Text in Afrikaans / In die proefskrif word gepoog om die Namibies-Afrikaanse literatuur wat gepubliseer is sedert die twintigerjare (met die verskyning van die eerste Afrikaanse gedigte in Afrikaanse koerante) tot met die onafhanklikwording van die land in Maart 1990, bymekaar te bring, en aan te toon hoe die land en al sy mense daarin na vore kom. Daar is hoofsaaklik gekonsentreer op werke wat by gevestigde Suid-Afrikaanse uitgewerye verskyn het. Altesaam 146 bundels prosa, 35 bundels poesie, twee dramas, en 46 gedigte wat in koerante en tydskrifte verskyn het, geskryf deur 92 skrywers en uitgegee deur 26 uitgewerye-, word in die proefskrif geidentifiseer en bespreek. Talle kenmerke van die land en sy mense vind neerslag in bogenoemde werke. Die meeste werke speel in die noorde van die land en die Namib-woestyn af, en die inheemse bevolkingsgroep wat die sterkste na vore kom, is die Boesmans; klem word veral geplaas op hul gewoontes en gebruike. Die hoofkarakters in die verhale is oorwegend plattelandse blanke boeremense. Die tipiese landsomstandighede sedert die einde van die vorige eeu, toe bloedige stamgevegte in die land gewoed het, tot en met die grensoorlog wat met onafhanklikwording beeindig is, word in die literatuur gereflekteer. Wat die invloed van die land op die mens betref, is dit die ontbering en lyding, maar veral die geestelike verryking wat die land die mens hied, wat na vore kom. In die algemeen openbaar die skrywers 'n oorweldigende positiewe gesindheid teenoor die land en sy mense, hoewel ander nuanserings van gesindheid ook voorkom / In this dissertation an attempt is made to bring together Namibian-Afrikaans literature published since the twenties (when the first Afrikaans poems appeared in the Afrikaans papers), until the independence of the country in March 1990, and to illustrate how the country and its people come to the fore as revealed in the literature. Stress is given mainly to works that were published by established South African publishers. A total of 146 anthologies of narrative prose, 35 anthologies of poetry, two dramatic works, and 46 poems which appeared in papers and periodicals, written by 92 authors and published by 26 publishers, are identified and discussed. Hundreds of features of the country and its people are revealed in the abovementioned literature. Most works take place in the northern regions and the Namib desert and the indigenous people that predominate are the Bushmen; stress is mainly laid on their customs and their habits. The main characters in the narratives are to a large extent white rural people. The literature reflects the typical political circumstances of the country since the end of the previous century when bloody tribal conflicts raged, until the border war that ended with independence. As far as the influence of the country on the people is concerned, it is mainly the hardships and suffering, but above all the spiritual enrichment that the country offered that are ascertained. In general the authors reveal an overwhelmingly positive attitude towards the country and its people / English Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

Thesis (MPhil) -- Stellenbosch University, 2012. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the interpreting services in the Parliament of South Africa (POSA). The impetus to embark on such an investigation arose after Members of Parliament claimed that the interpreting service in the Parliament of South Africa (POSA) is poor. In seeking to determine why Members of Parliament made such claims, I therefore investigated the interpreting service rendered by staff of Parliament’s Interpreting Unit. Consequently, an investigation to whether the simultaneous interpreters currently employed by Parliament of South Africa possess the amalgam of skills attributes and qualifications necessary for them to render an interpreting service of good quality. Questionnaires were distributed to Members of Parliament and to interpreters, interviews were conducted with Control Language Practitioners (CLPs), observation of recruitment panels for interpreters also followed, and interpreters were recorded during the sitting of Parliament House in an attempt to check whether interpreters do deliver an interpreting service that is up to standard. The results of this study show that Members of Parliament have a valid claim as 65% of the sample of interpreters had joined Parliament without interpreting skills and had, to date, never been sent for interpreting training and most interpreters are demoralised by the working conditions of the Language Services Section at the Parliament of South Africa.

Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The establishment of literary festivals as a type of event that is presented both nationally and internationally has expanded tremendously in recent years, but it has not as yet received the necessary attention to fully understand its impact on and sociocultural function in a host community. This thesis attempts to formulate a working definition for the phenomenon, in order to gain more insight in its sociocultural function and impact in a host community and thus to contribute towards a more substantial discourse on the subject. The hypothesis is firstly that literary festivals come into existence due to specific needs in the host society and secondly that the strategic application of rhetorical strategies have a positive sociocultural impact. It is argumented that literary festivals function according to the principles of Aristotle’s rhetoric, by convincing festival visitors that books, reading, writing, debating and freedom of speech are of great aesthetic, moral and educational value. The eventual aim is to cause festival visitors to show greater appreciation for literary texts, as illustrated by their increased participation in reading, writing and other literary activities. The following theories serve as points of departure: the system theory as expounded by Itamar Even-Zohar, Gerard Hauser’s application of rhetorics to the public sphere, the ritual theories of Victor Turner and Jeremy Boissevain, as well as festival theories by Mikhail Bakhtin, Donald Getz, Henri Schoenmakers, Paul Kaptein, William Sauter, Don Handelman, Temple Hauptfleisch and Michael Kamp. The programmes, festival contents and other relevant texts that form part of two selected literary festivals, i.e. the Stellenbosch University’s (SU) Wordfest (Woordfees) and the Amsterdam Weerwoordfestival, are scrutinised in order to prove that these festivals are strategically constructed to have a persuasive effect on festivalgoers. A festival’s survival and sustainability is determinated by its establishment of a strong own character; good management (also in times of crisis); effective networks; and the persuasion of both target groups and interest groups that supporting the festival is to their own advantage. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die literêre fees, as tipe gebeurtenis wat toenemend nasionaal én internasionaal aangebied word, het tot dusver min aandag van navorsers geniet. Ten einde die sosio-kulturele funksie en krag daarvan in ’n gasheergemeenskap te probeer vasstel en te omskryf, asook om by te dra tot ’n meer omvangryke diskoers oor hierdie fenomeen, word bestaande teorieë oor feeste in die algemeen dus in hierdie studie as vertrekpunt gebruik en aangepas by literêre feeste. Die hipotese is eerstens dat literêre feeste ontstaan in reaksie op behoeftes in die gasheergemeenskap en tweedens dat die aanwending van retoriese strategieë in literêre feeste ’n positiewe sosio-kulturele impak tot gevolg kan hê. Na aanleiding van Aristoteles se uitgangspunte oor die retorika word voorgestel dat die funksie en werking van literêre feeste retories van aard is: Die organiseerders wil feesdeelnemers oorreed dat lees, skryf, debattering en vrye meningswisseling esteties, opvoedkundig en moreel waardevol is, om sodoende ’n groter belangstelling in en deelname aan literêre aktiwiteite te probeer bewerkstellig. Die volgende teoretici se uitgangspunte word veral gebruik: dié van Itamar Even-Zohar oor die sisteemteorie, Gerard Hauser se toepassing van die retorika op ’n openbare sfeer, ritueelteorieë deur Victor Turner en Jeremy Boissevain, sowel as feesteorieë van Mikhail Bakhtin, Donald Getz, Henri Schoenmakers, Paul Kaptein, William Sauter, Don Handelman, Temple Hauptfleisch en Michael Kamp. Deur ’n vergelykende studie van die ruimer konteks, feesprogramme en ander relevante tekste wat deel uitmaak van twee literêre feeste, naamlik die Universiteit Stellenbosch Woordfees en die Amsterdamse Weerwoordfestival, word nagegaan hoe hierdie feeste strategies en oorredend funksioneer deurdat beide literêre én nie-literêre elemente geselekteer (inventio) en gekombineer (dispositio) is om ’n sterker positiewe eventiserende betekenis oor te dra as in die alledaagse lewe. Die gevolgtrekking is dat effektiewe retoriese strategieë sterk afhanklik is van die konteks waarbinne feeste plaasvind. Die voortbestaan en volhoubaarbaarheid van literêre feeste word veral bepaal deur die vestiging van ’n sterk eie identiteit; goeie bestuur (ook in krisisse); doeltreffende netwerke, asook deur die oorreding van beide teikengroepe én belanghebbers dat hulle wen deur die fees te ondersteun.