Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Dictionaries are important translation tools, but cause a lot of frustration when they either fail to provide the help required or offer very little guidance. This study examines the reasons that bilingual dictionaries in particular do not always provide satisfactory support to professional translators. Translation theory and different approaches to both the process and the product of translation are investigated. Specific attention is paid to linguistic, text-linguistic and functionalist approaches to translation. The study traces the development of lexicographic theory and practice, and highlights the linguistic genealogy of lexicography. Lexicography and translation studies share this genealogy. The concept of equivalence as it relates to both these academic disciplines - translation studies and lexicography - is investigated. Professional translation entails more than translating individual words or choosing the correct translation equivalent from a bilingual dictionary, and professional translators therefore tend to regard most existing bilingual dictionaries as unsatisfactory, insufficient and inadequate. The terms "bilingual dictionary", "translating/translatory dictionary", and "translation dictionary" are discussed. Requirements for a translation dictionary are identified based on research findings concerning the translation process, translation strategies, typical translation problems, and the requisite skills of professional translators. A translation dictionary should be designed so as to assist professional translators in solving problems related to the reception, translation, and production of texts. It should be based on a representative corpus of real language use. Finally, a lexicographic model of an English-Afrikaans translation dictionary is constructed, based on the genuine purpose and the lexicographic functions of a dictionary aimed at the needs of professional translators. A process of simultaneous feedback is recommended when new dictionaries are compiled. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Woordeboeke is 'n belangrike hulpmiddel vir vertalers, maar is dikwels ook 'n bron van frustrasie wanneer hulle óf geen hulp nie óf gebrekkige leiding verskaf Hierdie studie ondersoek redes waarom spesifiek tweetalige woordeboeke nie 'n voldoende hulpmiddel vir professionele vertalers is nie. In die proses word teorieë oor en benaderings tot vertaling as produk en proses belig. Daar word veral klem gelê op linguistiese, tekslinguistiese en funksionalistiese werkswyses in vertaling. Die ontwikkeling van leksikografie en die leksikografiese beskouing ten opsigte van tweetalige woordeboeke word daarna aangesny. Soos vertaalkunde, het leksikografie uit die linguistiek as studiegebied ontwikkel. Dit het op die vormingsjare van die twee jonger studierigtings - vertaalstudie en leksikografie - 'n soortgelyke invloed uitgeoefen. Die problematiek om ekwivalensie in sowel vertaalteorie as tweetalige woordeboeke word uitgelig. Professionele vertaling behels meer as die vertaal van woorde of die korrekte keuse van vertaalekwivalente. Tweetalige woordeboeke is nie 'n voldoende hulpmiddel vir vertalers nie, omdat hulle nie 'n bevredigende, genoegsame of toereikende hulpmiddel is nie. Die gebruik van die terme "tweetalige woordeboek", "vertalende woordeboek" en "vertaalwoordeboek" word bespreek. Vereistes waaraan 'n vertaalwoordeboek behoort te voldoen, word ondersoek, onder meer aan die hand van insigte uit navorsing oor die vertaalproses, vertaalstrategieë, tipiese vertaalprobleme en die vaardighede waaroor professionele vertalers (moet) beskik. 'n Vertaalwoordeboek moet aan professionele vertalers hulp verleen met probleme wat hulle ondervind met die resepsie, oordrag en produksie van tekste. Verteenwoordigende korpusse van werklike taalgebruik moet die grondslag vorm vir die saamstel van sodanige woordeboek. Op grond van die werklike doel van 'n vertaalwoordeboek en die funksies wat dit moet verrig, word 'n model voorgestel VIr 'n vertaalwoordeboek vir vertalers uit Engels III Afrikaans. Bewerkingsvoorstelle vir enkele voorbeeldlemmas word aan die hand gedoen. 'n Proses van gelyktydige terugvoer behoort by die saamstel van nuwe woordeboeke gevolg te word.