Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The municipality of Ibarama is located in the central mountain range of Rio Grande do Sul and about 70 % of it's population consists of family farmers. It stands out among the other municipalities by having a unique and innovative experience regarding the rescue, conservation and sustainable use of numerous native species and cultivars of agrobiodiversity, carried out by several of these families. The present work lead to the organization of the Native Seed Keepers Association of Ibarama (Associação dos Guardiões de Sementes Crioulas de Ibarama) and has become fundamental in the design of rural development strategies. Thus, this work aims to contribute to the socioeconomic characterization of the saving and multiplication experience of native maize (Zea mays) in the community. Semistructured interviews as well as participatory observations were conducted with 12 farmer families of Ibarama. Social structure features such as gender, age and family composition and their relation to the species preservation were analyzed, as well as the purposes and expectations of their production. The research shows that the preservation activities of native maize varieties are maintained through generations, due to subsistence production and economic, social, political and cultural elements that are directly related to its use as family food and animal feed. The farmers themselves have developed their own way of connecting with their natural surroundings and often use evidence or trial for perfecting the domestication of the plants and animals that they handle. It is also observed that farmers adapt and shape agrobiodiversity according to their own requirements and needs, which are influenced by ecological, social and economic changes. In regard to the continuation of the Association there are many limitations such as the age of the seed keepers and the lack of political incentive. Strategies to address these problems are the cooperation of the Association with research and teaching entities, and the group of little Guardians as well as the access to new marketing channels for native agrobiodiversity products, specifically those of native maize. / O município de Ibarama, com cerca de 70% da população constituída por agricultores familiares, está localizado na região Centro-Serra do Rio Grande do Sul, e destaca-se entre os demais, por possuir uma experiência peculiar e inovadora no que diz respeito ao resgate, conservação e uso sustentável de inúmeras espécies e cultivares da agrobiodiversidade crioula, realizadas por várias dessas famílias. Este trabalho que resultou na organização da Associação dos Guardiões de Sementes Crioulas de Ibarama, torna-se fundamental na elaboração de estratégias de desenvolvimento rural. Neste sentido, este trabalho pretende contribuir na caracterização socioeconômica da experiência de resgate e multiplicação de milho crioulo (Zea mays) na comunidade. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação participante em 12 famílias de agricultores de Ibarama. Foram analisadas características da estrutura social como gênero, faixa etária e composição familiar e sua relação com a atividade de preservação da espécie, assim como as finalidades e expectativas da sua produção. A pesquisa realizada mostra que as atividades de preservação de variedades de milho crioulo se mantêm, através das gerações, por relacionar-se com a produção de subsistência e por elementos de caráter econômico, social, político e cultural, relacionados diretamente pelas formas de uso como a alimentação familiar e animal. Os próprios agricultores desenvolveram uma forma própria de conexão com o seu entorno natural e muitas vezes utilizam a prova ou experimentação para aperfeiçoar a atividade de domesticação das plantas e animais que manejam. Observa-se também que os agricultores adaptam e moldam a agrobiodiversidade conforme suas exigências e necessidades, as quais estão influenciadas pelas mudanças ecológicas, sociais e econômicas. Já para a continuação da Associação existem muitos limitantes como a idade avançada dos Guardiões e a falta de incentivo político. As estratégias para enfrentar esses problemas são a parceria da Associação com entidades de pesquisa e ensino, o grupo de Guardiões Mirins e o acesso a novos canais de comercialização para os produtos da agrobiodiversidade crioula, especificamente o milho crioulo.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_dp_me_ilha.pdf: 3197592 bytes, checksum: 6cba09873c8e0010fdf9a31310be23c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com a modernização da agricultura nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, houve uma substituição das sementes tradicionais cultivadas por sementes comerciais geneticamente melhoradas, geralmente associadas a pacotes tecnológicos que incluíam mecanização, fertilizantes sintéticos e agrotóxicos. As sementes crioulas permitem que o agricultor mantenha sua alimentação mesmo em épocas de adversidade climática, pois são adaptadas aos ecossistemas nos quais ocorre o cultivo e ampliam sua autonomia produtiva por serem menos exigentes em relação aos insumos externos. O Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP), apesar da sua característica histórica de alta concentração fundiária, apresentou avanços em termos de desconcentração com a criação de quase quarenta assentamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um diagnóstico da produção de sementes crioulas, identificar os guardiões de sementes nos assentamentos rurais do Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP). Foram pesquisados os aspectos socioeconômicos dos guardiões, as variedades locais e tradicionais conservadas por eles, as práticas agrícolas utilizadas, destino da produção oriunda das sementes crioulas, métodos de obtenção e troca e a atuação de instituições públicas na conservação desses materiais. Foram visitados 28 assentamentos do Território, no período entre setembro de 2017 até junho de 2018. A primeira etapa constou da identificação alguns agricultores guardiões de sementes já conhecidos por meio de informantes chaves (técnicos da extensão rural e pesquisadores que atuam na área) para que a partir desses guardiões, pelo método “bola de neve”, fossem identificados outros guardiões. A coleta dos dados se deu por meio de registros fotográficos e de um questionário semiaberto (perguntas fechadas e abertas), aplicado na forma de entrevista junto aos produtores guardiões identificados. Para uma análise da atuação das instituições públicas na conservação da agrobiodiversidade, foram entrevistados três profissionais de entidades atuantes no Território. Constatou-se que o Território Prof. Cory/Andradina não apresenta uma forte tradição em relação à conservação de sementes crioulas, porém algumas famílias mantém o costume de ter sua própria semente, especialmente para cultivos visando o autoconsumo. Foram identificados 55 guardiões em 24 assentamentos rurais, sendo o feijão catador a semente mais frequentemente encontrada. O destino amplamente predominante da comercialização são os circuitos curtos, em que se destacam a venda avulsa ao consumidor e em feiras livres. A redução dos recursos destinados ao Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) afetou negativamente na comercialização dos produtos das sementes crioulas. O engajamento de alguns pesquisadores e técnicos de