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this descriptive study, the rewriting of translated politically coloured texts on News24.com is investigated. Afrikaans articles, which were originally published in Die Burger, Beeld and Volksblad, are selected and then translated for the English target text reader. This reader does not necessarily differ from the source text reader in terms of geography and culture, but in terms of his or her past and the emotional baggage, such as the era of apartheid and the guilt that the white Afrikaans person has to carry. While it is claimed that the articles from the above-mentioned dailies are merely translated paragraph for paragraph for the purpose of being published online on News24, a lot more happens to the text. The texts are edited, rewritten, reshaped and repackaged to be presented in a new context. The target text is studied to establish whether it is rewritten with an ideological purpose in mind and what adaptations are made to achieve an ideological influence. Lexical and other linguistic means are used to reframe a text and present it differently in the target text. The way in which a post apartheid South Africa is being presented in the English texts (as opposed to the Afrikaans print version) is the focus of the study. The hypothesis is that the News24 rewriter’s purpose is to send an adapted ideological message with the text. These conclusions are being drawn based on narrative theory and the concepts of frames. This theory as well as other relevant theories form a framework according to which one can study and compare the texts and the rewriting of the source texts. While the literal changes made for practical reasons such as readability are broadly discussed, the focus is on the ideological implications these lexical and other linguistic adaptations cause. Conclusions are then made according to the skopos of News24 with the rewriting of the texts, namely to represent the image of a post apartheid South Africa more negatively than it is represented in the source text. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie beskrywende studie word die herskrywing van vertaalde polities gekleurde berigte wat op News24.com verskyn, ondersoek. Afrikaanse berigte wat oorspronklik gepubliseer is in Die Burger, Beeld en Volksblad, word gekies en dan vertaal vir die Engelse doelteksleser. Hierdie leser verskil nie noodwendig van die bronteksleser ten opsigte van geografie en kultuur nie, maar wel ten opsigte van sy of haar verlede en emosionele bagasie, soos die apartheidsera en die skuld wat die wit Afrikaanssprekende dra. Hoewel daar beweer word dat berigte uit die bogenoemde dagblaaie bloot paragraaf per paragraaf vir News24 vertaal word, gebeur daar heelwat meer met die teks. Die tekste word redigeer, herskryf, hervorm en herverpak sodat dit in ’n nuwe konteks aangebied kan word. Die doelteks word ondersoek om vas te stel of dit herskryf is en watter veranderinge, spesifiek ideologiese, die teks tydens hierdie herskryfproses ondergaan het. Leksikale en ander linguistiese middele word gebruik om ’n teks te herraam en anders uit te beeld as in die bronteks. Die wyse waarop die beeld van ’n postapartheid Suid-Afrika in die aanlyn Engelse berigte teenoor die gedrukte Afrikaanse berigte voorgestel word, word hier ondersoek. Die hipotese is dat die News24-herskrywer ten doel het om ’n aangepaste ideologiese boodskap met die herskrywing daarvan oor te dra. Hierdie afleidings word in verband gebring met die narratiefteorie en die konsep van rame. Hierdie teorie, asook ander teorieë, vorm ’n raamwerk om die vergelyking van die tekste en die herskrywing daarvan te ondersoek. Die meer letterlike leksikale aanpassings wat gemaak word vir praktiese doeleindes, soos leesbaarheid, word eerstens bespreek. Daarna word die aanpassings wat gemaak word ter wille van ’n ideologiese motivering bespreek. Afleidings word dan gemaak en in verband gebring met News24 se skopos of doel met die herskrywing van die tekste, naamlik om die beeld van die regering in ’n postapartheid Suid-Afrika negatiewer as die bronteks uit te beeld.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Two separate texts are submitted towards the degree of MA in Creative Writing. The first is this essay, A Reading of Blood Meridian. The second is a novel, The Book of War. Essay The general focus of the essay is the theme of free will in Blood Meridian and the techniques with which the narrative elements of character, story, style and voice are deployed to focus the reader's mind on this theme. The central question: is the meaning, the final message, of Blood Meridian that as individuals human beings lack agency and that as groups they are shackled to a common destiny? The hypothesis is that Blood Meridian contains significant patterns, oppositions and dialectics, designed to place arguments for and against agency in the mind of the reader, but that the book's response to the theme is inherently and structurally ambiguous. Novel The novel was written before the