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch Universiteit, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study the role played by literature or fiction in historiography is investigated. Firstly, the problem of representing an "objective reality" is outlined, and subsequently applied to the domain of historiography by questioning terms such as "objectivity", "reality" and "truth". Due attention is given to changing perceptions about the nature of history writing. It is indicated that historiography cannot render or recreate the past as something which is present here-and-now and, therefore, that history writing is of necessity always an interpreted and subjectively construed representation of an ephemeral "reality". Against this background the thesis focuses on that part of South African history (slavery) which for a variety of reasons lacks a formalised historiography. It is indicated how the "gaps" created by the failures of formalised historiography can be "filled" by the suggestive power of the literary imagination. Wilma Stockenstrëm's Die kremetartekspedisie (1981) is used to exemplify the above claims by specifically noting how the personal slave experience is described through the literary imagination in Die kremetartekspedisie. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word daar ondersoek ingestel na die moontlike rol wat letterkunde of fiksie kan speel in die geskiedskrywingsproses. As agtergrond word die problematiek rondom die bestaan en voorstelling van 'n 'objektiewe werklikheid' bespreek en uitgebrei na die terrein van die historiografie deur die bevraagtekening van terme soos 'objektiwiteit', 'werklikheid' en 'waarheid'. Daar word aandag geskenk aan verskuiwende persepsies oor die aard van geskiedskrywing en aangedui dat historiografie nooit die verlede teenwoordig kan stel nie en dat geskiedskrywing altyd 'n geïnterpreteerde en subjektief-gekonstrueerde representasie van 'n verbygegane 'werklikheid' is. Teen hierdie agtergrond word daar spesifiek gelet op 'n gedeelte van die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis wat, as gevolg van verskeie redes, 'ontbreek' in formele geskiedskrywing, naamlik slawerny. Daar word aangedui hoe hierdie gapings op suggestiewe wyse deur die literêre verbeelding 'gevul' kan word. Die kremetartekspedisie deur Wilma Stockenstr6m dien as voorbeeldteks om bogenoemde punt te illustreer deur spesifiek te let op die wyse waarop 'n slavin moontlik haar persoonlike ervaring van haar slaafskap sou kon verwoord soos dit in Die kremetartekspedisie deur die literêre verbeelding gedoen word.

Thesis (MA)- Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In fulfilment of the degree of Magister in Creative Writing: Afrikaans, a novel titled Sirkus (Circus) is presented in which the main character figures as an idiot. It is accompanied by a perspicacious formal essay which maintains the relationship between theory and novel. The essay titled "Die idioot: spieël en skadu" (The idiot: mirror and shadow) reflects on the problematics concerning the representation of the idiot in literary texts. The essay investigates the phenomenon of the idiot in literature according to well-known literary texts presenting idiots. What these texts have in common is that the narrator acts on behalf of a character who does not have the ability nor the will to narrate himself. The problematics is viewed from a thematic as well as writing technique niveaux, according to insights gleaned from literature, philosophy, narratology and psychology. The argument concludes by reflecting on the responsibility of the author and the ethics of creating an effigy of the idiot. The novel Sirkus, (Circus), focuses on an idiot character with webbed hands and feet, Siegfried Landman. It is an exposition of his journey to hell starting on a farm in the Karoo. It takes him through a grotesque urban landscape where he eventually ends up in a circus of freaks. The text starts with the death of Siegfried's father and is in the form of a quest narrative, a quest for the vague image of his uncle Fischer. The tale emanates predominantly from Siegfried's consciousness. During the course of the text he is accompanied by varioius travelling companions who each fmd a voice in the text. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING Ter vervulling van die graad van Magister in Kreatiewe Afrikaanse skryfkunde is 'n roman getiteld Sirkus voorgelê waarin die hoofkarakter 'n idiotefiguur is. Dit word vergesel met 'n verbandhoudende beskoulike werkstuk: "Die idioot: spieël en skadu", wat die vorm aanneem van 'n essay oar die problematiek rondom die representasie van die idioot in literêre tekste. In die werkstuk word die verskynsel van die idioot in die letterkunde ondersoek aan die hand van bekende literêre tekste waarin idiotefigure gerepresenteer word. Hierdie tekste het dit gemeen dat die verteller optree namens 'n karakter wat nie die vermoë óf die wil het om self te vertel nie. Die problematiek word beskou op tematiese sowel as skryftegniese vlakke aan die hand van insigte uit die letterkunde, filosofie, narratologie en sielkunde. Die argument sluit uiteindelik af met 'n besinning oor die skrywerlike verantwoordelikheid en 'n skrywerlike etiek ten opsigte van die uitbeelding van die idioot. Die roman Sirkus fokus op 'n idiote-karakter met gewebde hande en voete, Siegfried Landman. Dit is 'n uitbeelding van sy hellevaart wat begin op 'n plaas in die Karoo en hom voer deur 'n groteske stadslandskap voor hy uiteindelik opeindig in 'n sirkus van fratse. Die teks begin met die dood van Siegfried se vader en is in die vorm van 'n soektognarratief, 'n soektog na die vae beeld van sy oom Fischer. Die verhaal word grotendeels vanuit Siegfried se bewussyn vertel. Hy word deur die verloop van die teks vergesel deur verskeie reisgenote wat elk ook 'n eie stem in die teks verkry.