Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Florianópolis, 2011 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-26T02:29:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 289413.pdf: 2202557 bytes, checksum: ffef042079a9d09712252f459fd872e4 (MD5) / O presente trabalho analisou o perfil metabólico primário (proteínas, amido e lipídeos ) e secundário (carotenóides, antocianinas e compostos fenólicos) de oito variedades crioulas de milho desenvolvidas por equenos agricultores do município de Anchieta (SC) e avaliou o efeito do ambiente sobre o teor daqueles metabólitos cultivando as mesmas variedades no campo experimental da UFSC (Florianópolis), assim como características fisico-químicas e funcionais das farinhas e amidos de variedades crioulas e hibridas de milho. Os resultados mostraram diferenças na composição química (proteínas e amido) detectadas por técnicas histoquimicas assim como pela quantificação do teor daqueles compostos nas amostras de variedades de milho (amido, proteínas e lipídeos). Maior ocorrência de polissacarídeos ácidos, amido, celulose e proteínas foi vista para as variedades desenvolvidas em Anchieta (Geração F0). A quantificação do teor de proteínas revelou F0 como sendo a geração de maior ocorrência daqueles compostos. As variedades crioulas MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 mostraram-se como fontes de apreciável teor de lipídeos. O tamanho dos grânulos dos amidos de variedades crioulas foi bastante heterogênea, na grande parte são circulares e apresentando fibras na matriz do amido. O poder de inchamento, índice de solubilidade, capacidade de retenção de água foram em geral baixos para as variedades crioulas de milho. Conteúdos superiores de amilose foram detectados para as variedades R8C-0, RJ-0 e Fortuna. A espectroscopia de infravermelho (FT-IR) aliada a quimiometria (PCAs) revelou a presença de proteínas, lipídeos, amido como sendo os compostos majoritários, no entanto, foi notório a presença de açúcares e compostos de metabolismo secundário (terpenóides). Baixas temperaturas de gelatinização foram observadas para as variedades MPA1 e RXE (F0) e valores elevados para LP e RJ (F0). Menores viscosidades das pastas de amidos form detectados para RJ, RXE, e PR (F0), no entanto, as variedades RJ e R8C apresentaram maior tendência a retrogradação. Em geral amidos de variedades da F1 apresentaram maior retrogradação. A análise do conteúdo de metabólitos secundários em sementes, folhas e flores femininas das variedades crioulas e hibridas revelou maiores teores de carotenóides para as variedades LP (folhas), RX (flores femininas) e RXE (sementes). A geração F1 apresentou maior teor médio de carotenóides comparativamente a F0 e variedades hibridas, revelando o efeito do ambiente na síntese daqueles compostos. O tratamento hidrotérmico aplicado na extração degradou os carotenóides. A CLAE, revelou serem as xantofilas (luteina e zeaxantina) os compostos majoritários em sementes de variedades crioulas, com destaque para as variedades RX, PR (F0), e PR, MG, RXE (F1). O teor de carotenóides foi superior na geração F1 assim como a sintese de a, e ß-carotenos, com destaque destes em PR, MG e RXE (F1). A variedade hibrida BR SC 154 revelou superioridade em carotenóides totais por CLAE comparativamente a todas outras estudadas. Teores elevados de antocianinas foram detectados em folhas, flores, e sementes das variedades PR, MG e LP-0 respectivamente, enquanto que, teores elevados de fenólicos totais foram observados em flores, folhas e grãos de RJ, RX e R8C-0 respectivamente. O estudo permitiu concluir que tanto amidos e farinhas das variedades F0, F1 e hibridas apresentaram algumas características desejáveis (alta viscosidade, baixa temperatura de empastamento, elevado teor de lipídios assim como teor médio de amilose) e podem ser usados para a obtenção de alguns produtos na indústria (Pães, pudins, sobremesas), fato que pode agregar mais valor, mais aplicabilidade e gerar novas perspectivas de uso destas variedades crioulas de milho e incentivo ao pequeno agricultor que vem desenvolvendo essas variedades ao longo de décadas. Variedades de milho crioulo exibiram quantidades apreciáveis de carotenóides, antocianinas e fenólicos existentes em diferentes partes da planta que vários outros relatos na literatura, e constituem ótimo material de exploração de compostos do metabolismo secundário para fins farmacêuticos, saúde e na indústria cosmética, fato que vai agregar mais valor e preservação deste germoplasma. / This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos. / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-16T00:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 264078.pdf: 870282 bytes, checksum: 8f91941bf1af455968cd1934be531e20 (MD5) / Native landraces of Brazilian maize constitute one of the most valuable resources for the development of corn cultivars with end-use quality. Besides, they have high environmental adaptation potential which makes them desirable for breeding programs. The cultivation of maize landraces by small producers helps in the rescue, preservation, and production of varieties, which