essay. It was written in direct response to Blood Meridian and to the realization that Blood Meridian was a text rooted in history. Like Blood Meridian, The Book of War is based on, grows out of, first person accounts, specifically Stephen Bartlett Lakeman's What I saw in Kaffir-Land (1880) and William Ross King's Campaigning in Kaffirland: Or Scenes and Adventures in The Kaffir War of 1851- 1852 (1853). The novel takes characters devolved from Lakeman and places them in King’s journey through the war. These characters create, around a child called the kid, the social backdrop of a coming of age tale. The novel uses its source texts as a lens through which to view, and tell the story of, the War of The Prophet (Eight Frontier War 1850-53). Readers seeking to answer the question: Why is South Africa a violent society? might find at least part of the answer in the nature of, and the relationships between, English, Xhosa, Dutch, Khoi and Mfengu cultures in the 19th Century.

Thesis (MDram (Drama))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The spoken language usually consists of the formal and standardised component and an informal colloquial language. The colloquial language may include some language variants. These variants are forms of the language that show deviations when compared to the standardised form of the language and are usually spoken by a specific group of people. Sometimes these colloquial variants are used in writing. This study looks at the use of these colloquial variants in theatre scripts. The variants are implemented for various functions in these scripts, which include the metaphoric, the comic, the realistic, the poetical and the political uses as well as the documentation of specific variants. In this research project I discuss the use and functions of a few Afrikaans variants in plays. Other areas of interest include sociolinguistics, the influence of English on Afrikaans and its impact on the future of Afrikaans, as well as a brief discussion of the problematic term Standard Afrikaans.

288 leaves single sided printed, preliminary pages and numbered pages 1-275. Includes bibliography. Digitized using a Bizhub 250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR). / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 1999. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to investigate the user perspective in Afrikaans lexicography. Placing the user and his needs first, research was done to determine the user-friendliness of Afrikaans dictionaries. In order to conduct such research user target groups had to be identified. This was problematic, since until now, almost no research on Afrikaans dictionary users had been done. An overview of the research on the user perspective is given in the first chapter. Since the teaching of dictionary use in schools forms a substantial part of the user perspective, the present state was investigated. As a result the necessity of teaching of dictionary use in schools has been emphasized and some improvements in this regard have been suggested. The following Afrikaans dictionaries were studied to determine their userfriendliness: Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT) and Verklarende Afrikaanse Woordeboek (VAW), Basiswoordeboek van Afrikaans (BA), Reader's Digest Afrikaans-Engelse Woordeboek/English-Afrikaans Dictionarv (RD) and Groot Tesourus van Afrikaans (GT). These dictionaries were investigated with regard to their functions, textual segments and transfer of information. Some more user-friendly models for dictionaries have been suggested. The study is aimed at the metalexicographer, since it has been approached from a theoretical point of view, but also at the practical lexicographer because practical dictionary use has been investigated. Ultimately, it is hoped that this study will contribute towards more user-friendly dictionaries that put the user first. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie is om die gebruikersperspektief in die Afrikaanse leksikografie na te vors. In die studie word die gebruiker en sy behoeftes sentraal gestel en daar word nagevors in watter mate Afrikaanse woordeboeke hul gebruikers ter wille is. Vir so 'n studie moet gebruikersgroepe geidentifiseer word en dit op sigself is problematies, aangesien daar feitlik geen navorsing oor Afrikaanse woordeboekgebruikers tot op hede onderneem is nie. 'n Oorsig oor navorsing oor die gebruikersperspektief in die Afrikaanse leksikografie word in die eerste hoofstuk verskaf. 