My thesis concerns with a new phenomenon of the ICT industry -- cloud computing. The thesis is based on the fact that requirements of the customers on the cloud may differ, there is a significant difference between requirements of individuals and institutions (SMB, large companies or public institutions). In this regard, the thesis differentiates the cloud services for private and institutional use. The theoretical part of the thesis concerns with the definition of basic terms and history of cloud computing. Further, I define the cloud distribution model and its segmentation according to the method of deployment. The security represents another important factor, as it is the most important factor for the decision making on the transition to the cloud. Finally, there are other factors such as legal aspects, change of business processes, audit, governance and future development of cloud computing. The practical part concerns with complex analysis of the cloud market offer via cloud providers and its complex monitoring. As already mentioned, I differentiate the market offer for private and institutional use. The analysis of advantages and disadvantages of individual's and company's transition to the cloud and comparison of specific requirements of individuals and companies are another outcomes from this analysis.

The theme of this work is "Franchising as a form of business on the example of selected company" - Coffeeshop Company. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the concept of franchising to the case of Coffeeshop Company. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with basic concepts, characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of franchising as a form of business. The second chapter is devoted to the legal aspects: legislation changes introduced by the new Civil Code, establishing a franchise company and franchise agreement. The third chapter is devoted to presentation of Coffeeshop Company, its products, franchise concept. In the second part of the chapter there is a questionnaire survey among franchisees, which is followed by recommendations for improving cooperation between the franchisor and franchisees.

This essay deal with implementation of the Incident management as one of the possible means to minimize risks and losses arising from failures in the organization’s infrastructure and inaccessibility of their "business-critical" applications. It focuses primarily on the organization focused on electronic commerce.

In this thesis, we look into the problem of forming and maintaining good committees that can represent a distributed network. The solution to this problem can be used as a sub-routine for Byzantine Agreement that only costs sub-quadratic message complexity. Most importantly, we make no cryptographic assumptions such as the Random Oracle assumption and the existence of private channels. However, we do assume the network to be peer-to-peer, where a message receiver knows who the message sender is. Under the synchronous full information model, our solution is to utilize an approximating disperser for selecting a good next committee with high probability, repeatedly. We consider several existing theoretical constructions (randomized and deterministic) for approximating dispersers, and examine the practical applicability of them, while improving constants for some constructions. This algorithm is robust against a semi-adaptive adversary who can decide the set of nodes to corrupt periodically. Thus, a new committee should be selected before the current committee gets corrupted. We also prove some constructions that do not work practically for our scenario. / Graduate

Magister Legum - LLM / Global climate change is a serious, severe, and potentially irreversible problem. If no actions are taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, global temperatures and sea levels will rise, wreaking havoc on earth, particularly in developing countries. The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 facilitated the first international consensus concerning the application of CBDR to international environmental problems. This was in reaction to the developing countries refusal to adhere to the same standards as the developed countries as they perceived this as a burden to their economic growth, which is unjust due to the developed countries historical culpability.

Abstract_Dissertation Martin Krčmář Program of Study: Theoretical Legal Sciences - European Law Dissertation topic: Competition Law Aspects of the EU Trade Agreement with Peru and Colombia Student: Mgr. Martin Krčmář Dissertation Abstract The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the Competition Law provisions of the Trade Agreement between the European Union, Peru and Colombia (Agreement) and to assess their relevance and expectations related therewith. Within the text of this dissertation I provide general explanation on the role of the Competition Law provisions in international free trade agreements and reasons for including them in this type of international arrangements. Likewise, in the initial part of this work I provide a brief overview concerning the characteristics of the Agreement and its place in the EU legislation hierarchy with regard to its content, bodies responsible for the negotiation and an involvement of the Member States in the final approval thereof. Given the general aspect of individual Competition Law provisions of the Agreement I have focused on providing a detailed analysis on every single provision in question. I took the specific character of all jurisdictions involved as well as their geopolitical and socio - economic environment as a main starting point for this work. By...

Background: Measuring CD4 levels is the key laboratory investigation for decision making when initiating HAART, a tertiary prevention measure to reduce HIV/AIDS mortality and morbidity. Inherent biological and analytical variability is common during CD4 enumeration. We cannot control biological variation but how significant is analytical variation to clinical decision making. Objectives: To quantify inter and intra laboratories analytical variation of CD4 counts and percentages and to determine the degree to which time lapse after sample collection contributes to the analytical coefficient of variation (CV%).To estimate the extent of disease misclassification due to CD4 variability if CD4 < 350cells/mm3. Setting: This study was conducted at the HIV clinics of RSSC Hospital, a sugar-cane estate health institution located on the north-east of Swaziland, in Lubombo district, the worst affected by HIV/AIDS in Swaziland. The laboratories involved were Lancet, Good Shepherd (GSH) and National Reference (NRL) laboratories. Study design and method: An analytical diagnostic, cross-sectional (observational) study was used in this study. Using a convenience sampling technique and after obtaining consent from participants, blood was collected in EDTA tubes and sub-divided into three samples, each for Lancet, GSH and NRL. The samples were further split into two at each respective laboratory, one of which was run at 12hours and the other at 24hours from the time of sample collection. Main outcome measures: Student t-test; analytical coefficient of variation (CV%); Bland and Altman (BA) method bias and limits of confidence; BA plots and percentage difference plots; concordance correlation, Pearson and Kappa coefficients; McNemar test for comparison of paired proportion. Results: Fifty three participants consented for participation and of these twenty eight participants were male. The mean CD4 was 373.4 cells/mm3 for Lancet, 395.9 cells/mm3 for NRL and 439.2 cells/mm3 for GSH and subsequent paired t-test revealed some inherent variability. The CV% for CD4 count was 3.5%, 8.4% and 20.1 whilst bias was 7.0, 13.5 and 8.2 for NRL, Lancet and GSH respectively. CD4% had even stronger CV% for all three laboratories. Inter-laboratory bias for Lancet/NRL was -31.5; -64.3 for Lancet/GSH and -38.2 for NRL/GSH at 12hours for CD4 count with only Lancet/GSH having a clinically interchangeable limit of agreement. At 24hours, the trends were similar, possibly confirming stability of CD4 between 12 and 24hours. An assessment of disease misclassification at HAART initiation threshold was performed. The agreement was 81.1% for Lancet/NRL, 88.7% for Lancet/GSH and 77.4% for NRL/GSH corresponding to Kappa values of 0.64, 0.77 and 0.55 respectively. McNemar test for paired proportions revealed that there were no differences between the laboratories when it came to initiating HAART. Conclusions: whilst intra-laboratory variability is minimal, there is some significant inter-laboratory variation of CD4 count and CD4% at the laboratories used in Swaziland. Swaziland should ensure standard SOPs, on -going training and continuous quality improvements for all national laboratories and ensure standards are on par with international recommendations. The national HIV guidelines should possibly enforce two different CD4 counts in decision making to reduce systematic errors. Meanwhile, clinicians should continue to use their clinical judgment in cases of suspicious CD4 count results. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / Unrestricted

In 2015, the COP21 creates a new hybrid mode of multilateral governance, which aims to make the action of non-states actors a bridge between the political commitments and the government’s actions. The business world is one of these actors with ambitious new roles to implement the Paris Agreements and its NDCs. Yet it seems that nobody has yet questioned whether companies can also act as leaders at their level or at least help their country/organisation to take the lead. To understand how business perceived their roles in the governance landscape post Paris-Agreement, several questions were asked to see what kind of leadership themselves were looking for. Who are the designated leaders for business when it comes to climate leadership? How have them evolved ? Why are they recognized as such? And what is the role of business in delivering Parties' NDCs in the post Paris-Agreement area? Thanks to a unique data collection of questionnaires distributed on COP22 to 25, it appeared that European leadership is not only the most consistent but also the most recognised, although the other EU partners in the BIG3 are far from demeriting. As the issue is particularly political, it was found that the recognition of leadership is not only due to certain leaders but also to many laws, which create and restrict many opportunities for business. The history and culture of the countries concerned also provided many answers. Finally, it seemed unanimous that a cooperative work between governments and business would allow a better and faster reach of both NDCs and SDGs.

In 2015, the COP21 creates a new hybrid mode of multilateral governance, which aims to make the action of non-states actors a bridge between the political commitments and the government’s actions. The business world is one of these actors with ambitious new roles to implement the Paris Agreements and its NDCs. Yet it seems that nobody has yet questioned whether companies can also act as leaders at their level or at least help their country/organisation to take the lead. To understand how business perceived their roles in the governance landscape post Paris-Agreement, several questions were asked to see what kind of leadership themselves were looking for. Who are the designated leaders for business when it comes to climate leadership? How have them evolved ? Why are they recognized as such? And what is the role of business in delivering Parties' NDCs in the post Paris-Agreement area? Thanks to a unique data collection of questionnaires distributed on COP22 to 25, it appeared that European leadership is not only the most consistent but also the most recognised, although the other EU partners in the BIG3 are far from demeriting. As the issue is particularly political, it was found that the recognition of leadership is not only due to certain leaders but also to many laws, which create and restrict many opportunities for business. The history and culture of the countries concerned also provided many answers. Finally, it seemed unanimous that a cooperative work between governments and business would allow a better and faster reach of both NDCs and SDGs.

The paper uses an impact assessment methodology with ex-ante indicator for free tradeagreement to test the trade of the European Union and countries of the FennoscandianPeninsula included Iceland. By estimates intraregional trade share, regional trade introversionindex and intraregional trade intensity the objective is to evaluate if their trade have any signsfor being natural or unnatural and if this could be because of the trade agreements. Thefoundation in trade theory is that trade should be accomplished by buying (and selling) of thecheapest producer, being neutral in their selection and choosing careful from price is positive.When this requirement does not hold trade could be expensive and therefore negative. Whentrade is conducted by choice and not by “natural roads” it could be biased, trade should befounded by comparative advantage to be positive and considered natural. The study showsthat the European Union free trade agreement have a great capital validity and some smalllevel of bias trade, although this does not mean it is bad, some level of bias trade could behard to avoid being a Union. The Nordic countries shows a biased trade, even though beingmembers of the EU or EES. The conclusion is that it is not possible to determine if the EUtrade agreement is subconsciously developing unnatural trade, but the study shows that somepartners in the union have biased trade. If this is because of the trade agreement is at this levelleft unanswered.