in turn maintains corn#s genetic variability. The choice of a particular landrace should be based not only on agronomic factors but also on the nutritional and industrial quality factors. For this purpose, eight Brazilian maize landraces were evaluated. Chemical composition, quality factors, superficial kernel appearance and starch granules were eterminated. Values for protein and lipids (dry basis) were in the range of 8-10,3% and 4,8-5,4%, respectively. Starch is the major component of maize, and ranged between 63 and 73%. The fatty acids composition was evaluated and these landraces showed the linoleic composition higher than the other, as usual to maize. All protein fractions were extracted and quantified. By SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight was obtained, and the superficial net charge was observed by capillary electrophoresis, which showed that albumins, globulins and prolamins, represented by zein I and II are clearly negatively net charge. The hardness of the kernel is controlled by the á-zein class, and all samples showed the presence of these proteins as seen by SDS-PAGE. The functional and thermal properties of maize flours were studied by RVA, texture analysis and rheology. Genetic clusters were constructed to evaluate the differences in the samples, and a large difference was found between the samples in each protein fraction. Dynamic properties was studied and the storage (G#) and lost of energy (G#) modulus were obtained, allowing to classified the gels formed as week gels. The frequency sweep had low interference on these results and for all samples the G# modulus was higher to G# modulus. The rheological study makes easy the application of the maize flours in starch-based products.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Resultados e discussao.pdf: 533457 bytes, checksum: 4b3ed9611422d6ac4d25c29009a4549f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work had for objectives to characterize creole varieties of maize in the South region of Brazil, verifying the possible relations between the presented characteristics. For that were used twenty creole varieties cultivated in the Farm School of the University of Ponta Grossa in the year of 2007. The samples had been characterized through physical and chemical analyses, as well was verified contamination for fungus through the blotter method test and the mycotoxins through the methods of ELISA and HPLC. Beyond the samples in grain flour samples had been also analyzed flour of biju maize and the by-products of its improvement through analyses physicist-chemistries and of contamination for mycotoxins. It was verified that 60% of the samples of grains analyzed through method ELISA were contaminated by total aflatoxins, total levels 1,0 to 2,6 ppb, for the HPLC method had not been found total aflatoxin levels detectable. It was verified despite 65% of the samples of grains met contaminated by zearalenone in levels that varied between 64 and 640 ppb and 66,9 and 759,3 ppb, for the methodologies of HPLC and ELISA, respectively. Of the 20 samples of analyzed grains of maize, twelve had revealed positive for zearalenone by the method ELISA and thirteen for the method of HPLC and four had revealed negative for the two used methods, being necessary the confirmation of the results gotten for the method of ELISA through the HPLC method. Of the analyzed varieties it was verified that 60% possess predominantly supreme of hard texture and 40% of predominantly intermediate texture endosperm in the grain, minor its density and force of rupture and greater its size. It can be perceived despite supreme heavier they possess a smaller diameter and that grains with high texts of lipids and proteins they have trend to a bigger density and greater rupture force. Also eight fungi sorts had been isolated, being of bigger Penicillium incidence sp and Fusarium sp. It was verified despite the Creole varieties with a bigger soft ratio of endosperm had presented a bigger contamination for Fusarium sp. All maize the analyzed flour samples biju and the residues of its improvement had presented contamination for total aflatoxins and zearalenone the biggest contaminations had been verified in pericarp and the minors in the maize flour biju. Can be concluded that for the samples in study was not detected the relation among the contamination by mycotoxins, and the physical, chemical characteristics and fungus contamination. / Este trabalho teve por objetivos caracterizar variedades crioulas de milho, da região Sul do Brasil, verificando as possíveis relações entre as características apresentadas. Para tanto foram utilizadas vinte variedades crioulas cultivadas na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa no ano de 2007. As amostras foram caracterizadas através de análises físicas e químicas, bem como foi verificada a contaminação por fungos e micotoxinas, através dos métodos de ELISA e CCD. Além das amostras em grão também foram analisadas amostras de farinha de milho bijú e os subprodutos do seu beneficiamento através de análises físico-químicas e de contaminação por micotoxinas. Verificou-se