Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AngeloFrancoNRibeiro_parte1.pdf: 282058 bytes, checksum: 60dd358c085dbf6e4273edeee47abd75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / The interest in this subject, came with the intention of conciliate the researched thematic in graduation, mainly, in the final paper of it, when we use GIS tools to study watersheds. These same tools were utilized to spatialize the implantation process of a Conservation Unity and your consequences for socials groups living in and surrounding the area, with this objective, we defined to study the Serra da Bodoquena National Park and the Canaã Settlement. From the thematic and discussions realized in the Territory and Ambient research group, where the discussion are related to territorial transformation caused by tourism and the implantation of conservation unities and your conflicts. This paper aims to analyze the Serra da Bodoquena National Park implantation and your socio-environmental consequences to the Rural Settlement Canaã, in the review of transformation of public in private, considering the use of soil as element of geographical analysis. The study area is the Serra da Bodoquena National Park, created in 2000, with a area of 76.481 hectares, located in Bodoquena Plateau, range of Brazil/Paraguay border, and designed by technical studies realized by IBAMA and Universities of the region, which substantiate the decision of protect the area, moreover, public hearing were realized to listen to the local community. The Rural Settlement Canaã was created in 80s, and the settlers were given the final title in 2002. It is located around the Park, so that 34 lots are within the Park, generating different praticses in the area, what promotes the conflict between the settlers and the environmental conservation. These two projects (Park and settlement) are State policies, being the Settlement Canaã, a consolidated project before the creation of National Park. During the research it was found two salient points: in one hand the Canaã Settlement, of the 80s, implanted in a forestry reserve , because in that time the area was covered by forest; in the other hand, the Serra da Bodoquena National Park, created in the early 2000s, full of contradictions and dispute. This impasse persists until today, after approximately a decade of creation, and and seeks to separate the settlers from their lots, in other words, the fragmentation of man and nature, and it is believed that this way the Park will be protected / O interesse por este tema surgiu com a intenção de conciliar a temática pesquisada na graduação e, principalmente, no trabalho de final de graduação, quando fizemos o uso de ferramentas de geoprocessamento para estudo de bacias hidrográficas. Optou-se por utilizar essas mesmas ferramentas para espacializar o processo de implantação de uma Unidade de Conservação e suas consequências para os grupos sociais residentes na área e entorno, com este objetivo definiu-se para estudo o Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena e o Assentamento Canaã. A partir da temática e das discussões realizadas no grupo de pesquisas Território e Ambiente em que as discussões são relativas às transformações territoriais provocadas pelo turismo e implantação de unidades de conservação e seus conflitos. Este trabalho objetiva analisar a implantação do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena e as consequências sócioambientais para o Assentamento Rural Canaã, na perspectiva da análise da transformação do público em privado, considerando o uso do solo como elemento de análise geográfica. A área de estudo é o Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena, criado no ano de 2000, com uma área de 76.481 hectares, localizado no Planalto da Bodoquena, faixa de fronteira Brasil/Paraguai, e idealizado por meio de estudos técnicos realizados pelo IBAMA e por Universidades da região, que fundamentaram a decisão de proteger esta região, além disso também realizaram-se audiências públicas para ouvir a comunidade local. O Assentamento Rural Canaã foi criado na década de 1980, e os assentados receberam o título definitivo em 2002. Localiza-se no entorno do Parque, de forma que 34 lotes estão dentro do Parque, gerando diferentes práticas na área, o que promove o conflito entre assentados e a conservação ambiental. Os dois projetos (assentamento e parque) são políticas do Estado, sendo o Assentamento Canaã um projeto consolidado antes da criação do Parque Nacional. Durante a pesquisa, constatou-se dois pontos marcantes: de um lado o Assentamento Canaã do início da década de 1980, implantado em uma reserva florestal , pois na época a área era coberta por mata; de outro lado, o Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena, criado no início dos anos 2000 carregado de contradição e disputas. Este impasse perdura até o momento, contado, aproximadamente, uma década de criação, e busca-se a separação dos assentados de seus lotes, ou seja, a fragmentação do homem e natureza, e acredita-se que dessa forma o Parque estará protegido

