une proposition de matrice territoriale du tourisme communautaire qui incorpore l’effet de citoyenneté, élément fondamental, pour établir, à l'échelle locale, un nouveau projet de développement des activités touristiques qui contribuent à triompher de la pauvreté. / A disputa política territorial se dá em larga escala no universo dos saberes e do poder constituído do Estado e do mercado. Esses determinam o espaço, protegem o território (soberania), mas ao mesmo tempo desterritorializam quando dos seus interesses. Esse contexto de mundo globalizado vem de encontro ao local, exceto quando esse território do turismo produz o capital e está na ordem do sistema. Dessa forma, este estudo situa-se no Nordeste do Brasil, particularmente na região do Polo Costa dos Coqueirais, localizada no litoral sergipano, possui 163 km² de praias, entrecortada por rios, dunas e vegetação singular compondo, através de sua paisagem e identidade territorial, perspectivas de desenvolvimento social, econômico e ambiental. Propõe-se analisar as políticas territoriais de turismo e o papel do Estado nos investimentos do espaço público do Polo Costa dos Coqueirais para superação da pobreza, nas duas últimas décadas, em Sergipe. O apoio metodológico consiste no método hermenêutico, tipo pesquisa-participante, complementada pelos instrumentos de análise socioeconômicos (quantitativo). Há nessa escolha uma dimensão de complementariedade com a fenomenologia, que definem o caminho a ser trillado. Essa decisão permitiu desenvolver estratégias para elaboração das oficinas e cadernos que registrassem o apanhado documental e de campo. Formulários e roteiros de entrevistas vieram se somar aos resultados das oficinas, além da construção dos cartogramas em função do estudo. A comprovação da tese alicerça-se nas seguintes premissas: ideológicas (Estado e mercado), as que representam a sociedade do turismo (Conselho do Polo) e pragmáticas (participação da comunidade). Dessa relação propositiva, tem-se: (i) A metodologia dos organismos internacionais, em especial do BID, não vem contribuindo para gerar novos empreendimentos que visem à melhoria nos indicadores de renda da população afetada. Isso corrobora com os argumentos de que o envolvimento mínimo do Estado com o bem-estar social e a falta efetiva da sociedade na condução das políticas territoriais do turismo, acabam por ampliar os efeitos contraditórios dos investimentos turísticos em Sergipe, capitaneados pelos grandes investidores. (ii) As bases de apoio e de negociação dos que representam a sociedade civil do Polo aparecem contraditoriamente, na medida em que esta influencia na eficácia das políticas públicas de turismo, mas não se apropria como gestora de governança e afeta nos avanços tidos nessa participação para com o desenvolvimento do turismo. (iii) Os investimentos no setor de turismo têm impactado de forma diferenciada as diferentes comunidades que compõem o Polo Costa dos Coqueirais. O PRODETUR/SE cumpre parcialmente o que foi estabelecido no programa de investimentos de recursos das agências multilaterais, especialmente no tocante ao BID, atendendo assim ao mercado, uma vez que se percebe uma melhoria diferenciada entre as regiões do litoral, do ponto de vista da infraestrutura turística para o Centro-Sul do Estado. Por conseguinte, o estudo avança em uma proposta de matriz territorial do turismo comunitário, que incorpora o efetivo exercício da cidadania, elemento fundamental para se estabelecer, em escala local, um novo projeto de desenvolvimento das atividades turísticas que contribua para superação da pobreza.