De publikationer som Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (NAI) har publicerat från 1967 till 2014 har skrivits av olika forskare vissa har endast bidragit med ett kapitel i en publicering medans andra har återkommit med flera forskarrapporter under flera år. Trots mångfalden av forskare har de haft ett uppdrag från NAI eller så har NAI valt att publicera deras åsikter på grund av att deras åsikter överstämmer med NAI’s syn om den afrikanska utvecklingen. De endogena faktorer som forskarrapporterna har lyft fram som de främsta anledningar till Afrikas ekonomiska förhållanden under den valda undersökningsperioden har varit ett misslyckat politiskt och ekonomisk system och korruption som har bidragit till att underminera det afrikanska samhället, samt en snabb befolkningstillväxt som urholkar den ekonomiska tillväxten som inte är tillräcklig hög för att absorbera befolkningsökningen. De exogena orsakerna har varit IMF och Världsbanken som har påtvingat Afrika utvecklingsprogram som har bidragit till att öka fattigdomen. Dessa faktorer har gjort att de afrikanska nationerna inte har haft samma utveckling som andra utvecklingsländer på andra kontinenter. NAI har i deras publiceringar återkommit till dessa faktorer som de viktigaste orsakerna till Afrikas underutveckling. / The publications published by Nordic Africa Institute (NAI) from 1967 to 2014 have been written by various researchers. Some have only contributed a chapter in a publication while others have returned with several research reports for several years. Despite the diversity of researchers, they have had a mission from NAI or NAI has chosen to publish their opinions because their views are in line with NAI's views on African development. The endogenous factors that the research reports have emerged as the main reasons for Africa's economic conditions during the chosen investigation period have been a failed political and economic system and corruption that have helped to undermine African society, as well as rapid population growth that jeopardizes economic growth as is not sufficiently high to absorb population growth. The exogenous causes have been the IMF and the World Bank that have forced Africa's development programs that have helped to boost poverty. These factors have meant that the African nations have not had the same development as other developing countries on other continents. NAI has reverted to these factors as the main reasons for Africa's underdevelopment.

”Why genetics and linguistics need each other: genes and clicks from a linguistic perspective” Knight et al. (2003) have argued, largely from a genetic perspective, that clicks “may be more than 40.000 years old” (p.470) and thus “are an ancient element of human language” (p.471). This has nourished the hypothesis, expressed especially in popular science, that clicks were a feature of the ancestral mother tongue. The claim by Knight et al. (2003) is based on the observation that two populations in Africa speaking languages with click phonemes, namely Hadza in eastern Africa and Ju|’hoan in southern Africa, are maximally distinct in genetic terms: both Y chromosome and mtDNA data suggest that the two “are separated by genetic distance as great [as] or greater than that between any other pair of African populations” (p.464). It is also claimed that the only explanation for the presence of clicks in the two groups is inheritance from an early common ancestor language, hence the alleged, very great age of clicks in general. Other explanations for the clicks of Hadza and Ju|’hoan, in particular independent development and language contact, are explicitly excluded by the authors. This paper seeks to demonstrate on the basis of purely linguistic evidence that this view cannot be accepted: both independent innovation and contact-induced transmission of clicks are attested. The click system of Hadza in particular will be shown to have a profile which is quite compatible with an explanation in terms of language contact. The linguistic evidence thus does not imply that clicks go back to a language spoken at the dawn of human evolution; there is no good reason to exclude the possibility that the emergence of clicks in Africa represents a far later episode in the diversification of human speech. More reliable hypotheses about the early development of language can be reached only by truly interdisciplinary research in the disciplines concerned, here genetics and linguistics.

