D.Litt. et Phil. / Please refer to full text to view abstract.

This study focuses on the mystical elements in Die swart kombuis (1978) by Sheila Cussons. This second collection of poetry of Cussons grows out of a context of the investigation of the tension between the earthly and the metaphysical that manifested in her first publication, Plektrum (1970), to a concentrated experience of the spiritual and human search for meaning and integration in Die swart kombuis. This publication can be placed within the tradition of Afrikaans mystical poetry. The mystical element is to be observed with the title of the collection, which can be read as a symbol of transformation. The word “kombuis” (kitchen) becomes an archetypal arena loaded with meaning and associations that are explored and expanded upon in the collection. The poems function as poetic expressions of the poet’s relationship with her persona and the internal dialogues that take place during these confrontations. The collection can be read as a creative expression of the poet’s individuation process. Cussons exposes the integration and the interpretation of her archetypes and allows the reader to participate in this sensitive process of personal enlightenment. The various stages of self-realisation find expression in the symbolic use of language and concepts that Cussons employs. This technique takes the reader on an abstract journey of selfinvestigation. By giving poetic expression to her personal process of individuation, Cussons presents the reader with a creative vehicle through which he or she can step into the mystical dimension. Previously, the reader might not have had exposure to complex concepts such as individuation, archetypes and symbolism; however, through the reading of this collection of poetry, access to these ideas is vicariously granted. This study aims to formulate a reading model that is able to identify, analyse and explain the various mystical elements in selected poems in Die swart kombuis. Mystical elements and characteristics are identified to give the reader an introduction to the language use and associated symbolism. The structure of the reading model incorporates ideas and theories from theorists such as the psychoanalyst Carl Gustav Jung, the philosopher and psychologist William James and the poet, Jungian analyst and cantadora Clarissa Pinkola Estés. The ideas of literary theorists Roland ix Barthes, Umberto Eco, Jonathan Culler and Frank Kermode are also included in the approach to the text. Attention is, furthermore, paid to symbolism, mythology and the use of poetry as a form of therapy and self-reflection.

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Afrikaans in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1999. / Engl: = The aim of this dissertation was to give an overview of work done on the grammatical expression of time in Afrikaans, and to show that the Cognitive Rhetoric, as a relatively new field of study, offers analytical tools that can account for problems being encountered with time expression which cannot be successfully dealt with through traditional methods of analysis and description. A descriptive framework was developed based on the cognitive approach of mental spaces, which has as basic principle the view that the semantic structure of a language is a reflection of a person's conscious experience of a physical, social and linguistic world, which allows for time to be metaphorically viewed as space. Thus time can be viewed as a container in which past, present and future are locked up in still smaller containers. These containers function as mental spaces, which are partial renderings of logical, coherent situations or potential realities in which time moves as a mover or a manipulator. An important tenet of the analytical framework which has been developed, is that a mental space for the present tense is regarded as man's primary field of experience, and as the cognitive point of departure from where he metaphorically projects to a past tense mental space or a future tense mental space. Within a particular mental space there is contained a sequence of events which are marked for the same tense; when a shift in time occurs, a new mental space is opened for the new time frame. The mental spaces approach has been utilized to show how time is used as a background-organizing mechanism for the analysis and description of tense in everyday discourse as well as a fictional narrative text. Afrik: = Die doelwit van hierdie dissertasie was om deur middel van bronverkenning 'n oorsig te bied van werk wat in Afrikaans gedoen is oor tydsvergestalting, en om aan te dui dat die Kognitiewe Retoriek, as opkomende studiegebied, ontledingsmeganismes bied vir probleme met tydsmarkering wat nie deur tradisionele metodes van ontleding en beskrywing opgelos kan word nie. 'n Ontledingsraamwerk gebaseer op die kognitiewe dinkruimbenadering is ontwikkel wat voorsiening maak vir die beginsel dat die semantiese struktuur van 'n taal 'n mens se bewussyn van 'n fisiese, sosiale en taalkundige wereld reflekteer, sodat tyd metafories as ruimte herbedink word. Hiervolgens word tyd as ln houer gesien waarbinne tydskonsepte soos hede, verlede en toekoms as kleiner houers opgesluit le*. Hierdie houers funksioneer as dinkruime, wat gedeeltelike weergawes is van logiese, samehangende situasies of potensiele werklikhede waarbinne tyd as 'n beweger en *n manipuleerder optree. *n Basiese vertrekpunt van die ontledingsraamwerk wat ontwikkel is, behels dat 'n dinkruim vir die teenwoordigetyd as die prim ere belewingsruim van die mens beskou word, en as die kognitiewe vertrekpunt vanwaar hy metafories projekteer na *n verledetyddinkruim of 'n toekomstigetyddinkruim. Binne 'n bepaalde dinkruim is daar 'n sekwensie van gebeurerame wat vir dieselfde tyd gemerk is; sodra *n tydskuif plaasvind, word 'n nuwe dinkruim oopgemaak vir die nuwe tydraam. Die dinkruimbenadering is benut om aan te toon hoe tyd as agtergrond-organiserende meganisme gebruik word om tyd in alledaagse diskoers asook in narratiewe tekste te ontleed. / University of Zululand and RGN.

Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study examines the quality of translated study material at the University of Stellenbosch and the way in which professional translators can improve the quality thereof. The focus was on the Arts Faculty and specifically translated material found on WebCT. The new Language Policy of the University of Stellenbosch stresses that language services such as translation must play an important role in bringing about a multilingual culture for learning. The problem is that people with little or no training in translation, such as lecturers, take it on themselves to translate the study material. The result is substandard study material and students who are being adversely affected. Chapter 2 discusses the newly implemented Language Policy and Language Plan of the University and the way in which both see the role of translation. It also discusses a Language Survey done at the University to ascertain the extent of translation. Chapter 3 examines different approaches to the translation of more technical documents whereas Chapter 4 analyses various translations on WebCT. A random choice of five translated texts is taken and given to professional editors to analyse and suggest ways in which to better the material. Chapter 5 compare a linguistic and functionalistic translation of the same source text to see which one students in a random test sample prefer. The aim is to see whether functionalist translations really are better than linguistic translations done by an untrained translator. The results of the study show that there are a lot of problems with existing translations and that professional translators do not only improve the quality of translated materials but are also preferred by students. The conclusion is that the University of Stellenbosch must realise the need for professional translators and should promote their use.

Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master in Afrikaans Creative Writing, the following has been submitted: (i) an assignment, titled Postcolonial Correspondence: resistance against or alliance with Colonialism, taking the form of an essay on the problematic surrounding the representation of the Other in postcolonial discourse; (ii) a volume of short prose, titled Tweespoor, wherein a representation of general human experiences within recognizable South African milieus was attempted.

Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Afrikaans children's literature has long been neglected in the Afrikaans literary polysystem and has been considered inferior by numerous figures, especially litterateurs. The negative effect of this attitude has been a shortage of academic studies on Afrikaans children's literature, the marginalised position of the genre in the Afrikaans literary canon and the absence of a general literary definition of "children's literature". The 1990’s see the dawn of a new democratic era in South Africa and a subsequent revival of the system of Afrikaans children's literature. However, despite this revival and growth, there is still a shortage of dedicated research into this genre. This thesis details the changes in the children's literature system that has occurred since 1990, by way of a polysystemic approach. The polysystem theory, as developed by Itamar-Even Zohar, serves as foundation for this study. Questions around genres, subgenres and problems surrounding the umbrella term "youth literature" are addressed. The age group of the readers of children's book are defined and a general definition of the children's literature genre is formulated. Based on this definition, ten academic studies since 1990, all of which are devoted specifically to children's literature, are identified and discussed. A historical overview of the development of Afrikaans children's literature is presented to support the choice of 1990 in the scope of the literature review. It is shown that the events that lead to the changes since 1990 are generally attributable to the political changes in South Africa that lead to the first democratic election in 1994. These changes in the different social and political systems are related to the changes in the children's literature system. It is further shown that these changes are reflected in the children's book itself, and are discussed in terms of the clear trends that emerge in children's literature and children's books since 1990. These trends are illustrated by an examination of six relevant publications. A literary definition of the term "children’s literature" is presented. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Afrikaanse kinderliteratuur is vir lank as die stiefkind in die Afrikaanse literêre polisisteem behandel en is deur verskeie rolspelers, veral literatore, as minderwaardig beskou. Negatiewe gevolge wat hieruit spruit, is onder andere 'n tekort aan akademiese studies oor Afrikaanse kinderliteratuur, die genre se marginale posisie in die literêre kanon en gebrek aan 'n algemene en letterkundige definisie van die term "kinderliteratuur." Teen die 1990's breek daar 'n nuwe era van demokrasie in Suid-Afrika aan en is daar gepaardgaande herlewing in die Afrikaanse kinderliteratuur-sisteem. Ten spyte van hierdie herlewing en groei wat by Afrikaanse kinderliteratuur plaasvind, is daar steeds 'n tekort aan navorsing wat spesifiek oor hierdie genre gedoen word. In hierdie tesis word die veranderinge wat sedert 1990 in die kinderliteratuur-sisteem plaasgevind het, ondersoek aan die hand van die polisisteem-benadering. Die polisisteemteorie, soos ontwikkel deur Itamar Even-Zohar, dien as teoretiese grondslag van hierdie studie. Kwessies omtrent genres, subgenres en probleme rakende die gebruik van die sambreelterm "jeugliteratuur" word bespreek. Die ouderdomsgroep van die kinderboek-lesers word afgebaken en 'n algemene definisie vir die genre kinderliteratuur word geformuleer. Na aanleiding van die algemene definisie van kinderliteratuur word tien akademiese studies geïdentifiseer en bespreek wat sedert 1990 verskyn het en spesifiek handel oor kinderliteratuur. As deel van die motivering vir die gebruik van 1990 as afbakening van die ondersoeksveld, word 'n historiese oorsig oor die ontwikkeling van Afrikaanse kinderliteratuur ook gebied. Daar word getoon dat die gebeure wat aanleiding gegee het tot die veranderinge wat sedert 1990 plaasgevind het, grootliks gekoppel kan word aan die politieke veranderinge wat tot die eerste demokratiese verkiesing in 1994 in Suid-Afrika gelei het. Hierdie veranderinge in die verskillende sosiale en politieke sisteme word in verband gebring met die veranderinge in die kinderliteratuur-sisteem. Daar word ook getoon dat die verskillende veranderinge neerslag vind in die kinderboek. Hierdie veranderinge word bespreek na aanleiding van die tendense wat in die Afrikaanse kinderboek waargeneem kan word. Die tendense word aan die hand van 'n steekproef van 6 kinderboeke geïllustreer. 'n Letterkundige definisie van die genre kinderliteratuur word aangebied.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bilingual dictionaries should have a decoding as well as an encoding function. Decoding dictionaries want to assist the user in interpreting the language, while encoding dictionaries want to help the user with the usage of the language. The present role of a bilingual or translation dictionary has to change from that of supplying only translation equivalents to one of supplying a more comprehensive data presentation. This should also include additional semantic and pragmatic information. The main aim of a bilingual dictionary should not only be the establishment of a relation of semantic equivalence between source and target language, but also reaching communicative equivalence in the process. This means that the user must be able to find the applicable equivalent of the source language item in the target language. One of the best ways for a lexicographer to test the communicative aptness of a given translation equivalent, is by means of the reversibility principle. It means that lexical item A, included as translation equivalent of lemma B in the X-section of a bidirectional translation dictionary, has to be included as a lemma in the Y-section ofthe dictionary with at least the lexical item B, the relevant lemma from the X-section, as one of its translation equivalents. Each lexical item included as a translation equivalent in the Y-section has to be included as the lemma in the X-section of the dictionary with at least the respective lemma from the Ysection as a translation equivalent. This thesis tries to show how, if not adhered to the above principles, an inferior product can be the result of many hours of painstaking work. The main problematic areas are inter alia those of labels, spelling inconsistencies and an absence of translation equivalents. However, some of the less obvious problematic areas are also touched upon. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tweetalige woordeboeke behoort 'n dekoderende sowel as 'n enkoderende funksie te hê. Dekoderende woordeboeke moet die gebruiker help om die taal te interpreteer, terwyl enkoderende woordeboeke die gebruiker moet help met die gebruik van 'n woodeboek. Die huidige rol van 'n tweetalige ofvertalende woordeboek moet verander van een wat slegs vertalingsekwivalente verskaf, na een met meer omvattende data. 'n Tweetalige woordeboek behoort nie slegs die gebruiker van vertalingsekwivalente te voorsien nie, maar behoort ook addisionele semantiese en pragmatiese inligting in te sluit. Een van die beste maniere vir 'n leksikograaf om die kommunikatiewe geskiktheid van 'n gegewe vertalingsekwivalent te toets, is deur middel van die omkeerbaarheidsbeginsel. Hiermee word bedoel dat leksikale item A, wat ingesluit is as 'n vertalingsekwivalent van lemma B in the X-seksie van 'n tweerigtingwoordeboek, ook ingesluit moet word as 'n lemma in die Y-seksie van die woordeboek met ten minste the leksikale item B, die relevante lemma van die X-seksie, as een van sy vertalingsekwivalente. Hierdie tesis gaan aandui hoe, wanneer daar nie aan hierdie vereistes voldoen word nie, 'n minderwaardige produk die resultaat is van baie ure se harde werk. Die hoofareas onder bespreking is onder meer etikette, Spellingonreëlmatighede en die afwesigheid van vertalingsekwivalente. Daar word egter ook aandag geskenk aan probleme wat nie op so 'n groot skaal voor kom nie.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 1957. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy. / NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE / GEEN OPSOMMING BESKIKBAAR