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Little scholarly reflection has been published on the subject of medical research and translation. The aim of this study is to contribute to such literature by investigating the quality of original and retranslated medical questionnaires. The various steps medical researchers follow when translating their questionnaires are considered and discussed. Particular attention is given to questionnaires on AIDS-related topics in South Africa, as well as to the role of translation in ensuring the collection of valid data in medical research. Different translation approaches, which are followed when translating medical texts, and the impact they have on the quality of the research, are discussed. These approaches are the linguistic, text-linguistic and functional approaches. Attention is given to translators as communicators and mediators, as well as to the more general role of the translator. This study hypothesises that the quality of translations of medical research questions is largely inadequate in communicating effectively with the target culture for which they are intended. The retranslation hypothesis stating that retranslations are closer to the source text (ST) than original translations is supported. Afrikaans- and Xhosa-speaking adolescents from two secondary schools in the Cape Peninsula participated in a before-after study. These learners received self-administered medical questions on the two occasions. The first set comprised original translations, while the second set contained retranslations of the ST questions. Evaluation questions were included to assess the quality of these translations. The design, translation approach and quality of the original translations are explained, as is the development of the retranslation and evaluation questionnaires. Translations that do not consider their target audience lead to communication gaps, which have an adverse effect on the validity of data derived from questionnaires that are used in medical research. The results of most of these questions are compared for the two target cultures and are analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The data are further explored to establish whether and how the translational quality of medical questionnaires can be improved. These aspects and the suggested translation process are discussed while bearing in mind the limitations of a study of this kind. Recommendations are made for possible improvement to the quality of translations of medical questionnaires. Projections for further studies in this direction complete this empirical investigation into translation and medical research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Relatief min akademiese nadenke is gepubliseer oor die onderwerp mediese navorsing en vertaling. Hierdie studie wil 'n bydrae maak tot sodanige literatuur deur 'n ondersoek na die kwaliteit van oorspronklik vertaalde en hervertaalde mediese vraelyste. Die onderskeie stappe wat mediese navorsers ten opsigte van die vertaling van hulle vraelyste volg, word bespreek. Aandag word spesifiek gerig op vraelyste oor vigsverwante temas in Suid-Afrika, asook op die rol van vertaling in die versekering dat geldige data in mediese navorsing ingesamel word. Verskeie benaderings wat gevolg word in die vertaling van mediese tekste en die impak wat hulle het op die kwaliteit van die navorsing word bespreek. Hierdie benaderings is die linguistiese, tekslinguistiese en funksionalistiese benaderings. Aandag word geskenk aan vertalers as kommunikeerders en tussengangers, asook die meer algemene rol van die vertaler. Hierdie studie veronderstel dat die kwaliteit van vertalings van mediese navorsingsvraelyste grootliks onvoldoende is om effektief met die betrokke teikengehoor te kommunikeer. Die hervertalingshipotese wat sê dat hervertalings nader aan die brontaal (Bn as oorspronklike vertalings is, word ondersteun. Afrikaans- en Xhosa-sprekende adolessente van twee sekondêre skole in die Skiereiland het deelgeneem aan 'n voor- en agtemastudie. Hierdie leerders het op beide geleenthede die vraelyste self voltooi. Die eerste stel het oorspronklike vertalings bevat terwyl die tweede stel hervertalings van die BT bevat