Gatsrand (as a series of ridges) is not only a well-known geographical feature in the Western Transvaal, but it also features prominently as a definite area in the settlement history of the whites in the Transvaal. In fact, the first farms in this area were registered simultaneously with farms in the neighbouring Mooi River area. Owing to the inhabitants’ agrarian predisposition up to the early years of the twentieth century, agriculture and stock farming formed the basis of the area’s economic infrastructure. Initially, the Potchefstroom market was the nearest outlet for products. Later on, products were also sold in Johannesburg, as well as at Randfontein and Krugersdorp. In the process of the development of this enterprise, stock diseases, droughts, poverty and wars continually set the inhabitants back. Prior to the establishment of gold mines (since 1937) in the northern areas of Gatsrand, which enhanced economic development, the area’s development was mainly dependent on the subsistence needs of the surrounding towns. In this respect, the building of roads to places like Krugersdorp, Randfontein, Pretoria and Johannesburg was beneficial to the Gatsrand area, since all these routes passed through said area. Administrative duties were initially performed by a field cornet and later by a justice of the peace, who was subordinate to the magistrate of Potchefstroom. In a similar way, educational matters were dealt with by the Potchefstroom School Board. Until 1948, with the exception of Klipdrift School, there were only primary schools on several farms in the area – schools that had from one to four teachers. With outbreaks of illness, even the medical services in Potchefstroom rendered help in the Gatsrand area. Inhabitants had to travel to Potchefstroom, some of them covering great distances, if they were in need of medical care and facilities. Initially, the nearest centre for worship was also Potchefstroom. The first congregation in the Gatsrand area was founded in 1926 at Fochville, with boundaries that included the major part of this area. Since 1937, gold mine development provided definite advances in local development. Up to 1948, six towns had been proclaimed, congregations were established, and houses and roads were built to accommodate the growing number of inhabitants. This resulted in the establishment of numerous enterprises. The number of pupils increased and smaller schools had to amalgamate with larger ones. By 1948, it was apparent that the development in the Gatsrand area would be phenomenal due to the rich discoveries of the then established gold mines. / MA (History), PU vir CHO, 1988 / This MA-Dissertation on the history of the Gatsrand up to 1948 originally was written in Afrikaans in 1988. This English translation was decided on to assist researchers, working with regional issues in/on South Africa who's mother tongue is English. The footnotes as well as the source list has not been translated due to the cost in doing so. However, it is trusted that researchers should find their way because more than 50% of the references are in English or could not be titled otherwise as they are archival documents or published literature. Due to new technology, the page numbers of the English version also differ from the original Afrikaans version. The approach to the research must be assessed within the time frame in which it was written and the methodology to regional history utilised, was mainly on that as expressed by VHT Skipp. The author since has extended and refined this model.

Gatsrand (as a series of ridges) is not only a well-known geographical feature in the Western Transvaal, but it also features prominently as a definite area in the settlement history of the whites in the Transvaal. In fact, the first farms in this area were registered simultaneously with farms in the neighbouring Mooi River area. Owing to the inhabitants’ agrarian predisposition up to the early years of the twentieth century, agriculture and stock farming formed the basis of the area’s economic infrastructure. Initially, the Potchefstroom market was the nearest outlet for products. Later on, products were also sold in Johannesburg, as well as at Randfontein and Krugersdorp. In the process of the development of this enterprise, stock diseases, droughts, poverty and wars continually set the inhabitants back. Prior to the establishment of gold mines (since 1937) in the northern areas of Gatsrand, which enhanced economic development, the area’s development was mainly dependent on the subsistence needs of the surrounding towns. In this respect, the building of roads to places like Krugersdorp, Randfontein, Pretoria and Johannesburg was beneficial to the Gatsrand area, since all these routes passed through said area. Administrative duties were initially performed by a field cornet and later by a justice of the peace, who was subordinate to the magistrate of Potchefstroom. In a similar way, educational matters were dealt with by the Potchefstroom School Board. Until 1948, with the exception of Klipdrift School, there were only primary schools on several farms in the area – schools that had from one to four teachers. With outbreaks of illness, even the medical services in Potchefstroom rendered help in the Gatsrand area. Inhabitants had to travel to Potchefstroom, some of them covering great distances, if they were in need of medical care and facilities. Initially, the nearest centre for worship was also Potchefstroom. The first congregation in the Gatsrand area was founded in 1926 at Fochville, with boundaries that included the major part of this area. Since 1937, gold mine development provided definite advances in local development. Up to 1948, six towns had been proclaimed, congregations were established, and houses and roads were built to accommodate the growing number of inhabitants. This resulted in the establishment of numerous enterprises. The number of pupils increased and smaller schools had to amalgamate with larger ones. By 1948, it was apparent that the development in the Gatsrand area would be phenomenal due to the rich discoveries of the then established gold mines. / MA (History), PU vir CHO, 1988 / This MA-Dissertation on the history of the Gatsrand up to 1948 originally was written in Afrikaans in 1988. This English translation was decided on to assist researchers, working with regional issues in/on South Africa who's mother tongue is English. The footnotes as well as the source list has not been translated due to the cost in doing so. However, it is trusted that researchers should find their way because more than 50% of the references are in English or could not be titled otherwise as they are archival documents or published literature. Due to new technology, the page numbers of the English version also differ from the original Afrikaans version. The approach to the research must be assessed within the time frame in which it was written and the methodology to regional history utilised, was mainly on that as expressed by VHT Skipp. The author since has extended and refined this model.