'n Wesenlike deel van die gebruikersperspektief is 'n studie van die stand van woordeboekonderrig in Suid-Afrikaanse skole. Die noodsaaklikheid van woordeboekonderrig in skole word beklemtoon en die huidige stand van sake word ondersoek. Etlike voorstelle word gemaak om woordeboekonderrig in skole te verbeter. Die gebruikersvriendelikheid van verskeie Afrikaanse woordeboeke, te wete Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT) en Verklarende Afrikaanse Woordeboek (VAW), Basiswoordeboek van Afrikaans (BA), Reader's Digest Afrikaans-Engelse Woordeboek/English-Afrikaans Dictionary (RD), Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (WAT) en Groot Tesourus van Afrikaans (GT) word getoets aan die hand van hul funksies, tekstuele segmente en ontsluiting van inligtingstipes. Verder word gebruikersvriendeliker modelle van woordeboeke voorgestel. Hierdie studie is gerig op die metaleksikograaf, aangesien dit vanuit 'n teoretiese perspektief onderneem is, maar ook op die praktiese leksikograaf, aangesien die praktiese gebruik van woordeboeke bestudeer is. Die oogmerk van die studie is om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die skep van meer gebruikersgerigte woordeboeke waarin die gebruiker en sy behoeftes sentraal gestel word.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study comprises an investigation into the restandardisation of Afrikaans. Since the 1980s, there have been various calls from the Afrikaans speech community for the democratisation of Afrikaans by making it representative of the whole Afrikaans speech community. Despite these calls for the restandardisation of Afrikaans, a matter which has been brought to the fore in recent years, there are still no real theoretically-based and practical suggestions for such a project. The practical approach to the restandardisation of Afrikaans suggested in this study, with a specific focus on the restandardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, informs the suggestion of a model by which such a planned restandardisation programme for Afrikaans could be carried out. This is done based on existing theories of standardisation and restandardisation, as well as a thorough investigation into the history of the standardisation of Afrikaans in order to determine the reasons underlying this need for its restandardisation. Firstly, relevant theories of standardisation are considered in order to determine which aspects of language standardisation give rise to restandardisation and play the most important role in it. The history of the standardisation of Afrikaans is also considered, in order to indicate the factors which gave rise to the calls for the restandardisation of Afrikaans. The world-wide phenomenon of destandardisation – an increasing trend by which the validity of standardised languages is called into question – is subsequently considered. Following this, restandardisation is considered in greater detail. Although the term is used widely, there are not yet thorough theoretical descriptions of the nature of the process itself. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical consideration of what restandardisation comprises. An investigation into various examples of attempts at the restandardisation of languages in South Africa, Africa, and the rest of the world serves as a backdrop against which the need for the restandardisation of Afrikaans is discussed. The standardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, as outlined in the ten issues of the Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls (“Afrikaans word list and spelling rules”) which have been published to date, is the next research focus. The purpose of this critical evaluation of the primary source for orthographic standardisation of Afrikaans is to point out the weaknesses in the current standardisation process which necessitate a new approach to the standardisation of Afrikaans (and by extension, its restandardisation). Finally, a model is presented for the restandardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, but also Afrikaans as a whole, based on various theoretical and practical considerations contained in the study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans onder die loep geneem. Dit word gedoen teen die agtergrond van verskeie oproepe vanuit die Afrikaanse spraakgemeenskap sedert die 1980’s om Standaardafrikaans te demokratiseer deur dit verteenwoordigend te maak van die totale Afrikaanse spraakgemeenskap. Ten spyte van hierdie oproepe om die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans wat in die afgelope aantal jare op die spits gedryf is, ontbreek daar egter nog teoreties gefundeerde, praktiese voorstelle vir hoe so ’n herstandaardiseringsprojek daar sal uitsien. Hierdie studie verteenwoordig ’n praktiese benadering tot die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans, met ’n besondere fokus op die herstandaardisering van die Afrikaanse ortografie, deur ’n model daar te stel waarvolgens so ’n beoogde herstandaardiseringsprogram vir Afrikaans kan geskied. Dit word gedoen aan die hand van bestaande standaardiserings- en herstandaardiseringsteorie en ’n grondige ondersoek na die