As causas relacionadas ao desmatamento que ocorre na região Amazônica estão vinculadas aos diferentes usos e ocupações dessa área, entre eles os assentamentos rurais implantados pelo INCRA. Desta forma, com um estudo de escala local, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar quais são os fatores sociais, econômicos e institucionais que influenciam no uso da terra e no desmatamento no Projeto de Assentamento Matupi, localizado no município de Manicoré, sul do estado do Amazonas. Para a avaliação das mudanças no uso da terra e do desmatamento foram utilizadas as informações geradas pelo PRODES/INPE no período de 2000-2010. As características sócio-econômicas foram levantadas a partir da aplicação de 121 questionários com os responsáveis pelo lote no assentamento Matupi. Utilizou-se o Modelo de Regressão Multivariada (MRM) para selecionar as variáveis sociais, institucionais e econômicas (variáveis independentes) que explicam o uso da terra e o desmatamento (variável dependente) no PA Matupi. No período analisado observou-se que a conversão de áreas de floresta em uso da terra tem aumentado no PA Matupi e para os lotes da amostra de 121 entrevistados, 90,9% dos responsáveis pelo lote utilizam mais de 20% de sua área, principalmente com a atividade da pecuária. Das 28 variáveis independentes, apenas atividade atual do lote, assistência técnica, utilização de equipamentos e máquinas, responsável pelo lote, local de moradia antes da chegada ao assentamento, origem dos responsáveis pelo lote, produtos comercializados e comercialização dos produtos foram selecionadas para explicar o uso da terra e o desmatamento na área estudada. Desta forma, estudos locais e que integrem os fatores sociais, institucionais e econômicos são necessários para se avaliar a real contribuição dos projetos de assentamentos do INCRA no desmatamento da região, contribuindo para o planejamento de novos assentamentos na região, que visem ao desenvolvimento social, econômico e ambiental. / Causes related to the deforestation in the Amazon region are linked to different uses and occupations of this area, including rural settlements implemented by Incra. Thus, through a local-scale study, the objective of this research was to investigate which are the social, economic and institutional influences on land use and deforestation in Matupi Settlement Project, in the municipality of Manicoré, in the southern region of the state of Amazonas. For the assessment of changes in land use and deforestation, information generated by PRODES / INPE, in the period 2000-2010, were used. The social-economic characteristics were obtained from the application of 121 questionnaires with those responsible for the lot in the Matupi settlement. We used the Multivariate Regression Model (MRM) to select the variables social, institutional and economic factors (independent variables) that explain land use and deforestation (dependent variable) in PA Matupi. The analysis showed that the conversion of forest land to use has increased in Matupi PA and for 121 respondents, 90.9% use more than 20% of the lot, especially with the activity of livestock. Of the 28 independent variables, only the current activity in the lot, technical assistance, use of equipment and machinery, responsible for the lot, place of residence before arriving at the settlement, origin of the responsible for the plot, and marketing of products and marketed products have been selected to explain the land use and deforestation in the area. Thus, local studies integrating social, economic and institutional factors are needed to assess the real contribution of the INCRA settlement projects in the deforestation of the region, contributing to the planning of new settlements in the region, aimed at the social, economic and environmental development.