Every system of church government, which declares to be Christian, takes its starting point in the New Testament revelation that Christ is the Head of his body, the church, (Col. 1:18); however each of these systems arrives at vastly different conclusions. The Presbyterian system of church government is founded on.the principle that Jesus Christ, the Son of God who became man, is the organic Head of the church, the elected mankind. "Bead" and "body" are bound together as one vital unity, undivided and unmixed. Therefore the church, as body of Christ, has no human head. Christ Himself governs the church, while He at the same time rules over heaven and earth. He, the Mediator, Who in the unity of his Person is indivisible, is Himself personally present in his church. He is also represented by the Holy Spirit, who works directly in the heart and mind of ail believers and speaks to them by means of the holy ~ Word of God. Christ reigns his church through his Holy Spirit by his Holy Word. The believers, as members ,in the body, the church, have come of age as a royal priesthood by anointment with the Holy. Spirit. Therefore the congregation is subject to the instructions of Christ to· the church. While the body still grows up unto Christ, its Head, He has given the off ices to the church for the perfecting of the saints in their ministry. The government of the Head is served in the church by the elders as a council of the church. Their instruction from the Head is to be shepherds to the saints and not to be lords over God's heritage. Of this ministration of the church government the congregation is the object. The Presbyterian church government, as organized in the Church Order of Dort (1618-19), maintains the church as· an organic unity that lives for, through and to Christ. The church is the subordinate of its Personal Head, the living and present Jesus Christ. Therefore the Church Order of Dort maintains the ministerial character of the offices in the church, the coming of age· of the believers and the Word of God as the border of all ministerial authority and power. The Presbyterian church government is then, according to the principles of the Church Order of Dort, the ministration of the one supremacy of the one Head, Jesus Christ, in his church as one body. / Oorspronklike uitgegawe as proefskrif voorgelê --PU vir CHO

Every system of church government, which declares to be Christian, takes its starting point in the New Testament revelation that Christ is the Head of his body, the church, (Col. 1:18); however each of these systems arrives at vastly different conclusions. The Presbyterian system of church government is founded on.the principle that Jesus Christ, the Son of God who became man, is the organic Head of the church, the elected mankind. "Bead" and "body" are bound together as one vital unity, undivided and unmixed. Therefore the church, as body of Christ, has no human head. Christ Himself governs the church, while He at the same time rules over heaven and earth. He, the Mediator, Who in the unity of his Person is indivisible, is Himself personally present in his church. He is also represented by the Holy Spirit, who works directly in the heart and mind of ail believers and speaks to them by means of the holy ~ Word of God. Christ reigns his church through his Holy Spirit by his Holy Word. The believers, as members ,in the body, the church, have come of age as a royal priesthood by anointment with the Holy. Spirit. Therefore the congregation is subject to the instructions of Christ to· the church. While the body still grows up unto Christ, its Head, He has given the off ices to the church for the perfecting of the saints in their ministry. The government of the Head is served in the church by the elders as a council of the church. Their instruction from the Head is to be shepherds to the saints and not to be lords over God's heritage. Of this ministration of the church government the congregation is the object. The Presbyterian church government, as organized in the Church Order of Dort (1618-19), maintains the church as· an organic unity that lives for, through and to Christ. The church is the subordinate of its Personal Head, the living and present Jesus Christ. Therefore the Church Order of Dort maintains the ministerial character of the offices in the church, the coming of age· of the believers and the Word of God as the border of all ministerial authority and power. The Presbyterian church government is then, according to the principles of the Church Order of Dort, the ministration of the one supremacy of the one Head, Jesus Christ, in his church as one body. / Oorspronklike uitgegawe as proefskrif voorgelê --PU vir CHO