que 60% das amostras de grãos analisados através do método ELISA estavam contaminadas por aflatoxinas totais em níveis de 1,0 a 2,6 ppb, pelo método de CCD não foram encontrados níveis detectáveis de aflatoxinas totais. Verificou-se ainda que 65% das amostras de grãos encontravam-se contaminadas por zearalenona em níveis que variavam entre 64 e 640 ppb e entre 66,9 e 759,3 ppb, pelas metodologias de CCD e ELISA, respectivamente. Das 20 amostras de grãos de milho analisadas, doze mostraram-se positivas para zearalenona pelo método ELISA e treze pelo método de CCD e quatro mostraram-se negativas pelos dois métodos utilizados, sendo necessária a confirmação dos resultados obtidos pelo método de ELISA através do método de CCD. Das variedades analisadas verificou-se que 60% possuíam grãos predominantemente de textura dura e 40% de textura predominantemente intermediária e que quanto maior a proporção de endosperma macio no grão, menor a sua densidade e força de ruptura e maior o seu tamanho. Pode-se perceber ainda que grãos mais pesados possuem um menor diâmetro e que grãos com altos teores de lipídeos e proteínas têm tendência a uma maior densidade e maior força de ruptura. Também foram isolados oito gêneros fúngicos, sendo os de maior incidência Penicillium sp e Fusarium sp. Verificou-se ainda que as variedades crioulas com uma maior proporção de endosperma macio apresentaram uma maior contaminação por Fusarium sp. Todas as amostras analisadas de farinha de milho bijú e os resíduos do seu beneficiamento apresentaram contaminação por aflatoxinas totais e zearalenona as maiores contaminações foram verificadas no pericarpo e as menores na farinha de milho bijú. Pode-se concluir que para as amostras em estudo não se detectou relação entre a contaminação por micotoxinas e as características físicas, químicas e contaminação por fungos.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Florianópolis, 2011 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-26T00:26:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 294753.pdf: 2554120 bytes, checksum: c56d364da119486d65613d08b059b39d (MD5) / México é o centro de origem e diversidade do milho e, portanto, seu cultivo tem grande importância no país. Apresentando uma grande riqueza genética e representando o principal alimento e tem um valor cultural muito grande, o milho significa a "carne e o sangue" "o pai, a mãe e o filho". Por isto quando Quist e Chapela comprovaram em 2001, a introgressão de DNA transgênico em variedades nativas (sinônimo de crioulas), a reação da sociedade em geral foi de forte preocupação. Assim desenvolveram-se pesquisas com a finalidade de conhecer a extensão e a intensidade do fluxo e introgressão de transgenes em variedades nativas. Um destes estudos foi o estudo realizado por organizações sociais, agricultores e indígenas pertencentes à Rede em Defesa do milho. Membros da Rede identificaram no ano 2005, deformações nas plantas do milho nunca antes constatadas e suspeitaram que estas anormalidades fossem causadas pela presença de transgenes. Assim, neste contexto, o presente estudo buscou verificar a existência de uma relação entre a presença de transgenes e a aparição de novos fenótipos anormais em milho em cinco comunidades na região de Vales Centrais de Oaxaca. Foi amostrado tecido foliar de 500 plantas de milho nativo com fenótipos anormais e 500 com fenótipos normais. A análise de detecção de proteínas recombinantes foi feita por Kits comerciais ELISA e comparou-se a frequência da presença de proteínas recombinantes entre plantas de fenótipos distintos. Obteve-se presença de pelo menos um transgene em 17,9% das plantas amostradas, sendo a proteína Cry1Ab a de maior frequência entre as três proteínas testadas. Encontrou-se uma diferença estatisticamente significativa ao comparar-se a frequência de proteínas recombinantes em fenótipos anormais (117/500) com fenótipos normais (62/500). Ao testar os resultados de frequência de presença de proteínas recombinantes nos diferentes fenótipos, com o teste chi-quadrado e o teste de comparações emparelhadas encontrou-se uma diferença estatística significativa (P<0,001). Com base nos resultados obtidos com os testes de proteínas, discute-se a pertinência de utilizar critérios de determinação de resultados positivos à presença de proteínas recombinantes, que se ajustem às caracteristicas de variedades nativas. Sugere-se mais análises de modo a validar a relação entre a presença de transgenes e a maior proporção de fenótipos anormais. / Mexico is the center of origin and diversity of maize; its cultivation, therefore, has great importance in the country. Maize in Mexico presents a great genetic richness, is the main staple food and has a great cultural value. For Mexicans maize means their "flesh and blood" and it is considered as "father, mother and child". Therefore, when Chapela e Quist in 2001, showed the DNA introgression of transgenes in landraces, the reaction in all sectors of society was one of great concern. Thus, surveys were developed aiming to ascertain the extent and intensity of transgene flow and introgression in the landraces. Among these