het. Evalueringsvrae is ingesluit om die kwaliteit van hierdie vertalings te help bepaal. Die ontwerp, vertalingsbenadering en kwaliteit van die oorspronklike vertalings word verduidelik, so ook die ontwikkeling van die hervertaling- en evalueringsvraelyste. Vertalings wat nie die teikengehoor in ag neem nie, lei tot kommunikasiegapings wat die geldigheid van data afkomstig van vraelyste in mediese navorsing nadelig kan raak. Die resultate van die meeste van hierdie vrae word vir die twee teikenkulture vergelyk, en dit word kwalitatief en kwantitatief ontleed. Die data word verder ondersoek om vas te stelof en hoe die kwaliteit van die vertaling van mediese vraelyste verbeter sou kon word. Bogenoemde aspekte en die voorgestelde vertalingsproses word bespreek met inagneming van die beperkings van 'n studie van hierdie aard. Voorstelle word gemaak vir die moontlike verbetering van die vertaling van mediese vraelyste. Vooruitskattings vir verdere studie in hierdie rigting voltooi hierdie empiriese ondersoek na vertaling en mediese navorsing. Ek dra hierdie tesis op aan Mattheus vir sy liefde, geduld en al die tee-aandraery, asook aan Ettienne en Jeanelle wat met minder ondersteuning van my as andersins hulle skoolloopbane moes voltooi het.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 1998. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Elsa Joubert initially acquired her reputation for her travel writing which is mainly about Africa during the fifties. In her texts she not only focusses on the curiosities and visually attractive sites of the countries she tours, but also conveys her extensive knowledge of the history and her special interest in the intimate human aspects of the people. Ons wag op die kaptein (1963) established her name as startling novelist of Southern-African themes. Missionaris (1988) and Die reise van Isobelle (1995) are based on identifiable SouthernAfrican historical information and subtly place historiography under scrutiny. In these texts Joubert thematizes and problematizes historiography, which she finds lacking in its ability to convey a true representation of events. Photo's, recorded visions or other images of an experience of reality still only remain representations of that "reality". Through the process of fictionalization (as in a novel) "a truth" comes to the light, but at the same time the one-sided and relative nature of canonised history is exposed. Through this critical glance at the status quo and canonised white history, which originated under the pressure of anti-colonialism, Joubert has sided with writers such as Jan Rabie and Andre P. Brink in their opposition to Apartheid and desire to contribute toward the constitution of a new South-Africa. In Die reise van Isobel/e Joubert comments, through the use of characters in a family cronicle, on the manner in which people are affected and shaped by their context. The author, through the use of Leonora as sceptical narrator, focalisator and manipulator, ironises for example the steadfast convictions of the patriotic Josias and Agnes, and thereby confers a critical view of politicalideological problems. The romance between Belle, as group bound Afrikaner girl, and the interesting foreign Indian Hussein Badir, which ends in his death, illustrates the discord when racist prejudice clashes with personal experience. Leo serves as a model of freedom and hope which coincides with detachment from conventional political convictions. Different kinds of journeys can be identified in coherence with the characters, e.g. physical, literal journeys, religious journeys and political journeys. The family chronicle eventually becomes an example of Afrikaner society's emancipation or journey from a patriarchal to a free independent way oflife. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Elsa Joubert het aanvanklik bekendheid verwerf vir haar reisverhale oor veral Afrika uit die vyftigetjare. Sy is in die tekste nie slegs toeristies ingestel op die wetens- en besienswaardighede van die Iande wat sy besoek nie, maar toon, naas 'n omvattende kennis van die geskiedenis, ook aandag vir die intiem menslike doen en late. Ons wag op die kaptein (1963) het haar naam gevestig as opspraakwekkende romanskrywer oor Suider-Afrikaanse temas. Ook Missionaris (1988) en Die reise van Isobelle (1995) is op herkenbare gegewens gebaseer en plaas geskiedskrywing op 'n subtiele manier in die soeklig. In hierdie tekste tematiseer en problematiseer Joubert die geskiedskrywing, wat volgens haar tekortskiet om 'n oortuigende beeld te gee. Foto's, opgetekende visioene of andersoortige weergawes van 'n werklikheidsbelewing bly steeds representasies. Deur die_ proses van fiksionalisering (soos in 'n roman) kom minstens "'n waarheid" aan die lig, maar dit bevestig terselfdertyd die