extensão em projetos e/ou pesquisas, envolvendo sementes crioulas e em interação com os guardiões, se mostram promissores para uma maior conscientização dos agricultores e para a ampliação da utilização desse tipo recurso, muito importante para a conservação da agrobiodiversidade e para ampliar a autonomia dos agricultores familiares. / With the modernization of agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s, there was a substitution of landraces by commercially improved commercial seeds, usually associated with technological packages that included mechanization, synthetic fertilizers and agrochemicals. Landraces allow the farmer to maintain his or her diet even in times of climatic adversity, since they are adapted to the ecosystems in which cultivation takes place and increase their productive autonomy by being less demanding in relation to external inputs. The Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP) despite its historical characteristic of high concentration of land, presented advances in terms of deconcentration with the creation of almost forty rural settlements. The purpose of this study was to make a diagnosis of the production of landraces and to identify the landraces guardians in the rural settlements of the Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP). The socioeconomic aspects of the guardians, the local and traditional varieties conserved by them, the agricultural practices used, the destination of the production from the landraces, the methods of obtaining and exchanging them, and the performance of public institutions in the conservation of these materials were investigated. Were visited 28 rural settlements of the Territory, in the period between September 2017 and June 2018. The first stage consisted of the identification of some landraces guardians already known by means of key informants (extension technicians and researchers working in the area) so that from these guardians, by the "snowball" method, other guardians could be identified. The data collection was done through photographic records and a semi-open questionnaire (closed and opened questions), applied in the form of interviews with the identified guardians. For an analysis of the performance of public institutions in the conservation of agrobiodiversity, three professionals from entities operating in the Territory were interviewed. It was verified that the Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP) does not have a strong tradition regarding the conservation of landraces seeds, but some families maintain the habit of having their own seed, especially crops for self-consumption. A total of 55 guardians were identified in 24 rural settlements, with Cowpea bean being the most frequently found. The predominant destination of commercialization are the short circuits, in which stand out the individual sale to the consumer, the street market and. The reduction of resources allocated to the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) has negatively affected the comercialization of landraces products. The involvement of some researchers and extension technicians in projects and/or research, involving landraces and in interaction with the guardians, are promising for a greater awareness of the farmers and for the expansion of the use of this type of resource, very important for conservation of agrobiodiversity and to increase the autonomy of family farmers.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude des relations, telles qu’elles sont conçues par les Masa, entre la reproduction des sorghos et celle des humains. Pendant vingt-deux mois des enquêtes ethnographiques ont été menées dans l’Extrême-Nord du Cameroun afin de décrire les processus techniques, cognitifs, sociaux et rituels nécessaires au maintien et à la reproduction des variétés de sorgho d’une année à l’autre et à leur transmission entre générations de cultivateurs. Le sorgho est essentiel à la vie matérielle et sociale des Masa. Plante phare de l’agrosystème, aliment de base, ingrédient rituel, il est aussi un marqueur de l’identité des individus qui font de sa transmission, de père en fils, un symbole de la continuité du patrilignage. Pourtant, lors du décès d’un individu, ses semences deviennent stériles ; elles ne recouvrent leur fertilité que par le biais d’un circuit rituel mobilisant les relations de parenté et d’alliance qui, jadis, avaient permis au défunt de se reproduire. L’analyse de ce rituel, ainsi que des règles d’héritage et des funérailles, met en évidence que la capacité des sorghos à se reproduire procède de celle de leur propriétaire. La capacité génésique des individus, condition nécessaire à la perpétuation du patrilignage, ne peut, cependant, se transmettre en ligne agnatique sans recours aux flux horizontaux de l’alliance. Grâce à une analyse systématique des pratiques agricoles, des connaissances ethnobotaniques de la diversité des sorghos ainsi que des réseaux d’échange de semences, il est apparu que les relations d’alliance sont également centrales à la reproduction interannuelle des sorghos, y compris ceux présentés comme les ‘semences de nos pères. L’ambition de ce travail est de montrer, notamment grâce à l’adoption d’une méthodologie mixte alliant approches qualitatives et quantitatives, que l’étude des conceptions relatives à la reproduction des plantes cultivées apporte un éclairage pertinent à la compréhension de la reproduction des sociétés humaines. / The relations, as conceived of by the Masa, between the reproduction of sorghum and that of humans is the main of focus of this thesis. From 2009 to 2010, twenty-two months of ethnographic fieldwork was carried out in several villages of Far-North Cameroon, mainly in Nuldayna, in order to document the technical, cognitive, social and ritual processes by which farmers maintain and reproduce, both on a yearly basis and from generation to generation, a wide array of sorghum landraces. Sorghum is a keystone of the Masa material and social life. It is by far the main crop, the main staple, a widely used ritual ingredient and, through its transmission across generations, a symbol of social identity and of the patrilineage’s continuity. However, after a man’s death, his sorghum seeds become sterile. Their fertility may only be regained by triggering a ritual circuit involving the kinship relationships that had enabled the deceased to marry. The analysis of this ritual, as well as those related to funerals and inheritance, shows that the sorghum’s reproductive capabilities are dependent on those of its owner. While individuals’ procreative powers are held to be a necessary condition for perpetuating the patrilineage both materially and socially, these powers cannot be transmitted in the male line without involving the horizontal relations of affinity. Moreover, the systematic analyses of agricultural practices, of ethnobotanical knowledge regarding sorghum diversity and of seed exchange networks, reveals that affinity is also essential for the inter-annual reproduction and maintenance of sorghum, including those seeds that are proudly presented as ‘the seeds of our fathers.’ More generally, this work attempts to demonstrate that, using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods, the study of crops and of the indigenous conceptions related to their reproduction can provide important insights into the study of human societies.