Este estudo tem como ponto central a análise da escravidão temporária no campo brasileiro, relação de trabalho coercitiva e violenta a que estão sujeitos os peões contratados para as chamadas empreitas, como a derrubada de mata ou a limpeza de pasto, principalmente em latifúndios da fronteira agrícola amazônica. Defendemos a noção de escravidão temporária porque ela realça o cerne dessa relação: o tempo em que o empregador se julga no direito de controlar não apenas a força de trabalho, mas também a vida e o corpo do seu empregado como se ele fosse de fato uma mercadoria. Mas é importante ressalvar que, nos dias de hoje, a noção de escravidão também assume um significado político, caracterizando relações de trabalho que seriam mais bem definidas como superexploração. A discussão sobre a persistência de relações escravistas de trabalho sob o modo capitalista de produção nos dias de hoje é feita à luz de um estudo de caso sobre a desapropriação da fazenda Cabaceiras, localizada em Marabá, no sudeste do Pará, ocupada pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), em 1999. Do ponto de vista do marco legal, trata-se da primeira desapropriação de um imóvel rural em toda a história do país motivada pelo desrespeito à função social, como prevê a Constituição Federal, em decorrência da exploração contínua de trabalho em condições análogas à de escravo, como tipifica o Código Penal Brasileiro fato ocorrido enquanto uma pequena parte da fazenda já se encontrava sob domínio MST. Porém, apesar das graves irregularidades, a verdade é que o Projeto de Assentamento 26 de Março, criado oficialmente apenas em 2008 em substituição à fazenda Cabaceiras, só saiu do papel graças à pressão do movimento social de luta pela reforma agrária. / This master dissertation focuses on the analysis of temporary slavery in Brazilian rural. Its a coercive and violent work relationship that victimizes the rural workers hired to temporary jobs, such as forest cutting and pasture clearing, mainly in Amazon great landed estates. The concept of temporary slavery emphasizes the core attribute of this work relationship: the period that the employer controls the life and the body of his employee, and not only his labour power, turning him into a commodity. Its important to note that slave labour nowadays has also a political meaning and quite often describes work relationships that would be better defined as overexploitation. This issue is discussed through a case study about the expropriation of Cabaceiras farm, in Marabá (Southeast of Pará state), which was occupied in 1999 by MST (landless rural workers movement). Legally speaking, it was the first time in brazilian history that a expropriation process of a farm was justified by the disrespect of its social function, as envisaged by the federal Constitution, due to the exploitation of employment in condition similar to slave labour, as defined by the Brazilian Criminal Code. The temporary slavery in Cabaceiras occurred when part of the farm was already occupied by MST. However, in this case, the truth is that the agrarian reform and the creation of settlement 26 de Março just happened because of the landless people movement efforts.

Orientador: Edmundo Fernandes Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T15:08:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Farias_LuizFelipeFerrariCerqueirade_M.pdf: 4578712 bytes, checksum: 74320b4456fdeabb5c554c44aee94d81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo deste texto é investigar as diferentes frações da classe trabalhadora subordinada ao capital agroindustrial no complexo citrícola paulista: pequenos produtores familiares de laranjas, assalariados rurais e assalariados industriais. Propomo-nos analisar as continuidades e descontinuidades sociais e políticas existentes entre estas diferentes frações, com o propósito de apreender a classe trabalhadora que compõe este complexo enquanto uma totalidade concreta. Para tanto, destacaremos e analisaremos trechos de entrevistas com múltiplos sujeitos que têm seu sobre trabalho explorado pelo capital agroindustrial citrícola no estado de São Paulo: pequenos produtores de laranjas que mantêm seu modo de vida e trabalho familiares; pequenos produtores de laranjas em acentuado processo de proletarização; pequenos proprietários ou posseiros migrantes que se assalariam periodicamente em lavouras paulistas; assalariados rurais manuais com e sem registro em carteira; operadores de máquinas agrícolas e transportadores de laranjas às agroindústrias; trabalhadores de chão de fábrica terceirizados ou efetivos, safristas ou permanentes. A partir da reprodução de citações o mais próxima possível à fala destes trabalhadores entrevistados, buscaremos analisar as tendências e contra-tendências de sua consciência a respeito das contradições a que estão submetidos e as múltiplas estratégias coletivas e individuais por eles acionadas para contorná-las / Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to investigate different fractions of the working class subordinated to capital within the citric agroindustrial complex in São Paulo. We intend to analyze the social and political continuities and discontinuities among family citriculturists, rural wage workers and industrial wage workers. To do so, we will transcribe and examine interviews with multiple subjects exploited by the citric agroindustrial capital: small citriculturists who maintain their family way of work and life; small citriculturists in intensive process of proletarianization; squatters who periodically migrate to become wage earners in São Paulo; rural laborers and agricultural machine operators; truck drivers who transport oranges into the industries; industrial workers hired permanently or temporarily, etc. We will analyze the tendencies and counter-tendencies of their speech regarding the contradictions to which they are submitted, as