efforts is the study conducted by social organizations, farmers and indigenous people belonging to the Network in Defense of Maize. In 2005 members of this network identified abnormalities on maize plants that have never verified seen before. They suspected that these abnormalities could be caused by the presence of transgenes. Bearing this in mind, this study aims to verify the existence of a relationship between the presence of transgenes and the appearance of new abnormal phenotypes. For this purpose, a sample of 500 plants with abnormal phenotypes and 500 with normal phenotype was collected in five communities of the Central Valley region in Oaxaca. Detection of recombinant proteins was done by ELISA commercial kits and the frequency of presence of recombinant proteins between plants of both phenotypes was compared. The presence of at least one transgene in 17.9% of the 1000 sampled plant was observed and Protein Cry1Ab showed to be most frequent among the three tested proteins. When comparing the frequency of recombinant proteins in abnormal (117/500) and normal (62/500) phenotypes a statistically significant difference was found. The results of the recombinant proteins frequencies in different phenotypes, were then tested by chi-square test and pairwise comparisons, which showed statistical significance (P <0.001). In this study we discuss the relevance of using specific criteria for determining positive results to the presence of recombinant proteins, that fit the characteristics of native varieties. This study is the first systematic approach to uncovering a relationship between the presence of transgenes and phenotypic abnormalities in Mexican maize landraces. Further analysis to validate this relationship is suggested.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The municipality of Ibarama is located in the central mountain range of Rio Grande do Sul and about 70 % of it's population consists of family farmers. It stands out among the other municipalities by having a unique and innovative experience regarding the rescue, conservation and sustainable use of numerous native species and cultivars of agrobiodiversity, carried out by several of these families. The present work lead to the organization of the Native Seed Keepers Association of Ibarama (Associação dos Guardiões de Sementes Crioulas de Ibarama) and has become fundamental in the design of rural development strategies. Thus, this work aims to contribute to the socioeconomic characterization of the saving and multiplication experience of native maize (Zea mays) in the community. Semistructured interviews as well as participatory observations were conducted with 12 farmer families of Ibarama. Social structure features such as gender, age and family composition and their relation to the species preservation were analyzed, as well as the purposes and expectations of their production. The research shows that the preservation activities of native maize varieties are maintained through generations, due to subsistence production and economic, social, political and cultural elements that are directly related to its use as family food and animal feed. The farmers themselves have developed their own way of connecting with their natural surroundings and often use evidence or trial for perfecting the domestication of the plants and animals that they handle. It is also observed that farmers adapt and shape agrobiodiversity according to their own requirements and needs, which are influenced by ecological, social and economic changes. In regard to the continuation of the Association there are many limitations such as the age of the seed keepers and the lack of political incentive. Strategies to address these problems are the cooperation of the Association with research and teaching entities, and the group of little Guardians as well as the access to new marketing channels for native agrobiodiversity products, specifically those of native maize. / O município de Ibarama, com cerca de 70% da população constituída por agricultores familiares, está localizado na região Centro-Serra do Rio Grande do Sul, e destaca-se entre os demais, por possuir uma experiência peculiar e inovadora no que diz respeito ao resgate, conservação e uso sustentável de inúmeras espécies e cultivares da agrobiodiversidade crioula, realizadas por várias dessas famílias. Este trabalho que resultou na organização da Associação dos Guardiões de Sementes Crioulas de Ibarama, torna-se fundamental na elaboração de estratégias de desenvolvimento rural. Neste sentido, este trabalho pretende contribuir na caracterização socioeconômica da experiência de resgate e multiplicação de milho crioulo (Zea mays) na comunidade. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação participante em 12 famílias de agricultores de Ibarama. Foram analisadas características da estrutura social como gênero, faixa etária e composição familiar e sua relação com a atividade de preservação da espécie, assim como as finalidades e expectativas da sua produção. A pesquisa realizada mostra que as atividades de preservação de variedades de milho crioulo se mantêm, através das gerações, por relacionar-se com a produção de subsistência e por elementos de caráter econômico, social, político e cultural, relacionados diretamente pelas formas de uso como a alimentação familiar e animal. Os próprios agricultores desenvolveram uma forma própria de conexão com o seu entorno natural e muitas vezes utilizam a prova ou experimentação para aperfeiçoar a atividade de domesticação das plantas e animais que manejam. Observa-se também que os agricultores adaptam e moldam a agrobiodiversidade conforme suas exigências e necessidades, as quais estão influenciadas pelas mudanças ecológicas, sociais e econômicas. Já para a continuação da Associação existem muitos limitantes como a idade avançada dos Guardiões e a falta de incentivo político. As estratégias para enfrentar esses problemas são a parceria da Associação com entidades de pesquisa e ensino, o grupo de Guardiões Mirins e o acesso a novos canais de comercialização para os produtos da agrobiodiversidade crioula, especificamente o milho crioulo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Pinto.pdf: 1036380 bytes, checksum: 145aa947b54d1a79e71d50c0289d9b43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The corn crop is one of the most important of Brazil in relation to the amount produced yearly and its destination. It has great commercial importance in animal nutrition and also in the food industry. Every year farmers search for higher agricultural yields, having as main partner the breeding programs. Regarding this aspect, the rescuing of corn landraces is of fundamental importance, as they show great genetic variability, as well as present very good adaptation to the environmental conditions from where they come from. Therefore, this work has the objective of characterizing twenty corn landraces planted in the Campos Gerais region (Paraná State) in relation to its chemical composition (moisture, ash, protein, lipid, dietary fiber and starch) and physical properties (1000 kernels weight, real density, flotation index, granulometry after milling and color). Besides that, also the lab scale processing of the kernels from the varieties was done for producing starch; starch purity was evaluated by measuring its protein contamination. Apparent amylose, total amylose, amylopectin, amylose-lipid complex were also evaluated. Analysis of variance identified significant differences between the varieties studied in relation to the levels of protein, lipid, dietary fiber, starch, 1000 kernels weight, flotation index, color and granulometry after milling (coarse and intermediate size particles). The tests performed in starch, the total amylose and amylopectin contents, peak viscosity, final viscosity, hot pasta viscosity, breakdown, pasting onset temperature and setback also differed significantly among varieties. Some factors influenced the viscoamilography profile as the flotation index, real density and amylose complexed with lipids. The results showed the physical properties of corn grains like flotation index, real density and particle size distribution are important parameters for classifying endosperm hardness that was correlated with physicochemical characteristics. / O milho é uma das principais culturas agrícolas do Brasil em termos de volume produzido e destino da produção. Tem grande importância comercial na alimentação animal e humana. A cada ano os produtores buscam maiores produtividades tendo como principal aliado o melhoramento genético. Diante deste aspecto, o resgate de variedades crioulas apresenta grande importância uma vez que possuem alta variabilidade genética além de ótima adaptação às condições ambientais de onde procedem. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar vinte variedades de milho crioulo cultivados na região dos Campos Gerais (PR) em relação à composição química (umidade, cinza, proteína, lipídio, fibra alimentar e amido) e propriedades físicas (peso de 1000 grãos, densidade real, índice de flotação, granulometria e cor). Além disso, o amido foi extraído e em seguida, caracterizado quanto ao teor de proteína, amilose aparente, amilose total, amilopectina, amilose complexada com lipídios e perfil viscoamilográfico. A análise de variância identificou diferença significativa entre as variedades estudadas para os teores de proteína, extrato etéreo, fibra alimentar, amido, peso de 1000 grãos, índice de flotação, cor e granulometria após moagem (partículas grossas e intermediárias). Entre as análises realizadas nos amidos extraídos, os teores de amilose total, amilopectina, pico de viscosidade, viscosidade final, viscosidade da pasta quente, temperatura de gelatinização, quebra e retrogradação também diferiram significativamente entre as variedades. Alguns fatores influenciaram o perfil viscoamilográfico como o índice de flotação, densidade real e amilose complexada com lipídios. Os resultados mostraram que as propriedades físicas dos grãos de milho como índice de flotação, densidade real e distribuição do tamanho das partículas são parâmetros importantes para a classificação da dureza do endosperma que foram correlacionados com as características físico-químicas.