standaardiseringsgeskiedenis van Afrikaans ten einde te bepaal wat aanleiding gegee het tot hierdie herstandaardiseringstrewe in Afrikaans. Eerstens word daar gekyk na relevante standaardiseringsteorieë ten einde die belangrikste aspekte van taalstandaardisering te belig wat ’n rol speel in en aanleiding gee tot herstandaardisering. Die standaardiseringsgeskiedenis van Afrikaans word ook in oënskou geneem om te dui op die aspekte wat aanleiding gegee het tot die oproepe om die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans. Vervolgens word daar na die wêreldwye tendens van destandaardisering gekyk waardeur die geldigheid van standaardtale toenemend bevraagteken word. Hierna word herstandaardisering van nader beskou. Alhoewel die term reeds wyd gebruik word, bestaan daar nog nie diepgaande teoretiese beskrywings oor die aard van hierdie proses nie. Daar word dus vervolgens teoreties besin oor wat herstandaardisering behels. Verskeie voorbeelde van pogings tot die herstandaardisering van tale in Suid-Afrika, Afrika, en die res van die wêreld word ondersoek, waarna die redes vir ’n behoefte aan die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans uiteengesit word. Die standaardisering van die Afrikaanse ortografie, soos uiteengesit in die tien uitgawes van die Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls wat tot op hede verskyn het, kom volgende as navorsingsfokus aan bod. Die doel van hierdie kritiese evaluering van die primêre ortografiese standaardiseringsbron van Afrikaans is om te dui op die swakplekke in die huidige standaardiseringsproses wat ’n nuwe benadering tot die standaardisering van Afrikaans (dus die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans) noodsaak. Ten slotte word ’n model vir die herstandaardisering van die Afrikaanse ortografie, maar ook Afrikaans in geheel, voorgestel aan die hand van verskeie teoretiese en praktiese oorwegings soos in die loop van die studie uiteengesit.

M.A. (Afrikaans) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Much has been written on the Afrikaans verb system and verb categories. This, however, has been unconnected research which does not define the complete picture of the Afrikaans verb system. In research reports various categories of verbs are referred to comprehensively, while only five to six primary categories such as transitive, intransitive, copulative, prepositional and reflexive verbs, and to a lesser degree, "assistant" verbs, are referred to in some textbooks. In addition, research reports indicate that conventional identical verbs are sometimes named differently which raises the question whether the same verb can simultaneously belong to different verb categories. Sometimes the categorization results from a syntactical approach, while the naming of Afrikaans main verbs often result from a semantic perspective. In this study two different approaches of categorization are researched in order to establish which approach should apply as primary principle. The relevant approaches to categorization taken under scrutiny are the traditional or classic approach according tot which the limits of categories are relatively limited, and the prototype approach which provides for typical as well as peripheral categorical examples. The study aims to highlight the great number of Afrikaans verb categories and to place these in a semantic-syntactic framework. Two relevant models of categorization are taken as a basis to systemize the Afrikaans verb system. The method employed is to present an alphabetical exposition of the verb categories and then to establish within which semantic-cognitive image schemata such verbs are found. The part which metaphorical transfer, as principle of classification plays in the process of categorization is reviewed and illustrated. In addition, the semantic and syntactic characteristics of specific main verb categories are highlighted. From this study the following can be concluded: ▪ Afrikaans main verbs may simultaneously belong to different categories. Different 'categories' of main verbs are sometimes a single category with different names. ▪ Categorization from a syntactic perspective is systematic and simplistic and should be used as a point of departure. Verbs are firstly transitive, intransitive, copulative, prepositional, reflexive or "assistant" verbs, and may then be simultaneously connected to different semantic categories such as communicative verbs, verbs of weather conditions or process verbs. ▪ Categorization based only on semantic grounds provides a magnitude of categories which can be reduced by means of syntactic categorization. ▪ The traditional and prototype approaches to categorization do not exclude but complement each other and should be used interdependently as a categorical approach, the semantic subordinate to the syntactic. / Prof. A.E. Coetzee