Den omtvistade frågan om ekonomisk ojämlikhet är ständigt på den politiska agendan. Ponera att det önskvärda vore att klyftorna i samhället skulle minska. Kommer i så fall de regleringar som krävs för att uppnå detta med negativa konsekvenser i form av lägre ekonomisk tillväxt? Att saknaden av incitament skulle avskräcka enskilda individer från att satsa på karriär och innovationer är vanliga argument i hur tillväxttakten skulle påverkas negativt. Denna studie har undersökt hur sambandet mellan ojämlikhet i inkomst och ekonomisk tillväxt ser ut i OECD-länder samt i afrikanska länder mellan åren 1966-2014. Ett positivt samband kunde påvisas i båda grupperna vilket är i enighet med tidigare studier. Det intressanta är den eventuellt existerande Kuznetskurvan där sambandet mellan ojämlikhet och tillväxt blir det motsatta efter en viss nivå i landets utvecklingsfas. Inga konkreta bevis på detta hittas men tendenser kan urskiljas hos OECD-länderna när ojämlikhet och BNP per capita plottas mot varandra i ett punktdiagram. Denna studie lyckas inte heller med en icke-linjär regressionsmodell påvisa denna Kuznetskurvas existens, men detta skulle kunna bero på en del extremvärdens inverkan på resultatet. Ett diagram där höga värden på gini-index exkluderas visar nämligen hur sambandet mellan ojämlikhet i inkomst och ekonomisk tillväxt efter en viss nivå vänds och således blir negativt.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa faces many challenges, as a country. Our communities are struggling with many issues such as poverty, inequality, rape, abuse, violence, corruption and many more. Yet, our faith community seems reluctant to lament these issues during their worship services. This research looks specifically at the practice of the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa. The question that this research wrestles with is: “Given the challenging times that we live in, in what way could a re-discovery or a re-claiming of lament in liturgy, against the background of healing and hope, obtain new meaning in our congregations?” The assumption of the research is that if the church wants to be relevant in the lives of their members today, she would need to revisit and reclaim the process of lament in the liturgy. It could further be argued that a re-thinking and a re-introduction of lament in liturgy could have far-reaching and enriching implications in the life of the faith community, especially where the healing of memories is concerned. Part of the research was a literature study while another section consisted of empirical studies. Congregations from the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa, in the Western Cape, took part in the studies. The main focus of the research was descriptive empirical and the information gathered had to be interpreted. Through the normative task, theological reflections could be carried out and finally possible criteria could be deduced in terms of how lament could be re-integrated into existing liturgies of our church. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid Afrika word gekonfronteer met baie uitdagings. Ons gemeenskappe gaan gebuk onder geweldige druk en word daagliks gekonfronteer met armoede, ongelykheid, verkragting, mishandeling, geweld, korrupsie en nog vele meer. Ongeag hierdie uitdagings blyk dit asof ons geloofsgemeenskap teensinnig is om te weeklaag gedurende eredienste. Hierdie navorsing kyk spesifiek na die praktyk rondom weeklaag in die liturgie van spesifieke gemeentes in die Verenigende Gereformeerde Kerk in Suider Afrika. Die vraag waarmee hierdie navorsing worstel is: “Gegewe die uitdagende tye waarin ons lewe, op watter manier kan die herontdekking of die her-besit van weeklaag in liturgie (teen die agtergrond van heling en hoop), nuwe betekenis aanneem in ons gemeentes?”. Die uitgangspunt van die navorsing is dat as die kerk relevant wil bly in die lewens van haar lidmate, dan het sy nodig om die proses van weeklaag, binne die liturgie, weer te besoek en te eien. Verder kan dit geredeneer word dat ‘n nuwe denkpatroon en ‘n nuwe bekendstelling aan weeklaag in die liturgie verreikende gevolge kan hê in die lewens van die geloofsgemeenskap, veral waar daar na die heling van ons verlede gekyk word. Een deel van die navorsing was ‘n literêre studie terwyl die tweede deel ‘n empiriese studie was. Gemeentes van die Verenigende Gereformeerde Kerk in Suider-Afrika het deel uitgemaak van die empirisie navorsing. Die klem van die navorsing was beskrywendempiries en die data moes interpreteer word. Gedurende die normatiewe deel kon daar teologies gereflekteer word oor die maniere waarop weeklaag weer deel van die bestaande liturgie gemaak kan word in ons kerk. Verskeie moontlikhede het aan die lig gekom in hierdie verband.

The demands of a fast growing third world population on the education system of the Republic of South Africa places great stress on an economy already battling against sanctions and disinvestment. The challenge is to keep up standards of education in order to supply sufficient numbers of qualified manpower to keep the economy going whilst at the same time attempting to create equal educational facilities for an exploding black school population. At the other end of the scale is the problem of dwindling numbers of well qualified white teachers, especially in certain subjects like mathematics, science and commerce as they are recruited into the private sector offering them large increases in salaries. The intention of the study was to try to find a new model for financing and the related decision making of education. The modus operandi was: - i) A theoretical basis to the study was provided by looking at the development of the growing role of the state within the education system and the implications it has for the other participants in the system. ii) A look is taken at the "new right" philosophy as practised by Mrs Thatcher in England where the position of the individual vis-a-vis the state is being re-evaluated. iii) An analysis of the situation surrounding education and the economy as it presents itself in South Africa at the present moment is made. At the same time the position of each of the participants, namely the state, the parents, the educators and employers are evaluated. iv) The English system with its new Education Reform Act and the new concept of school-based management practised in Dade County, Florida in the USA is discussed for purposes of comparison. v) In conclusion a few suggestions are made regarding a future model for financing and managing of educational institutions in the RSA. / Skripsie (MBA)--PU vir CHO, 1989

Proefskrif--PU vir CHO