well as the collective and individual strategies which they mobilize in response / Mestrado / Sociologia / Mestre em Sociologia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Antonio_Maciel_Botelho_Machado.pdf: 16459865 bytes, checksum: 9baf4ce997fe5629e8decb68d528dbff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-24 / This research aimed to build knowledge about the forest by studying sustainability indicators of the legaly protected reserve ( reserva legal ) of the agrarian reform rural settlement Olga Benário, in Santa Tesersa do Sul, Western Paraná State, Southern Brazil. It has Marx's historical materialism as guideline, though considering rural dweller's praxis in their productive action over the land and in their reflections together with the researcher. The starting point was the social representations about the living site and a new approach was built through debates, site visits, colective practices. This new approach afforded a perspective of totality which was able to include the legal reserve in the project of the rural settlement. After defining this totality as an agroecosystem and expliciting their possibilities and limits in what they projected for it, it was able to define the level of sustainability they wished to the reserva legal as part of the system. We confirmed the initial statement that a participative research process would lead to build new knowledge about the forest, among settled members of Brazilian Landless Workers' Movement (MST). This was confirmed by the final capacity of the group in defining the sustainability levels they wished, in drawing activities for the future, and in involving themselves immediately in practices of forest restoration in their reserve. The matrix of sustainability indicators of the reserve of the settlement that was built by the group was seen as processual, dynamic and transitory once any future intervention in the agroecosystem, including the forest subsystem, would result in new social representations as a caleidoscope. These new representations, by their turn, will orient new knowledge and practices which will themselves constitute, dialectly, new social contexts, what will demand new studies and practices by this social group. / No sentido de construir um saber sobre a floresta a partir do estudo dos indicadores de sustentabilidade da reserva legal do assentamento Olga Benário, em Santa Tereza do Oeste, estado do Paraná, a presente pesquisa teve por base o materialismo histórico, considerando a práxis dos assentados em seus fazeres produtivos na terra e nas suas reflexões com o pesquisador coordenador. Partiu-se das representações sociais do lugar ocupado e, através do debate, visitas, práticas coletivas, foi sendo construído um novo olhar sobre esse lugar, uma visão de totalidade, que pôde incluir a reserva legal no projeto do assentamento. Definindo a totalidade estudada com os assentados como um agroecossistema e explicitando com eles suas possibilidades e limites dentro daquilo que projetavam para ele, foi possível definir o nível de sustentabilidade que desejavam para a Reserva Legal como parte do sistema. Constatou-se que o pressuposto inicial da investigação, ou seja, em um processo participativo de pesquisa dos indicadores de sustentabilidade da Reserva Legal com assentados do MST, se produziria um novo saber sobre a floresta entre estes sujeitos, ficou confirmado pela capacidade final do grupo de definir os níveis de sustentabilidade desejado: traçar atividades para o futuro e de se envolver imediatamente em práticas de recuperação da reserva. A matriz dos indicadores de sustentabilidade da Reserva Legal do assentamento a que o grupo chegou foi vista como processual, dinâmica e provisória, uma vez que qualquer intervenção futura no agroecossistema, incluindo nele o subsistema florestal, acarretará novas representações sociais, como um caleidoscópio que, por sua vez, orientará novas práticas e saberes que constituirão, dialeticamente, novos contextos sociais, demandando novos estudos e práticas por parte deste grupo social.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / This study explored value-chain governance in the Tugela Ferry Irrigation Scheme in KwaZulu-Natal, and presents data on input markets, vegetable production and output markets. Rural poverty is a major problem in post-apartheid South Africa, and smallholder agriculture has been identified by the Economic Development Department as a key component of its New Growth Path framework. Some scholars argue that since water is a scarce resource, irrigation farming should form a key focus of pro-poor land redistribution policy. The 1994 democratic dispensation saw the dismantling of the agricultural homeland parastatals which managed these schemes, causing them to collapse or near collapse. Yet they may have the potential to reduce rural poverty. While markets are key for viable production of fresh produce, some scholars assert that globally, input suppliers, food processors and supermarkets dominate the agro-food industry resulting in negative outcomes for smallholder producers. In South Africa, four major supermarkets (which together claim 55% of retail market share) were in the past located mainly in cities, but the trend now is that they are moving to small towns and townships. There are documented cases where pro-poor governance of fresh produce value chains has resulted in positive outcomes in South Africa. The re-governing markets concept which postulates that a multi-stakeholder approach to making the governance of agricultural value chains pro-poor, is offered as a solution to reducing poverty. This thesis argues that the incorporation of smallholder farmers into modern markets remains ineffective in dealing with poverty because it includes only a few smallholder farmers and those included face exclusion when they are exposed to harsh market conditions.