eensydige en relatiewe aard van die gekanoniseerde geskiedenis. Deur hierdie kritiese blik op die status quo en die gekanoniseerde wit geskiedenis, wat onder andere weens die druk van die anti-kolonialisme ontstaan bet, sluit Joubert haar aan by skrywers soos Jan Rabie en Andre P Brink se opposisie teen Apartheid en versugting om by te dra tot die totstandkoming van 'n miwe Suid-Afrika. In Die reise van lsobelle lewer Joubert, deur die gebruik van karakters in 'n familiegeskiedenis, kommentaar oor die wyse waarop mense geraak en gevorm word deur bulle konteks. Die skryfster ironiseer deur die gebruik van Leonora as skeptiese verteller, fokalisator en manipuleerder, byvoorbeeld die vaste oortuigings van die patriotiese Josias en Agnes en gee sodoende 'n kritiese blik op polities-ideologiese vraagstukke. Die liefdesverhouding tussen Belle as groepsgebonde Afrikanermeisie en die vir haar interessant-vreemde Indiese Hussein Badir wat op sy dood uitloop, illustreer die tweespalt wanneer rassistiese vooroordele bots met eie ervaring. Leo dien as voorbeeld van vryheid en hoop wat gepaardgaan met die losbreek uit konvensionele politieke oortuigings. Verskillende soorte reise kan in samehang met die · karakters onderskei word, naamlik fisiese, letterlike reise, geestelik-godsdienstige reise en politieke reise. Hierdie familiegeskiedenis word uiteindelik eksemplaries van die Afrikanersamelewitig se emansipasie of reis van 'n patriargale tot 'n vrye, onafhanklike tipe leefwyse.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 1986. / No Abstract Available

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As can be seen from the very different language backgrounds of their students, tertiary institutions in South Africa have become increasingly diverse in the past few years. Consequently, their campuses are now multilingual in character and there is increasing pressure on these institutions to use more than one language of instruction. As part of the solution to this issue, the North-West University (NWU) has introduced classroom interpreting. At present, it is the only South African university that uses full-scale classroom interpreting. Other universities who use classroom interpreting (among them the University of the Free State) are currently doing so only in pilot projects. This study investigates the possibility of using interpreting at Stellenbosch University, and more specifically in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. It focuses on the receptiveness to and the potential of such a practice as well as on its logistic implications. In addition, the study explores the successes in using interpreting during lectures as well as the hindrances in doing so. It also explores the links between the language policy of the University and classroom interpreting and whether this practice is at all attainable in the faculty in question. The empirical part of the study involved an experiment in the first half of the first semester in 2010 in the Department of Social Work in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences to determine whether it would be feasible to use interpreting during lectures. An interpreting service was used to interpret lectures on various occasions in a second year as well as a third year class. The type of interpreting used was whisper interpreting with Sennheiser equipment. The study found that it would indeed be possible to have an interpreting service during lectures. Although a few problems were highlighted, they were shown to be surmountable. The majority of students who took part in the trial expressed a need for an interpreting service, even though they were happy with the University’s language policy. One of the conclusions reached is that close cooperation between the interpreter and the lecturer is of cardinal importance because it creates a relationship of trust, which in turn helps to ensure that the interpreting service is successfully implemented. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tersiêre instellings in Suid-Afrika het die afgelope paar jaar toenemend meer divers geraak soos blyk uit studente se uiteenlopende taalagtergronde. Dit het daartoe gelei dat kampusse tans gekenmerk word deur meertaligheid en dat daar toenemende druk op hierdie instellings is om onderrig in meer as een taal aan te bied. As deel van die oplossing vir hierdie kwessie het die Noordwes-Universiteit (NWU) klaskamertolking geïmplementeer. Gevolglik is die NWU tans die enigste Suid-Afrikaanse universiteit wat volskaals van klaskamertolking gebruik maak. Ander universiteite (waaronder die Universiteit van die Vrystaat) gebruik ook klaskamertolking, maar tans slegs as ’n loodsprojek. Hierdie studie stel ondersoek in na die moontlikheid van tolking aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch, en