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the manner in which Marita van der Vyver’s semi-autobiographic novel Die hart van ons huis – ’n skrywer in Provence has been translated. The question that arises is who the reader of Marita van der Vyver’s translated works is – the local South African or the international English reader? If the text was translated for the local English reader, will the text be translated as if it was written by a local English speaker and if the text was translated for an international reader, are the Afrikaans cultural elements in the novel neutralised, adapted or omitted in such a way that the text would be fluent and understandable for the international English reader? In the first chapter, Van der Vyver’s background as an author is discussed and the source text used in this study is contextualised. The problem statement, research questions, methodology, and course of this study are also discussed. The next chapter provides the theoretical background used as background of this study, namely the descriptive and functionalist translation theories where translation is generally viewed as a cultural activity. The translation approaches used are domestication and foreignisation. Chapters 3 and 4 both contain the empirical analysis of the source text. This analysis is done by using an adapted model of Lambert and Van Gorp on both macro- and micro-levels: larger aspects of the target text are explored on macro-level, such as the genre, title, overall translation approach and paratext while analysis on the micro-level deals with pragmatic, intercultural and text-specific translation problems. The techniques the translator applies to adequately deal with these translation problems are also investigated. It is concluded that the translator generally transfers the culturally specific French and Afrikaans terms from the source text and makes use of a generally foreignising approach in the target text. The translator stays loyal to the author of the source text but also shows loyalty towards the reader by domesticating the target text on a linguistic level and generally making the target text more understandable for the English speaker. It is shown throughout the text that it isn’t only the target text that is foreignising to targer readers, but that the source text would also be foreignising for an Afrikaans reader because of the French cultural elements that are strongly featured throughout the text / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die wyse waarop Marita van der Vyver se deels outobiografiese roman Die hart van ons huis – ’n skrywer in Provence vertaal is. Die vraag wat ontstaan, is wie die spesifieke Engelse leser van Van der Vyver se vertaalde werke is – is dit die plaaslike Suid-Afrikaanse, of die internasionale Engelse leser? Indien die teks vir ’n plaaslike Suid-Afrikaanse leser vertaal word, word die teks so vertaal asof dit deur ’n plaaslike Engelssprekende geskryf is en indien dit vir ’n internasionale leser vertaal word, word die Afrikaanse kulturele gegewens geneutraliseer, aangepas of weggelaat sodat die teks vlot en verstaanbaar vir die internasionale leser sal lees? In die eerste hoofstuk word Van der Vyver se agtergrond as skrywer bespreek en die bronteks wat in die studie aan bod kom, gekontekstualiseer. Die probleemstelling, navorsingsvrae, metodologie en verloop van die studie word ook bespreek. Die volgende hoofstuk verskaf die teoretiese agtergrond waarteen die studie geplaas word, naamlik die deskriptiewe en funksionalistiese vertaalteorieë waarbinne vertaling hoofsaaklik as ’n kulturele handeling beskou word. Die vertaalbenaderings wat hanteer word, is domestikering en vervreemding. Hoofstuk 3 en 4 bevat die empiriese ontleding van die doelteks – dit geskied aan die hand van ’n aangepaste Lambert en Van Gorp-model op sowel makro- as mikrovlak; op die makrovlak word groter aspekte van die teks soos die genre, titel, oorkoepelende vertaalbenadering en parateks ondersoek terwyl ontleding op mikrovlak die fyner aspekte van die doelteks onder die loep neem – hier word gekyk na pragmatiese, interkulturele en teksspesifieke vertaalprobleme en die wyse waarop die vertaler daarmee in die doelteks omgaan. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die vertaler die spesifieke Franse en Afrikaanse verwysings in die doelteks behou en van ’n hoofsaaklik vervreemdende vertaalstrategie gebruik maak deur eg Afrikaanse en Franse kulturele aspekte in die doelteks te behou. Die vertaler bly deurlopend lojaal aan die outeur van die bronteks, maar toon ook lojaliteit teenoor die doelteksleser deurdat sy linguisties domestikeer en die teks sodoende meer verstaanbaar vir die doelteksleser maak. Daar word ook deurgaans aangetoon dat nie net die doelteks vervreemdend is vir die doeltekslesers nie, maar dat die bronteks reeds vervreemdend is ook vir die brontekslesers deur die Franse kultuur wat so sterk aan bod kom.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 1998. / Blog by Johann de Lange: http://johanndelange.blogspot.com/ / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie stel hom ten doel om die 19de-eeuse kulturele fin de siecle-intertekste in Johann de Lange se poësie, wat grotendeels postmodernisties van aard is, na te gaan ten einde die hipotese te toets dat sy werk sterk ooreenkomste met die kunsuitinge van die vorige eeuwending openbaar. Hieruit blyk duidelik 'n korrespondensie of ekwivalensie tussen die tydsgees en diskoers van die huidige fin de millennium en die van die 19de-eeuse fin de siecle. Die titel van die tesis is ontleen aan die gedig "Greenwichtyd" uit Snel grys fantoom (1986:29): Dit als terwyl ek stil slaap anderkant die horison, klein doen in 'n wêreld waar eeue wegtik met elke oogknip, 'n dag gebeur tussen een asemteug en die volgende [...] Omdat al sewe bundels van die digter ondersoek is, kon slegs drie gedigte in diepte geanaliseer word, naamlik "Correspondences" uit Wordende naak (1990:22), "Studie van 'n portret van 'n man" uit Snel grys fantoom (1986:56) en "Vlees van die berg" uit Vleiswond (1993:51-52). Die gedig "Correspondences", wat seminaal is vir die hipotese wat in hierdie studie gestel word, kom in 'n eie hoofstuk aan bod; "Studie van 'n portret van 'n man" is aanvullend tot die hipotese dat De Lange hom met die kunstenaars van die fin de siecle vereenselwig; terwyl "Vlees van die berg" op vele wyses De Lange se digterlike preokkupasies weerspieël. Enkele aspekte van die kunsstrominge van die Dekadentisme, Estetisisme en Simbolisme, wat in die eeuwending voorkom en ook in De Lange se verse neerslag vind, word in afsonderlike hoofstukke bespreek. Die digter se sosiopolitieke betrokkenheid wat deur die meeste kritici in die verlede misken is, word bevestig. As gevolg daarvan dat mistisisme en metapoësie by De Lange dikwels in 'n enkele gedig saamsmelt, word hierdie aspekte ten slotte in 'n afsonderlike hoofstuk onder die loep geneem. Daar word deurgaans gebruik gemaak van verwysings na geselekteerde gedigte uit De Lange se oeuvre, telkens gesitueer binne die konteks van die postmoderniteit. Ten einde die dinamika van intertekstuele en interdiskursiewe prosesse te demonstreer, word intertekstuele ekskursies of intertekstuele cruising dikwels onderneem. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the 19th century cultural fin de siecle intertexts in Johann de Lange's predominantly postmodernistic poetry in order to test the hypothesis that his work reveals strong correspondences to art forms of the previous turn of the century. As a result a correspondence or an equivalence between the cultural climates and discourses of the relevant ages, viz. the present fin de millennium and the fin de siecle of the 19th century, is indicated. The origin of the title of the thesis is the poem "Greenwichtyd" from Snel grys fantoom (1986:29): Dit als terwyl ek stil slaap anderkant die horison, klein doen in 'n wêreld waar eeue wegtik met elke oogknip, 'n dag gebeur tussen een asemteug en die volgende [...] The volume of work involved in the examination of the poet's entire oeuvre of seven volumes precluded the exhaustive analysis of vast numbers of poems. For this reason only three poems have been analysed in any depth. These are "Correspondences" from Wordende naak (1990:22), "Studie van 'n portret van 'n man" from Snel grys fantoom (1986:56) and "Vlees van die berg" from Vleiswond (1993:51-52). The poem "Correspondences" which is seminal to the hypothesis posed in this study is discussed in a separate chapter; "Studie van 'n portret van 'n man" is supplementary to the hypothesis that De Lange identifies with the artists of the fin de siecle; while "Vlees van die berg" reflects many of De Lange's poetic preoccupations. A few aspects of decadence (in the cultural sense), aestheticism and symbolism, schools of art prevalent at the turn of the century which all find expression in De Lange's poems, are examined in separate chapters. The sosio-political commitment of the poet, unrecognised by most critics in the past, is confirmed. Because De Lange often merges mysticism and metapoetry in a single poem, these aspects are finally investigated together in one chapter. Reference is made throughout to selected poems from De Lange's oeuvre as situated within the context of postmodernity. In order to demonstrate the dynamics of intertextual and interdiscursive processes, intertextual excursions or "cruises" are often undertaken.