Orientador: Ricardo Abid Castillo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Altineus_Francky_M.pdf: 2300700 bytes, checksum: eaa3fb15e0508eee164038b31bb7665a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Résumé: L'objectif général de ce travail consiste à analyser l'espace agraire haïtien, tout en considérant la production du riz dans le département de l'Artibonite comme le point essentiel. Ce travail est organisé selon trois parties: la première partie s'intéresse à étudier la production agricole et les principales caractéristiques des campagnes haïtiennes. Et, elle nous propose d'identifier un certain nombre de blocage naturel et historique qui entravent la modernisation de l'agriculture haïtienne et le développement du pays, comme les conditions naturelles défavorables, les inégalités sociales et économiques structurelles et faible intervention de l'État dans ce domaine. Dans la deuxième partie, nous analysons la question agraire dans le pays, qui a été toujours un problème particulièrement crucial dans l'histoire économique et sociale du pays depuis son accession à l'indépendance en 1804 à nos jours. Dans la troisième partie, on propose une étude sur la production du riz dans le département de l'Artibonite. Notre étude nous montre malgré les contraintes structurelles et naturelles rencontrées dans la production du riz, la Vallée de l'Artibonite joue un rôle important en matière d'approvisionnement en riz local / Resumo: O objetivo geral deste trabalho é analisar o espaço agrário no Haiti, considerando a produção de arroz no departamento de Artibonite como ponto principal. Este trabalho está dividido em três partes: a primeira se interessa em estudar a produção agrícola e as principais características do campo haitiano. Ela nos permite identificar um conjunto de problemas naturais e históricos que prejudicam a modernização da agricultura haitiana e o desenvolvimento do país. Problemas como condições naturais desfavoráveis, desigualdades sociais e econômicas estruturais e inanição do Estado no setor agrário. Na segunda parte, analisamos a questão agrária no país, que tem sido sempre uma questão particularmente importante na história social e econômica do país desde a sua independência em 1804 até hoje. Na terceira parte, propomos um estudo sobre a produção de arroz no departamento de Artibonite. Nosso estudo mostra que apesar dos problemas estruturais e naturais na produção de arroz, o Vale do Artibonite desempenha um papel importante no abastecimento local de arroz / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

Entre 1988 et 2008, les Philippines ont mis en oeuvre le Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) qui visait à redistribuer 9 million d‟hectares de terres agricoles aux paysans sans terre. En dépit des échappatoires du programme et d‟une structure sociale très inégale qui freinent sa mise en oeuvre, ce modèle de réforme agraire présente des résultats surprenants alors que 82% des terres ont été redistribuées. Concernant les terres plus litigieuses appartenant à des intérêts privés, Borras soutient que le succès surprenant de plusieurs cas de luttes agraires s‟explique par l‟utilisation de la stratégie bibingka qui consiste à appliquer de la pression par le bas et par le haut afin de forcer la redistribution. Sa théorie cependant ne donne que peu de détails concernant les éléments qui rendent un cas plus ou moins litigieux. Elle ne traite pas non plus de la manière dont les éléments structurels et l‟action collective interagissent pour influencer le résultat des luttes agraires. Dans ce mémoire, nous nous attardons d‟abord à la manière dont certains éléments structurels – le type de récolte et le type de relation de production - influencent le degré de résistance des propriétaires terriens face aux processus du CARP, contribuant ainsi à rendre les cas plus ou moins litigieux. Ensuite nous analysons l‟influence du contexte structurel et des stratégies paysannes sur le résultat de la mise en oeuvre du programme de réforme agraire. Pour répondre à nos deux questions de recherche, nous présentons quatre études de cas situés dans la province de Cebu. / Between 1988 and 2008, the Philippines have been implementing the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) which aimed at redistributing 9 million hectares of agricultural land to landless peasants. Despite the loopholes of the program and the highly unequal social structure which constrain the implementation, this land reform program shows a positively surprising rate of accomplishment of 82% after 20 years. On the more contentious private agricultural land, Borras has argued that the unexpected successful outcome of various land struggles can be explained by the peasants reliance on the bibingka strategy which consists in applying pressure from below and from above to push for land redistribution. His theory however does not go into details about what makes a case more or less contentious, and on how agency and structure interact to influence the outcome of particular land struggles. In this thesis, we first look at how structural features – namely the type of crop produced and the tenurial status of farmers – influence the strength of landowner resistance to key CARP processes of land reform, thus contributing to make a case more or less contentious. Then we analyze the combined influence of the structural setting of the case and of the strategy used by peasants on the implementation outcome of land reform. To address our two main research questions, we present four case studies from the province of Cebu.