meer spesifiek in die Fakulteit Lettere en Sosiale Wetenskappe. Die studie fokus op die ontvanklikheid vir en potensiaal van sodanige praktyk sowel as die logistiese implikasies daarvan. Buiten laasgenoemde fokus die studie ook daarop om die suksesse van asook struikelblokke in die toepassing van tolking tydens lesings vas te stel. Daar word gekyk na hoe die taalbeleid van die Universiteit met klaskamertolking skakel en of sodanige praktyk hoegenaamd haalbaar is in die betrokke fakulteit. Die empiriese gedeelte van die studie behels dat daar gedurende die eerste helfte van die eerste semester van 2010 ’n proef gedoen is in die Departement Maatskaplike Werk in die Fakulteit Lettere en Sosiale Wetenskappe ten einde die haalbaarheid van tolkpraktyk tydens lesings vas te stel. Daar is van ’n tolkdiens gebruik gemaak en daar is tydens verskillende geleenthede oor ’n bepaalde tydperk in ’n tweedejaars- sowel as ’n derdejaarsklas getolk. Die tipe tolking wat plaasgevind het, was fluistertolking met behulp van Sennheisertolktoerusting. Die studie bevind dat ’n tolkdiens tydens lesings wel moontlik is. Enkele oorkombare probleme is ook uitgelig. Die meerderheid studente wat aan die proef deelgeneem het, het ’n behoefte aan ’n tolkdiens, selfs al is hulle tevrede met die Universiteit se taalbeleid. Een van die gevolgtrekkings waartoe gekom word, is dat noue samewerking tussen die tolk en die dosent van kardinale belang is aangesien dit ’n vertrouensverhouding skep wat op sy beurt die suksesvolle toepassing van die tolkdiens help verseker.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / Blog by Johann de Lange: http://johanndelange.blogspot.com/ / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die term voyeurisme hoort normaalweg tuis binne die sielkunde, waar dit dui op 'n seksuele abnormaliteit en afwyking. Hierdie siening stigmatiseer egter die fenomeen voyeurisme as 'n perverse handeling. In die eerste hoofstuk van hierdie studie word 'n poging aangewend om die begrip voyeurisme te verruim. Die voyeurisme wys nie net op 'n seksuele afwyking nie, maar vorm 'n sentrale deel van die eietydse samelewing. Die voyeurisme is dus ook van kardinale belang vir die letterkunde. In hierdie tesis word die voyeuristiese elemente in die poësie van Johann de Lange ondersoek. Aan die hand van tekste uit De Lange se oeuvre word die hipotese getoets dat die voyeurisme 'n voorwaarde vir die letterkunde is. Voorts word daar beweer dat die voyeurisme 'n onmisbare funksie in die skryf-en-lees-proses vervul; dat nie net die digter nie, maar sowel die teks as die leser noodwendig deel in die voyeuristiese handeling. Die letterkunde is dus, volgens hierdie hipotese, te danke aan die perspektiwiese kompleksiteit van die voyeurisme. Om die sprong van die sielkunde na die letterkunde te maak, word daar eerstens aandag bestee aan die werk van die teoretici Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Lacan en Michel Foucault en die bydraes wat hulle tot die teoretisering oor persepsie lewer. Voorts word vier gedigte geanaliseer met konsentrasie op aspekte van die voyeurisme soos wat dit in De Lange se oeuvre manifesteer en funksioneer, naamlik: die skilderkuns, die fotografie, die religie en die verhouding tussen vader en seun. Hoewel hierdie tesis uitsluitlik oor die werk van Johann de Lange handel, wil dit 'n gesprek oor die voyeurisme in die Afrikaanse letterkunde tot stand bring. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The term voyeurism normally belongs to the field of psychology, where it is used to describe a sexual abnormality and deviation. However, this view stigmatises the phenomenon of voyeurism as a perverse act. In the first chapter of this study the author attempts to broaden the notion of voyeurism. Voyeurism not only indicates sexual deviation, it also forms a central part of contemporary society. Voyeurism is therefore also of the utmost importance in literature. In this thesis the voyeuristic elements in the poetry of Johann de Lange are examined. Using texts from De Lange's oeuvre the hypothesis that voyeurism is a condition for literature is tested. It is further argued that voyeurism fulfils an essential function in the reading and writing process; that, not only the poet, but both the text and the reader inevitably share in the voyeuristic action. Literature according to this hypothesis, has its origins in the perspective complexity of voyeurism. To explain the connection between psychology and literature attention is firstly devoted to the works of the theorists Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault and the contributions they made on perception. Further four poems are analysed in detail, with emphasis on aspects of voyeurism as they manifest and function in De Lange's oeuvre, namely: the art of painting, photography, religion and the relationship between father and son. Although this thesis deals exclusively with the work of Johann de Lange, it wants to bring about a discussion on voyeurism in the Afrikaans literature.