La majorité des espèces cultivées en Europe (environ 84 %) nécessitent le service de pollinisation pour produire. Depuis plusieurs années, un important déclin des pollinisateurs est observé. Les populations d’abeilles domestiques, partie intégrante de l’agrobiodiversité, sont des bio-indicateurs sensibles de l’état de l’environnement agricole. Celles-ci sont aujourd’hui affectées par des mortalités importantes. Les interactions entre pesticides et pathogènes sont habituellement évoquées comme causes principales de ces mortalités. Cependant au sein de ces agropaysages, la perte de ressources trophiques en quantité et en diversité contribue également à l’affaiblissement des colonies. La qualité et les quantités de ressources trophiques disponibles dans le paysage influencent également leur activité de ponte et leur dynamique de développement. Au regard de ce contexte, cette thèse vise à analyser les interactions entre différents types de structures paysagères situées dans le département du Gers (32, France) et l’évolution des traits d’histoire de vie des colonies d’abeilles domestiques du genre Apis mellifera L. Elle questionne notamment le rôle de la composante ligneuse dans l’apport de ressources trophiques et ses repercussions sur l’évolution des traits d’histoire de vie. L’approche méthodologique développée consiste (i) en une analyse de l’organisation spatiale des six mosaïques paysagères différenciées par un gradient de présence de ligneux, (ii) en un suivi phénologique des ressources floristiques d’intérêt nectarifère et pollinifère, (iii) en un suivi de la dynamique de développement de 43 colonies observées durant deux ans (2010 et 2011) et (iv) en une analyse des strategies de butinage. Les résultats montrent la présence d’une grande diversité d’espèces floristiques d’intérêt nectarifère et pollinifère en contexte agricole gersois (200). Les ligneux constituent la seule sous-unité fonctionnelle permettant un apport conséquent et pérenne de ressources floristiques, tout au long de la saison en complément des cultures. La composante ligneuse et les surfaces cultivées (Brassica napus et Helianthus annuus) constituent les deux sous-unités les plus mobilisées pour la collecte de nectar. Les ligneux sont particulièrement recherchés au cours des périodes prévernale et vernale (première période) notamment au sein des structures paysagères fermées. La fluctuation des ressources floristiques disponibles impacte plus fortement le développement des colonies au sein des structures paysagères ouvertes que fermées. En effet, sur ces derniers, les ligneux permettent d’atténuer ces impacts notamment en période de disette, rendant les colonies plus résilientes. / Most of the cultivated plants in Europe (84% overall) need pollinators to produce. For several decades, a significant decline in pollinating insects is observed. Honeybees belong to associated agrobiodiversity and are sensitive bio-indicators in agricultural landscapes. They are particularly affected by these losses. Usually, interactions between pesticides and pathogens are seen as the main causes of pollinator populations’ collapse. However, the qualitative and quantitative depletion of food resources in such agricultural landscapes also contribute to the high mortality rates. The spawning activity of the colony’s queen and the metabolic balance of the colony are influenced by the quantity and the quality of plant resources in the landscape. This PhD thesis focuses on the interactions between landscapes structures and honeybees life traits’ evolution in the Gers agricultural department (France). It aims to assess the woody component’s role in supplying trophic resources and its repercussions on the evolution of life traits. The methodology consists (i) in a spatial organization analysis of six landscape mosaics, differentiated by an openess gradient based on the percentage of the woody component cover, (ii) a phenological monitoring of plant resources with pollen and nectar interests, (iii) a monitoring of 43 colonies’ life history traits during two years (2010 and 2011) and (iv) in an analysis of foraging strategies. Results reveal a wide diversity of plant species with nectar and pollen interest in the Gers agricultural context (200). Woody component is the only functional sub-unity which enables a significant and lasting supply of plant resources, during the all season, as additional resources to those of crops. Woody component and cultivated lands (Brassica napus and Helianthus annuus) are the most mobilized sub-unities for nectar gathering. Woody component is particularly looked for in prevernal and vernal periods (first period), above all in closed landscape structures. Variations of available plant resources impact colonies’ development more in open landscape structures than in closed ones. Indeed, in closed landscape structures, woody component enables to reduce consequences, especially in scarcity period, and make colonies more resilient.

Peut-on rendre compte des batailles identitaires et territoriales que révèle la globalisation des ressources et des marchés, en décrivant comment une plante cultivée depuis plusieurs siècles en Amazonie brésilienne se transforme en plante « sauvage » ou, à l’opposé, en plante « technologique » ? La thèse explore, dans un contexte de transition écologique et de critique du paradigme agricole moderniste, les expressions et les enjeux locaux de ce basculement socio-environnemental, en s’intéressant aux relations qui se tissent entre des hommes et une plante emblématique de la région, le guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). En croisant les regards sur quatre projets distincts de valorisation de cette plante énergisante, elle interroge aussi la manière dont des populations amazoniennes se saisissent de ce contexte mouvant et innovent pour négocier leur rapport à la modernité, à la croisée de filières mondialisées et d’un territoire, le Bas-Amazonas, où la plante est historiquement inscrite. Dans le sillage de l’école interdisciplinaire des humanités environnementales, notre travail aborde le guaraná comme un acteur des projets étudiés. Il combine des enquêtes ethnobotaniques à une approche socio-anthropologique inspirée des science studies, pour rendre compte des expériences locales de la plante et des multiples formes que prend l’innovation dans une région longtemps restée à l’écart des dynamiques de développement. En abordant la plante au prisme du concept d’ontologie, nous montrons que coexistent aujourd’hui dans le Bas-Amazonas plusieurs guaranás, définis et façonnés par de multiples ingrédients : des ressources biologiques, des pratiques, des techniques, des savoirs, des représentations, des projets de valorisation et des règles de droits. Loin de représenter différents points de vue sur une même plante, ces « guaranás » sont des plantes distinctes. Ils incarnent les frictions entre différents mondes dont les réseaux plus ou moins étendus s’entrecroisent et cherchent à s’ancrer dans le territoire, pour s’imposer aux autres, pour leur résister, ou inventer de nouvelles représentations du développement territorial. / Can we account for the identity and territorial struggles the globalization of markets and resources reveals, by describing how a plant cultivated for several centuries in the Brazilian Amazon, turns into a « wild » plant or, conversely, into a « technology »? In a context of ecological transition and criticism of the modernist agricultural paradigm, the thesis explores the local expressions and stakes of this socio-environmental shift, focusing on the relationships that form between men and an emblematic plant of the region, guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). Considering four distinct projects which promote this energetic plant, it also questions the way Amazonian populations seize this changing context, and innovate in order to negotiate their relationship to modernity, at the crossroads of globalized value chains and of a territory, the Lower Amazonas, where the plant is historically rooted. In the wake of the environmental humanities interdisciplinary stream, our work contemplates guaraná as an actor of the projects studied. We combine ethnobotanical surveys with a socio-anthropological approach inspired by science studies, to portray local experiences of the plant and the multiple forms innovation can take in a region long shelved from the dynamics of development. By approaching the plant through the concept of ontology, we show that that several guaranas coexist today in the Lower Amazonas, defined by several ingredients: biological resources, practices, techniques, knowledge, representations, valuation projects and rules. Far from representing different points of view on the same plant, these "guaranás" are distinct plants. They embody the frictions between different worlds whose more or less extensive networks intersect and seek to anchor themselves in the territory, in order to impose themselves on others, to resist them, or to invent new representations of territorial development.

El tomate nativo peruano forma parte de la agrobiodiversidad del Perú, actualmente su conservación y producción la llevan a cabo los agricultores, quienes lo acogen como parte de sus otros cultivos luego de que las semillas de estas especies de tomate nativas caen en sus chacras o huertos. La preocupación que se tiene es que debido a la falta de cultivo y a las condiciones climáticas del Perú estas no se conserven adecuadamente. Es por lo que, a raíz de esta problemática, se desarrolló una investigación de tipo experimental, mediante la implementación de un Sistema IoT, con el fin de conservar mejor estas especies en un ambiente que ofrezca mayor control y monitoreo en tiempo real. Este consistió en el desarrollo de un circuito el cual fue colocado dentro de la Greenhouse, el cual tenía conectado sensores y actuadores, este emitía los datos captados por los sensores y el estado de los actuadores hacia un aplicativo móvil. Este proyecto se realizó con un cultivo de 5 ejemplares de Solanum lycopersicum variedad Cerasiforme, con el cual se obtuvo un rendimiento mayor de un 4.17% por parte del grupo experimental. / The Peruvian native tomato is part of the agrobiodiversity of Peru, currently its conservation and production is carried out by farmers, who welcome it as part of their other crops after the seeds of these native tomato species fall on their farms or orchards. The concern is that due to the lack of cultivation and the climatic conditions of Peru, these are not properly preserved. That is why, as a result of this problem, an experimental type of research was demonstrated, through the implementation of an IoT System, in order to conserve better species in an environment that offers greater control and monitoring in real time. This will consist of the development of a circuit which was placed inside the Greenhouse, which had sensors and actuators connected, this would emit the data captured by the sensors and the status of the actuators to a mobile application. This project was carried out with a culture of 5 specimens of Solanum lycopersicum variety Cerasiforme, with which a yield greater than 4.17% was obtained by the experimental group.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Research aim The study aimed to explore the associations between agricultural biodiversity, household food security and dietary diversity in households with children aged 24 to 59 months in two rural areas of Kenya, of which one had higher rainfall and agricultural biodiversity than the other. Methods Study sample and location The study adopted a cross-sectional analytical approach to investigate the associations in resource in poor households in two rural areas; Akithii and Uringu of Kenya. Of the 525 households randomly selected, 261 were from Uringu division and 264 from Akithii division. Two independent cross-sectional surveys were conducted; Phase one in September to October 2011 (during the dry season) while Phase 2 took place in March 2012 (during the rainy season). A questionnaire was developed to gather information on the socio-demographics of the household, breastfeeding and infant feeding practices, immunization and childhood illnesses. Dietary intake was measured during each season by conducting a repeated 24-hour recall (24-hr recall) with the mother/care giver of the household. A nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) was calculated for each nutrient as the percent of the nutrient meeting the recommended dietary intake (RDI) value for that nutrient. A mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated for 11 nutrients as the mean of the NARs of these nutrients. Dietary diversity was measured using data from the 24-hour recalls and classifying it into nine food groups. A dietary diversity score (DDS) was calculated based on each different food group which was consumed during the period of recall up to a maximum of nine if the food had been consumed from each of the nine groups. Household food security (HFS) was measured using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). The agricultural biodiversity was calculated by counting the number of different crops and animals eaten either from domestic sources or from the wild. Weight and height measurements of children and their mothers/care givers were taken. Weight for age (WAZ), height for age (HAZ) and weight for height z (WHZ) scores were determined for children, while body mass index (BMI) measurements were calculated for the adult women. The relationships between continuous response variables and nominal input variables were analyzed using appropriate analysis of variance (ANOVA) or pooled, paired and independent mean T-tests when only two groups were involved. Results Dietary intake was low with the majority of households not meeting the RDIs for most nutrients. The MAR was 61.3%; 61.8% for Phase 1 and 2 respectively. The DDS was low at 3.3 ±1.2 for both Phases. The majority of households were food insecure with a HFIAS mean of 12.8 ± 6.19 and 10.9 ± 7.49 for Phase 1 and 2 respectively. Agricultural biodiversity was low with a total of 26 items; 23 domesticated and 3 from the natural habitat. Two food items from the natural habitat originated from plants and one from animals. Exclusive breastfeeding up to the recommended six months was practiced at low rates of 23.4% while 39.3% of mothers in both divisions introduced complementary foods before 6 months of age. Stunted growth among the children was high at a mean of 30.5% (n=291). Boys had higher stunted growth rates in both divisions compared to the girls. A significant positive relationship was established between the number of contributors to household income with height for age z-scores (HAZ) scores of the children (Spearman r=-0.15, p=0.02). The number of household assets also significantly influenced HAZ scores (Spearman r=-0.17, p=0.01), the higher the number of household assets, the lower HAZ scores were. During Phase 1 (dry season) (pooled t-test, p<0.001), levels of food insecurity were higher compared to Phase 2 (wet season) (pooled t-test, p<0.001); showing the influence of season on food security. Phases 1 & 2 showed that Akithii had a significantly higher level of food insecurity (Mann-Whitney U; p<0.01), and a lower DDS (chi-square test, p<0.001) compared to Uringu. Children in Akithii consumed a less diversified diet than those in Uringu. Agricultural biodiversity was positively and significantly related to: HFIAS (Spearman r=-0.10, p=0.02); DDS (ANOVA, p<0.001); all NARs (Spearman, p<0.05) and MAR (Spearman, p<0.001).This implies that households with higher agricultural biodiversity were more likely to be food secure, have higher dietary diversity levels and a diet comprising a higher nutritional value. DDS was significantly correlated to MAR and NARs of all the nutrients studied in this study. Findings showed that DDS was also consistently significantly inversely correlated to Household Food Insecurity Access Prevalence (HFIAP) (R =-0.185, t (N-2)-3.889), p=0.0001). This correlation showed that an increase in dietary diversity inversely affected HFIAS. A significant relationship was found between HFIAP and MAR (ANOVA, p=0.00268); indicating that households with a higher MAR were more likely to be food secure. There was a significant correlation between the BMI of the mother/care giver and the WAZ scores of the children (r=0.1410, p<0.001); indicating that higher HAZ scores were found in mothers with higher mean BMI values. There was a significant difference between households with and without children with stunted growth in DDS (ANOVA; p=0.047) and HFIAS (ANOVA; p=0.009) but not with agricultural biodiversity score (ANOVA; p=0.486). The agricultural biodiversity mean score for households with children presenting with stunted growth were, however, lower at 6.8, compared to 7.0 for those with normal growth however the p value was not significant. This indicates that households with children with stunted growth and those without are significantly different in DDS and HFIAS but not regarding agricultural biodiversity. This further implies that the potential of DDS and HFIAS to be used as proxy measures for stunting be further explored. Conclusion Agricultural biodiversity has a positive impact on household food security, dietary diversity, dietary adequacy and child growth. Food security is closely linked to dietary diversity and dietary adequacy; therefore improving one is likely to improve the other two and impact positively on child growth status. Interventions to improve child health and food security in resource poor rural households should aim at increasing dietary diversity through agricultural biodiversity. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Navorsingsdoel Die studie is daarop gemik om die assosiasies tussen die landbou-biodiversiteit, huishoudelike voedselsekerheid en dieetdiversiteit in huishoudings met kinders tussen die ouderdomme van 24 tot 59 maande in twee landelike gebiede van Kenia, waarvan een 'n hoër reënval en landbou-biodiversiteit as die ander gehad het, te verken. Metodes Studie steekproef en plek Die studie het 'n deursnit-analitiese benadering aangeneem om die assosiasies te ondersoek in hulpbron-arm huishoudings in twee landelike gebiede; Akithii en Uringu van Kenia. Van die 525 huishoudings wat ewekansig gekies is, was 261 van Uringu afdeling en 264 van Akithii afdeling. Twee onafhanklike deursnit-opnames is uitgevoer; fase een in September tot Oktober 2011 (tydens die droë seisoen), terwyl Fase 2 in Maart 2012 (gedurende die reënseisoen) plaasgevind het. 'n Vraelys is ontwikkel om inligting oor die sosio-demografie van die huishouding, borsvoeding en babavoeding praktyke, immunisering en kindersiektes in te samel. Dieetinname is gemeet tydens elke seisoen deur die uitvoer van 'n herhaalde 24-uur herroep met die moeder / versorger van die huishouding. 'n Voedingstof toereikendheidsverhouding (VTR) is bereken vir elke voedingstof, uitgedruk as die persentasie van die voedingstof wat voldoen aan die aanbevole dieetinname (ADI) waarde vir daardie voedingstof. 'n Gemiddelde toereikendheidsverhouding (GTR) is bereken vir 11 voedingstowwe uitgedruk as die gemiddelde van die VTR‘s van hierdie voedingstowwe. Dieetdiversiteit is gemeet deur data vanuit die 24-uur herroepe, geklassifiseer in nege voedselgroepe. 'n Dieetdiversiteit telling (DDT) is bereken op grond van elke verskillende voedselgroep wat gedurende die tydperk van herroep ingeneem is tot 'n maksimum van nege, indien die voedsel verbruik is uit elk van die nege groepe. Huishoudelike voedselsekerheid (HVS) is gemeet deur die huishoudelike voedselonsekerheid toegangskaal (HVOTS) te gebruik. Die landbou-biodiversiteit is bereken deur die som te bereken van die aantal verskillende gewasse en diere geëet óf van huishoudelike bronne óf uit die natuur. Gewig en lengte metings is geneem van die kinders en hul moeders / versorgers. Gewig vir ouderdom (GVO), lengte vir ouderdom (LVO) en gewig vir lengte (GVL) Z-tellings is bepaal vir die kinders, terwyl die liggaamsmassa-indeks (LMI) metings bereken is vir die volwasse vroue. Die verhoudings tussen aaneenlopende reaksie veranderlikes en nominale inset veranderlikes is ontleed met behulp van toepaslike analise van variansie (ANOVA) of saamgevoegde, gepaarde en onafhanklike gemiddelde T-toetse, indien slegs twee groepe betrokke was. Resultate Dieetinname was laag en die meerderheid van huishoudings het nie aan die ADIs vir die meeste voedingstowwe voldoen nie. Die GTR is 61,3% en 61,8% vir onderskeidelik fase 1 en 2. Die DDT is laag; 3,3 ±1,2 vir beide fases. Die meerderheid van huishoudings was voedselonseker met 'n gemiddelde HVOST van 12,8 ±6,19 en 10,9 ±7,49 vir onderskeidelik fase 1 en 2. Landbou-biodiversiteit was laag met 'n totaal van 26 items, 23 huishoudelike en 3 vanuit die natuurlike habitat. Twee voedselitems uit die natuurlike habitat was afkomstig van plante en een vanaf diere. Eksklusiewe borsvoeding, tot die aanbevole ses maande, was laag en beoefen deur 23,4%, terwyl 39,3% van die moeders, in beide streke, komplimentêre voedsel voor 6 maande ouderdom bekendgestel het. Vertraagde groei onder die kinders was hoog met 'n gemiddeld van 30,5% (n=291). Seuns het hoër vertraagde groei in beide streke in vergelyking met dogters getoon. ʼn Beduidende positiewe verhouding is gevind tussen die aantal bydraers tot huishoudelike inkomste en lengte vir ouderdom z-tellings (LOZ) van die kinders (Spearman r=-0,15, P=0,02). Die aantal huishoudelike bates het ook LOZ tellings (Spearman r=-0,17, P=0,01) aansienlik beïnvloed; hoe hoër die aantal huishoudelike bates, hoe laer die LOZ tellings. Tydens fase 1 (droë seisoen) (saamgevoegde t-toets, p<0.001), was vlakke van voedselonsekerheid hoër in vergelyking met fase 2 (nat seisoen) (saamgevoegde t-toets, p <0.001), wat die invloed van die seisoenaliteit op voedeselsekerheid uitwys. Fase 1 en 2 het gewys dat Akithii ʼn beduidende hoër vlak van voedselonsekerheid gehad het (Mann-Whitney U; p<0.01) en ʼn laer DDT (chi-square toets, p<0.001) in vergelyking met Uringu. Kinders in Akithii het ʼn dieet laer in diversiteit ingeneem as die in Uringu. Landbou-biodiversiteit is positief en beduidend verwant aan: HVOTS (Spearman r = -0,10, P = 0,02); DDT (ANOVA, p<0.001), alle VTR‘s (Spearman, p <0.05) en GTR (Spearman, p <0.001). Dit impliseer dat huishoudings met 'n hoër landbou-biodiversiteit, meer geneig is om voedselseker te wees, hoër dieetdiversiteit vlakke en ʼn hoër voedingswaarde het. DDT is beduidend gekorreleer aan GTR en VTT‘s van al die voedingstowwe wat bestudeer is in hierdie studie. Bevindinge het getoon dat DDT konsekwent en beduidend omgekeerd gekorreleer is met huishoudelike voedselonsekerheid toegang prevalensie (HVOTP) (R=-0,185, t(N-2)-3,889), p=0,0001). Hierdie korrelasie toon dat 'n toename in dieetdiversiteit HVOTS omgekeerd beïnvloed het. ʼn Betekenisvolle verhouding is gevind tussen HVOTP en GTR (ANOVA, p=0,00268); wat aandui dat huishoudings met 'n hoër GTR meer geneig is om voedselsekerheid te toon. Daar is 'n beduidende korrelasie tussen die LMI van die moeder / versorger en die GOZ tellings van die kinders (r=0,1410, p<0.001), wat aandui dat hoër LOZ tellings gevind is in moeders met hoër gemiddelde LMI waardes. Daar is 'n beduidende verskil tussen huishoudings met en sonder kinders met dwerggroei se DDT (ANOVA; p=0.047) en HVOTS (ANOVA; p=0.009) maar nie die landbou-diversiteit telling nie (ANOVA; p=0.486). Die gemiddelde landbou-diversiteit telling vir huishoudings met en sonder kinders met dwerggroei is egter laer met 6.8 in vergelyking met 7.0 vir die met normale groei. Die p-waarde is egter nie beduidend nie. Dit dui aan dat huishoudings met kinders met dwerggroei en daarsonder beduidend verskillend is ten opsigte van DDT en HVOTS, maar nie met landbou-diversiteit in die studie nie. Dit impliseer verder dat die potensiaal van DDT en HVOTS om gebruik te word as alternatiewe metings vir dwerggroei verder ondersoek moet word. Gevolgtrekking Landbou-biodiversiteit het 'n positiewe impak op huishoudelike voedselsekerheid, dieetdiversiteit, dieettoereikendheid en groei van kinders. Voedselsekerheid is nou gekoppel aan dieetdiversiteit en dieettoereikendheid, daarom sal die verbetering van die een waarskynlik die ander twee positief beïnvloed asook ʼn positiewe impak hê op die groei van kinders. Intervensies vir die verbetering van kindergesondheid en voedselsekerheid in hulpbron-arm landelike huishoudings moet poog om dieetdiversiteit te verhoog deur landbou-biodiversiteit.

O boom do consumo e da produção de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) é um fenômeno recente que representa a transição de um cultivo andino negligenciado e subutilizado durante séculos para um supercultivo moderno do século XXI, dado o seu aporte nutricional. Nesse sentido, a presente tese apresenta e discute questões que o boom da quinoa suscita acerca das tendências das mudanças no uso da terra no Peru ― país que se tornou o maior produtor e exportador mundial do produto a partir de 2014. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa realizaram-se dois estudos. O primeiro deles objetivou analisar a dinâmica da expansão do cultivo de quinoa e identificar as mudanças no uso da terra resultantes do boom da quinoa, assim como determinar se tais mudanças ameaçam a agrobiodiversidade na principal região produtora de quinoa: Puno. O segundo estudo buscou calcular o impacto do boom da quinoa na expansão do seu cultivo, em termos de área ocupada, além de discutir os mecanismos pelos quais a expansão da demanda internacional por este produto ocasiona mudanças no uso da terra no Peru. Ambos os estudos se basearam em dados disponibilizados por entidades e órgãos oficiais do Peru, os quais foram coletados separadamente para as 18 regiões produtoras de quinoa, no período de 1995-2014. Para a análise dos dados, construíram-se mapas temáticos com as variáveis: área cultivada e variação porcentual anual de área cultivada. Também foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas estatísticas: estatística descritiva, Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e exponential smoothing. Os resultados evidenciaram que o boom da quinoa no Peru começou em 2009, sendo que, a partir desse ano, a configuração da área cultivada com quinoa foi alterada drasticamente. Já no ano de 2014, inicia-se um período de expansão sem precedentes na história de sua produção. Cabe destacar, nesse sentido, que se o boom da quinoa não tivesse ocorrido, no ano de 2014 teria sido cultivada uma área 43% menor de quinoa do que foi efetivamente observado. A partir disso, foram constatados três fenômenos: (i) a evolução de uma nova geografia da produção de quinoa; (ii) a redução do uso de práticas agrícolas tradicionais (p.ex.: rotação de cultivos, descanso do solo) decorrente da intensificação da produção de quinoa; e (iii) a tendência de competição pelo uso da terra para produção de cultivos Andinos na região Puno (cañigua, mashua, oca e tarhui). Dessa forma, a expansão do mercado internacional de quinoa a partir de 2008 já começa a revelar suas consequências sobre as mudanças no uso da terra no Peru: (i) efeito de deslocamento (migração de atividades de um lugar para outro de uma maneira a ocasionar mudanças no uso da terra em novas localidades), (ii) efeito rebote (mudanças no uso da terra com as medidas adotadas para incrementar a eficiência da produção e aumento do número de empresas atuando no setor), e (iii) efeito cascata (perturbações que afetam o sistema terrestre em decorrência da substituição de áreas destinadas à produção de outros cultivos em condições agroecológicas específicas). Ao trazer uma perspectiva sobre a relação entre a intensificação do comércio internacional da quinoa e a expansão de terra cultivada no Peru, este trabalho contribui para a literatura, ainda em construção, sobre consequências das mudanças no uso da terra na sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrobiológicos. / The boom in consumption and production of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a recent phenomenon that represents the transition from a neglected and underutilized Andean crop for centuries to a modern supercrop of the 21st century due to its exceptional nutritional value. In this context, the present thesis presents and discusses issues raised as a resut of the quinoa boom regarding trends in land-use change in Peru, which, as from 2014, has become the world’s largest producer of quinoa. Therefore, two studies were carried out. The first study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the expansion of quinoa cultivation and to identify land use changes resulting from the quinoa boom, as well as to determine whether such changes threaten agrobiodiversity in the major quinoa producing region: Puno. The second study aimed to calculate the impact of the quinoa boom on the expansion of quinoa production in terms of cultivated area, and to discuss the mechanisms by which the growing international demand for this product causes land use changes in Peru. Both studies are based on data available from official sources. Data were collected separately for the quinoa producing regions, 18 in total. It covers the period from 1995 to 2014. Data were analyzed using thematic maps with the following variables: harvested area and annual variation in the percentage of harvested area. There were also used the following statistical techniques: descriptive statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and exponential smoothing. The findings showed that the quinoa boom in Peru began in 2009. From this year, the configuration of the area cultivated with quinoa has changed drastically, but the year 2014 marked the beginning of an unprecedented period in the history of the production of this crop. In this regard, it should be noted that if it had not occurred the quinoa boom, the area cultivated with quinoa in 2014 would have been 43% less than the observed quantity. From this, it was found three phenomena: (i) the evolution of the new geography of quinoa production in Peru; (ii) the diminished use of traditional farming practices (eg.: crop rotation with rest for the soil) due to the intensification of quinoa production; and (iii) the trend towards increased land use competition for Andean crop production in the Puno region (cañigua, mashua, oca e tarhui). Thus, the growing international quinoa trade since 2008 has started to reveal the consequences of land use changes in Peru: (i) displacement effect (migration of activities from one place to another, causing land use changes in new locations); (ii) rebound effect (land use changes in response to the measures introduced to improve production efficiency and the increase in the number of companies operating in the sector); and (iii) cascade effect (disorders that affect the land system as a result of the substitution of land area used to produce other crops in specific agro-ecological conditions). With the perspective on the link between the intensification of international trade of quinoa and the expansion of cultivated land in Peru, this study contributes to the literature by providing insights into the consequences of land use changes on the sustainability of agrobiological systems.

O Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul caracteriza-se por ser uma região diversificada ecológica e culturalmente, relacionada à formação Mata Atlântica, sobreposta à presença de diferentes etnias e grupos sociais com seus saberes e práticas. Diversas organizações estão atuando nessa região no que se refere, principalmente, a encontrar alternativas de renda que possam ser compatíveis com as normas estabelecidas para a conservação da Mata Atlântica e a viabilização das práticas dos agricultores. Essas organizações (associações, cooperativas, organizações não-governamentais e governamentais) estabeleceram um espaço de diálogo acerca dos produtos da agricultura familiar, que neste trabalho foram denominados de produtos da agrobiodiversidade. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar como diferentes atores sociais atuantes no Litoral Norte estão criando espaços de diálogo para viabilizar a produção de alimentos provenientes da agrobiodiversidade. Este objetivo geral contempla as prioridades desta pesquisa, que são: apontar as organizações que estão tratando desse tema, as relações que estabelecem entre si, o processo de diálogo que estão criando e o que está sendo debatido neste contexto. Os espaços de diálogo criados por estas organizações atuando em rede foram discutidos através da abordagem das comunidades de práticas, por caracterizarem-se enquanto ambientes de aprendizagem coletiva e construção de conhecimento. As complexas relações estabelecidas entre as organizações que atuam no espaço de diálogo sobre agrobiodiversidade apontam as divergências entre os envolvidos com esses produtos, valorizando seus aspectos culturais ou somente àqueles relacionados às normas sanitárias. No entanto, algumas semelhanças entre suas trajetórias, como uma maior proximidade com a agricultura familiar, podem ser um fator de coerência para avançarem enquanto grupo e construírem conjuntamente propostas em prol da agricultura familiar. Os agricultores se beneficiam desses encontros, principalmente no que se refere ao fomento à sua produção, que respaldam algumas de suas atividades, conferindo maior autonomia a essas pessoas e a reafirmação da importância do trabalho que desenvolvem. As formas de construir conhecimento coletivamente baseiam-se nos contatos sucessivos que possam propiciar uma interface entre os conhecimentos, técnico e local, a fim de atender as prioridades dos envolvidos. No entanto, constata-se que esse processo ocorre a longo prazo, o que não impede os agricultores de seguirem com suas práticas. Além disso, o fato de adequarem-se a legislação para a produção e comercialização de seus produtos apresenta algumas contradições, se por um lado pode legitimar as atividades dos agricultores familiares, por outro pode inibir algumas possibilidades criativas, restringindo-as à norma estabelecida. / The North Coast of Rio Grande do Sul State is characterized as a diversified ecological and cultural region, related to the formation of the Atlantic Forest, superimposed on the presence of different ethnicities and social groups with their various knowledges and practices. Diverse organizations are attending to their region mainly in regards to finding alternative income compatible with the standards of conservation of the Atlantic Forest and viability of the practices of farmers. These organizations (associations, cooperatives, organizations non-governmental and governmental organizations) have established a dialogue regarding the products of family farms, which in this work is labled products of agrobiodiversity. Thus, the general objective of this work is to analize how different social actors operating in the North Coast are creating dialogue to enable the viability of food production from the agrobiodiversity. This general objective contemplates the priorities of the research, that are: to highlight the organizations that are operating with in this theme, the relationships they establish between themselves, the process of dialogue that they are creating, and what is being discussed in this context. The spaces of dialogue created for these organizations operating in their network discusses the community practice, characterized as an environment of collective learning and knowledge building. The complex relationships established between the organizations that operate in this dialogue regarding agrobiodiversity highlight the divergence between those involved with these products, enhancing their cultural aspects or at least those related to health standards. However, some similarities between their trajectories, such as a greater proximity with family farming, may be a factor of coherence to advance this group and construct together proposals in favor of family farming. The farmers benefit from these meetings, particularly with regards to the increase in their production, that support some of their activities, giving more autonomy to these people and the re-affirmation of their work. The ways to collectively construct knowledge are based on the successive contacts that could provide an interface between knowledge, technical and local, to meet the priorities of those involved. However, though it appears that this process occurs in the long term, it does not impede the farmers to continue their practices. Moreover, the fact of conforming to the rules of production and marketing of their products does present some contradictions, on the one hand it may legitimize the activities of the farmers, on the other, it could inhibit some creative possibilities, restricting them to the established norm.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo compreender a dinâmica do manejo da agrobiodiversidade nos roçados de mandioca em comunidades ribeirinhas de várzea e terra firme das Reservas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Amanã e Mamirauá, na Amazônia, e suas relações com as formas de organização da produção, do espaço e do trabalho adotadas pelos produtores. Para tal foi trabalhado um conjunto de metodologias baseados na teoria de sistemas agrários, análise de agroecossistemas, etnoecologia e análise genética utilizando microssatélites. Os resultados indicaram que: 1) Nas duas reservas existem três identidades produtivas, forjadas a partir da principal fonte de renda: agricultores, pescadores e agricultores-pescadores (desenvolvem as duas atividades com fins de comercialização); 2) Os ribeirinhos classificam diversos ambientes como aptos para a agricultura, e a partir deles diversos sistemas de cultivo, que variam em função do ecossistema (várzea ou terra-firme); 3) Existem duas racionalidades produtivas na agricultura (comercialização e auto-consumo), que moldam as racionalidades de manejo da agrobiodiversidade; 4) A diversidade específica e varietal nos roçados diminui à medida que se aumenta o grau de especialização produtiva, tanto da pesca, quanto da agricultura. Contudo, isso não se verifica do ponto de vista genético, uma vez que os genes estão bem distribuídos nas variedades e populações, independente da lógica produtiva; 5) Os roçados de mandioca da RDS Amanã e RDS Mamirauá são extremamente diversos geneticamente, apresentando altos valores de riqueza alélica, polimorfismo e heterozigosidade; 6) A diversidade genética está estruturada basicamente dentro de cada roçado, o que indica alto fluxo gênico entre as variedades de cada roçado e entre as variedades dos diferentes roçados, proporcionada principalmente pela troca de variedades entre agricultores, diminuindo a diferença entre roçados e aumentando a freqüência de diferentes alelos em cada roçado; 7) Os pescadores e as comunidades de várzea têm papel fundamental na dinâmica da agrobiodiversidade, pois abrigam grande número de espécies e variedades de mandioca nos roçados; 8) Portanto, em todas as comunidades a agricultura tem papel fundamental, o que denota que as estratégias de assessoria devem prever a dimensão de sistemas de produção em suas intervenções. / This study had the objective of understanding the agrobiodiversity management dynamics in roçados (swidden fields of cassava) in riverine communities of the Amanã and Mamirauá Sustainable Reserves in the Amazon and its relations with production, space and work management adopted by the families. The methodology adopted was based on the agrarian systems theory, agroecosystems analysis, ethnoecology and microsatellites genetic analysis. The results indicated that: 1) In the two reserves there are three productive identities, forged from the main source of economic income: agriculturists, fishing and agriculturist-fishing (they develop the two activities with commercialization aims); 2) The informers classify diverse environments as apt for agriculture, and from them diverse crop systems, that vary in function of the ecosystem (land-firm or floodplain); 3) There are two productive rationalities in agriculture (commercialization and self-consumption), which adapts to the rationalities of agrobiodiversity management; 4) The specific and varietal diversity in the roçados decreases as the level of productive specialization increases, both the fishing and agriculture. However, this is not verified in the genetic point of view, where the genes are well distributed in the varieties and populations, independent of the productive logic; 5) The roçados at the Amanã and Mamirauá SDR are extremely diverse, presenting high values of allelic diversity, polymorphism and heterozigosity; 6) The genetic diversity is structured basically within each roçado, which indicates high gene flow among the varieties of each roçado and among the varieties of the different roçados, promoted mainly by the exchange of varieties between agriculturists, diminishing the difference between roçados and increasing the frequency of different alleles in each roçado; 7) The floodplain fishing and communities have an important role in the agrobiodiversity dynamics, as they shelter a great number of species and cassava varieties in their roçados; 8) Therefore, in all the communities agriculture has an important role, which denotes that the extension strategies must foresee the production systems approach in their interventions.