M.A. Faculty of Humanties, University of the Witwatersrand / The racial discrimination under colonialism and apartheid culminated to the dispossession of black people from their land, and to unequal land distribution between black and white people. Territorial segregation during this period was not only about the displacement of black people from their land and their deprivation to equal access to land compared to their white counterparts, it was also about economic deprivation, eradication of subsistence agriculture and the transformation of blacks into wage labourers (Hall, 2004; Walker, 2008).The post-apartheid land reform process was initiated to redress the injustices and inequalities of the past. It took a market-driven approach to blend the objectives of land reform with those of national reconciliation and maintenance of food security (DLA, 1997). The land reform process took a form of restoring land to its original owners who were forcefully removed from it after June 1913 or compensation if land could not be restored. It was also aimed at securing tenure rights for farm workers, labour tenants, farm dwellers and people residing in communal areas. The aims of the third part of the land reform programme was to redistribute 30% of commercial farms in white hands to black people with the view of redressing racial disparities in landholding. As early as in the initial stages of the development of South Africa’s land policy in the early 1990s, scholars and civil society groups warned about the ineffectiveness of the market to deliver on land reform objectives. This paper adopts a case study approach to study the South African land reform process in relation to the notion of empowerment. It focuses on the Land Reform for Agricultural Development (LRAD) sub-programme by looking at the intersection between race, gender and class. Bambanani Fruits (Pty) Ltd, an LRAD project based in the Gauteng province is used as a case study. This is an LRAD Equity Scheme project, meaning that its beneficiaries (who are former workers on the farm) acquired an LRAD grant to purchase equity shares to be co-owners of the project. Bambanani Fruits is a successful project considering its productivity and access to the market. This paper investigates how much LRAD beneficiaries are part of this success i.e. whether they have agency, whether they feel a sense of ownership and control of the project, and the extent at which they take part in decision making in the project. This task is carried out through the application of Kabeer’s (1999) instrumentalist model of measuring empowerment. Kabeer states that empowerment is measured by looking at three aspects, namely; resources, agency and achievement. Kabeer’s model is applied to the data which was collected through various means including in depth interviews with Bambanani LRAD beneficiaries and land officials from the province, document analysis and review of existing scholarly work on land reform. It is well documented that South Africa’s land reform process has been very slow in delivering to its objectives, and departmental reports used in this paper also confirm this assertion. The research results reveal that even though more land was transferred under LRAD, the sub-programme also encountered some of the challenges and hindrances faced by its predecessor Settlement/Land Acquisition Grant (SLAG). It faced budgetary constraints, complexities of the land market such as price restrictions and resistance by land owners to cede land, and so on. Generally, it was found that LRAD tended to entrench race, gender and class disparities in landholding. At Bambanani, I discovered that LRAD has affected beneficiaries differently. The sub-programme has stratified these beneficiaries into competing class factions. Divergent interests have emerged to distort the actual meaning of empowerment. I have labelled this tension a ‘dichotomous factionalism’. The struggle and conflict is caught up between beneficiaries themselves, and their disunity has left the hegemony of the farm’s management unchallenged. I argue that, their empowerment is firstly condemned from within and this internal condemnation limits their negotiating power with the management. Secondly, their empowerment is curtailed by the farm’s management in such as way that it sometimes uses its majority shares to justify unilateral decision making. According to Kabeer, empowerment ought to encompass egalitarian decision making. Respondents have reported this is not always being the case at Bambanani. One group of participants complained about how things have remained the same on the farm despite the acquisition of LRAD shares to co-own the farm. Another group which is mostly comprised by trust members argued that things have changed for the better compared to the period prior to the attainment of these equity shares. In doing so, this group blames the discontent group for the lack of commitment to the project and for being after money over the interest of the project. The discontent group has also complained that the trust is not representing their interests to the management, and whenever they lay complaints there are often threats of expulsion. Apart from the above mentioned conflict of interests amongst Bambanani beneficiaries, positive elements were also discovered where beneficiaries agreed on some areas of dissatisfaction. I have labelled this a Collective Discontent Spectacle. The plight of beneficiaries is caused by the lack of adequate exposure to the business side of the farm’s operation and the lack of delivery on houses which were promised to them by the management as part of the shareholding package. Having considered the Bambanani case and other literature on LRAD, I concluded that LRAD has failed to fulfil empowerment requirements as per Kabeer’s model.

Orientador: Bernardo Mançano Fernandes / Banca: Luis Tapia Mealla / Banca: Antonio Thomaz Júnior / Resumo: O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar o processo da descolonização/desabigarramiento do território desde as lutas e resistências dos povos e desde um campo político, a Assembléia Constituinte (2006-2008), onde a disputa do território é a base da construção da sociedade e do estado na Bolívia. O estudo coloca o analise no momento constitutivo, o qual surge das lutas anticoloniais e anticapitalistas que põem a crise o modelo do estado e da sociedade, onde o epicentro destas lutas e o mundo agrário, cujos tecidos societários comunitários e outras formas de organização interpelam o núcleo da dominação (TAPIA, 2005) colocando no debate a compreensão unilinear do território como dispositivo da dominação. A abordagem deste debate inicia-se na compreensão da Bolívia como uma formação social abigarrada (ZAVALETA, 1986), expressado em um estado e um território monocultural que se cimenta sobre a diversidade territorial pré-existente ao fato da invasão. O processo desencadeado pelos povos planteia avançar no desabigarramento do território, colocando em debate a compreensão do território único e a qualidade política como condição inerente só ao estado / Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el proceso de descolonización/desabigarramiento del territorio desde las luchas y resistencias de los pueblos como desde un campo político, la Asamblea Constituyente (2006/2008), que disputa el territorio como base de la construcción de la sociedad y el estado en Bolivia. El estudio sitúa su análisis en un momento constitutivo, que se constituye a partir de las luchas anticoloniales y anticapitalistas que ponen en crisis al modelo de estado y sociedad, donde el epicentro de estas luchas es el mundo agrario, que a través de sus tejidos societales comunitarios y otras formas de organización han interpelado el núcleo de la dominación (TAPIA, 2005) poniendo en debate la comprensión unilineal del territorio como dispositivo de la dominación. Abordamos este debate partiendo de la comprensión de que Bolivia tiene una formación social abigarrada (ZAVALETA, 1986), que da paso a la formación de un estado y territorio monocultural que se ancla sobre la diversidad territorial preexistente al hecho de la invasión. El proceso desatado por los pueblos plantea avanzar en el desabigarramiento del territorio, poniendo en debate la comprensión de territorio único y de la cualidad política como condición intrínseca solo al estado / The goal of the research is to analyze the territory decolonization process from the resistance and struggle of the indigenous people, as from a political field, the Constituent Assembly (2006-2008), where the territory dispute is the basis for building the society and state in Bolivia. This study places its analysis in the constituent moment, located in the anticapitalist and anticolonial fights that shows the model of society and state crisis, where the center of these fights is the agrarian world, whose social community texture and other forms of organization challenge the very center of dominance (TAPIA, 2005), placing a debate over the unilateral understanding of the territory as a dispositive of dominance. The approach to this debate begins with the understanding that Bolivia has an abigarrada social formation (ZAVALETA, 1986), which in turn produce a monocultural estate and territory overlapped on the pre-existing territorial diversity to the fact of invasion. The process initiated by the indigenous people looks forward to strengthening the territory decolonization process, facing the debate over the unique understanding of territory and its political quality only as a state intrinsic condition / Mestre