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The decision to investigate the lexicographic representation of Kinyarwanda phrasemes has been motivated by two problems. Firstly, the compilers of Kinyarwanda general dictionaries do not take cognisance of the wide-ranging nature of Kinyarwanda phrasemes. As a result, the confusion of different types of phrasemes entails inadequate treatment of phraseology in Kinyarwanda dictionaries. Furthermore, some types of phrasemes are mistakenly left out or under-represented in Kinyarwanda dictionaries due to the fact that the multifaceted nature of Kinyarwanda phrasemes is not recognised. Secondly, the representation of phrasemes in current Kinyarwanda dictionaries is unsatisfactory as far as data presentation, distribution and accessibility is concerned. Therefore, not only is the multifaceted nature of phrasemes not reflected in the representation of phrasemes in Kinyarwanda dictionaries but Kinyarwanda dictionaries also fall short as far as the application of adequate metalexicographic principles and tools is concerned. It is anticipatively argued that the use of innovative tools and suggestions offered by the contemporary theoretical lexicography coupled with insights from the linguistic classification of phrasemes will enable a user-friendly presentation of phrasemes in general dictionaries of Kinyarwanda. This thesis attempts to bring solutions to these shortcomings by formulating theoretically motivated proposals for lexicographic representation of phraseological items in Kinyarwanda general dictionaries. To achieve this goal and in order to formulate a model for lexicographic representation of phrasemes this study uses a positivist approach and utilises two theories of lexicography, namely the functional theory of lexicography mainly developed by Bergenholtz and Tarp and the general theory of lexicography outlined by Wiegand. The theory of lexicographic functions provided this study with decisive heuristics such as the concept of user situation, lexicographic function and user profile that have been employed to devise a function-motivated model of lexicographic representation of different types of phrasemes. Insights from the theory of dictionary structures were used to determine how various dictionary structures could be used to position phrasemes in the dictionary so that easy access is secured. These theories helped formulate policies for inclusion and treatment of different classes of phrasemes taking into account the function that the dictionary is purported to fulfil and the role different structures of the dictionary play in user-friendly distribution of lexicographic data. In addition, this research relied on various sources of data and used a qualitative approach to data analysis and argument construction. In Chapter 3 the concept of phraseme in the framework of Meaning-Text linguistics is defined and various pitfalls in lexicographic representation of phrasemes in existing dictionaries of Kinyarwanda are addressed. In Chapter 4, proposals have been made regarding both straight lemmatisation and sublemmatisation of Kinyarwanda idioms in the central list whereby the proposed models have been evaluated taking into account different lexicographic functions. In addition, suggestions have been made as to how to use both the central list section and the outer texts, especially the back matter and the middle matter to present proverbs in general language dictionaries of Kinyarwanda. Further, a model for lexicographic presentation of collocations has been formulated in Chapter 5, taking into account four lexicographic functions: text production, text translation, text reception and cognitive-oriented dictionary. In this chapter it is shown what the representation of collocations could look like when satisfying each of the above-mentioned lexicographic functions. Finally two models for the lexicographic representation of pragmatemes or pragmatic phrasemes are proposed in Chapter 6. In this chapter, both the internal-article treatment of pragmatemes in the central list and the presentation of pragmatemes in the outer texts are discussed and evaluated. Chapter 7 outlines the summary of major research findings along with related recommendations on the lexicographic treatment of different types of phrasemes and assesses whether the initial research questions have been properly answered, while at the same time paving the way for further research and more comprehensive discussions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die besluit om die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van Kinyarwanda fraseme te ondersoek, word deur twee probleme gemotiveer. Eerstens word die uiteenlopende aard van Kinyarwanda fraseme nie deur die samestellers van algemene woordeboeke vir Kinyarwanda in ag geneem nie. Die verwarring van die verskillende tipes fraseme lei tot onvoldoende hantering van fraseologie in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke. Voorts word sekere tipes fraseme eenvoudig uit Kinyarwanda woordeboeke weggelaat of swak verteenwoordig, juis omdat die veelsydige aard van Kinyarwanda fraseme misgekyk word. Tweedens is die verteenwoordiging van fraseme in die bestaande Kinyarwanda woordeboeke onbevredigend wat betref die aanbod, verspreiding en toeganklikheid van data. Daarom word die veelsydige aard van fraseme nie net swak verteenwoordig in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke nie, maar sodanige woordeboeke skiet ook ver te kort wat die toepassing van voldoende metaleksikografiese beginsels en toepassings betref. Daar word vooruitskouend ‘n saak voor uitgemaak dat die gebruik van innoverende instrumente en voorstelle vanuit die kontemporêre teoretiese leksikografie tesame met insigte oor die linguistiese klassifikasie van fraseme, ‘n gebruikersvriendelike fraseemaanbod in Kinyarwanda algemene woordeboeke sal bewerkstellig. Hierdie tesis probeer om oplossings vir die tekortkominge te bied deur middel van teoreties gemotiveerde voorstelle vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseologiese items in Kinyarwanda algemene woordeboeke. Om hierdie doel te verwesenlik en om ‘n model vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseme te ontwikkel, word ‘n positivistiese benadering gevolg en word twee leskikografieteorieë, naamlik die funksionele teorie, hoofsaaklik ontwikkel deur Bergenholtz en Tarp, en die algemene leksikografieteorie soos uiteengesit deur Wiegand, toegepas. Die teorie van leksikografiese funksies het hierdie studie van bepalende, deurslaggewende riglyne voorsien, soos die konsep van die gebruiker se situasie, die leksikografiese funksie, en die gebruikersprofiel wat gebruik is om ‘n funksie-gemotiveerde model van leksikografiese verteenwoordiging vir die verskillende tipes fraseme op te stel. Daarbenewens is insigte uit die woordeboekstruktuurteorie aangewend om te bepaal hoe verskillende woordeboekstrukture gebruik kan word om fraseme sodanig in woordeboeke te posisioneer dat vinnige en maklike toegang verseker word. Hierdie teorieë het bygedra tot beleidsformulering vir die insluiting en hantering van verskillende klasse fraseme met inagname van die veronderstelde woordeboekfunksie en die rol wat verskillende woordeboekstrukture in die gebruikersvriendelike verspreiding van leksikografiese data speel. Die navorsing het ook op verskeie databronne staatgemaak en ‘n kwalitatiewe benadering tot data-analise en argumentkonstruksie is gebruik. In hoofstuk 3 is die konsep fraseem binne die raamwerk van die linguistiese teorie van Meaning-Text (Betekenis-Teks) gedefinieer en verskeie slaggate in die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseme in bestaande Kinyarwanda woordeboeke word ondersoek. In hoofstuk 4 word voorstelle ten opsigte van die gewone lemmatisering en sublemmatisering van Kinyarwanda idiome in die sentrale lys bespreek en die voorgestelde modelle word geёvalueer met inagname van die verskillende leksikografiese funksies. Daarbenewens word voorstelle gemaak oor hoe om sowel die sentrale lys as die buitetekste, veral die agter- en middelteks, te gebruik om spreekwoorde in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke vir algemene taal aan te bied. ‘n Model vir die leksikografiese voorstelling van kollokasies word in hoofstuk 5 geformuleer. Vier leksikografiese funksies word in ag geneem, naamlik teksproduksie, teksvertaling, teksresepsie en kognitief-georiёnteerde woordeboeke. Daar word aangetoon hoe kollokasies verteenwoordig kan word sodat elk van die bogenoemde leksikografiese funksies in ag geneem word. Twee modelle vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van pragmateme of pragmatiese fraseme word in hoofstuk 6 voorgestel. Sowel die interne-artikelhantering van pragmateme as die hantering van pragmateme in die buitetekste word bespreek en evalueer. Ten slotte word die belangrikste navorsingsresultate saam met ander voorstelle ten opsigte van die leksikografiese hantering van verskillende tipes fraseme in hoofstuk 7 uitgelig. Daar word ook gekyk of die navorsingsvrae behoorlik beantwoord is, terwyl die weg gebaan word vir verdere navorsing en meer omvattende bespreking.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 1981. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the microfiche copy. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming