To drink moderately can be hard for many people and there is a lot of norms that will amp up the temptation to drink more. In this essay the focus is to see what effect technology has when it comes to regulate alcohol consumption. The technology reviewed was the application Promillekoll, created by Systembolaget. This application gives the user an estimated value on what blood alcohol level the user had after consuming alcohol. By using different methods to collect data it helped to locate what kinds of norms there was when alcohol was being consumed and how they are playing a part in the regulation of alcohol. This essay also helped to figure out what kind of trust the user has for this type of application and what the application need so that the user will continue to use the application. The result indicate that the user can achieving a change in their behavior but they need the right attitude to achieve it. Many wanted an update of the features in the application to make it more appealing for them to use it, because the interaction in the application is not perfect. The main thing that hindering the application was the social norms that comes with drinking alcohol. / Att dricka lagom mycket kan vara svårt för många och det finns flera normer som ökar påfrestelsen att dricka mera. I denna studie ligger fokus på att ta reda på vilken effekt tekniken har när det kommer till att reglera alkoholkonsumtion. Den teknik som granskades är applikationen Promillekoll, som är en applikation framtagen av Systembolaget. Den ger  användaren ett uppskattat värde av ens promillehalt när de dricker. Men hjälp av olika metoder samlades data in för att ta reda på över vilka typer av normer som finns när det kommer till alkoholkonsumtion och hur de spelar in för regleringen av alkohol samt ta reda på hur stor tillit användarna hade till applikationen och vad som krävdes för att de skulle fortsätta användningen av applikationen. Resultatet tyder på att det går att uppnå en förändring med hjälp av applikationen men då krävs det att användaren har rätt attityd från början. Många respondenter ville däremot ha en uppdatering av applikationen då interaktionen inte var så effektiv som den skulle kunnat vara. Dock stod flera sociala normer i vägen för att tekniken skulle kunna vara effektiv.

Abstract A profile on alcohol consumption among South African dentists – A dentist’s perspective: JH Olivier Background This study investigated alcohol use linked to the stress of a selected sample of South African dentists. The only other related topic in South Africa, that the researcher could find, was done in 1996 at the University of Stellenbosch. The literature suggests that prevalence studies of substance use and abuse rarely include dentists. Methods A dominant quantitative approach with a less dominant qualitative approach was utilized. The quantitative-descriptive design (survey with a questionnaire) was used to obtain data with regard to biographical/background information, stress and coping, quantity and frequency of alcohol use, and dysfunction as a result of alcohol use among a randomly selected sample of 110 South African dentists with a response rate of 70%. The respondents’ perspective on alcohol use linked to the stress of the dental profession with recommendations were also obtained. For the qualitative data collection, the researcher utilized the collective case study. He planned semi-structured interviews with an interview schedule with five dentists that have already had treatment for alcohol abuse or were self-characterized as problem drinkers. Unfortunately, two of the respondents who characterized themselves as heavy alcohol users died before they could be interviewed. Because of ethical reasons and the sensitivity of the topic they could not be replaced. Findings The quantitative study indicated that: (1) the respondents experienced significant amounts of occupational stress (2) the majority of the respondents do physical exercise to reduce their stress (3) a great number of respondents socialize with friends to reduce their stress (4) some respondents actually use alcohol to reduce their stress (5) stress levels of the respondents in private practice and stress levels of the respondents in other sectors are the same (6) alcohol consumption of male and female dentists is the same (7) respondents who reported less areas of stress consumed more alcohol than those who reported more areas of stress (8) a great number of the respondents experience high stress levels but do not use alcohol, or they only use alcohol to socialize (9) less than 3% of the respondents reported that alcohol use has affected their work as a dentist (10) the majority of the respondents believe that some dentists consume alcohol as a coping mechanism concerning social anxiety, occupational stress and personal factors. The qualitative study indicated that: (1) the habit of alcohol use that may lead to alcohol dependency starts at university (2) the respondents, who had treatment for alcohol dependency, experienced high levels of occupational stress (3) the respondents link their dependency directly to the stress and strain of their profession. Conclusions There are more intense and less intense stressors among South African dentists and there are some dentists that consume alcohol to relieve the stress and strain of their profession. However, the majority only use alcohol as a way of socializing. Less than 3% of the respondents reported that alcohol use has affected their work as a dentist. Recommendations Modules on coping mechanisms linked to the stress and strain of the dental profession should be included in the curricula at dental schools. The compulsory CPD programme of the HPCSA should include stress management and healthy coping mechanism courses. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

This essay investigates the status of alcohol consumption in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby (1925). The analysis focuses on character study reading of Jay Gatsby, and Tom and Daisy Buchanan in conjunction with Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of habitus, by placing habitus in the specific historical context of the novel. The analysis focuses on the social structures of the alcohol-consuming upper-class Americans, and the reproduction of internalized practices during Prohibition. Drinking alcohol is seen as a valued, cultural capital among the elite society and used as a tool in a competition of power. The Buchanans, as true members of their class, are constantly intoxicated. For Gatsby, a sober man and an imposter of the elite society, drinking has no cultural value. I argue that, from the cultural aspect, Gatsby’s fall is a consequence of his soberness among the drunkenness of the hierarchy.

I det digitala samhället har reklamens utveckling och användning genomgått förändringar, där den visuella reklamen i sociala medier har blivit den mest framträdande formen av reklam. En särskilt kontroversiell typ av reklam är alkoholreklam, eftersom den kan påverka människor till ökad alkoholkonsumtion, vilket kan få negativa konsekvenser. För att reglera marknadsföringen av alkoholdrycker har Sverige infört restriktioner genom alkohollagen, vilket har skapat utmaningar för svenska företag. Som en följd av dessa restriktioner har företag börjat använda visuella resurser för att skicka implicita eller dolda meddelanden till sina målgrupper. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur svenska alkoholföretag använder semiotiska resurser för att skapa och förmedla dessa dolda meddelanden i sin marknadsföring på sociala medier. En fallstudie av Hernö Gin genomförs, där fokus ligger på semiotisk analys för att belysa vilka strategier som används för att marknadsföra alkohol i en social kontext där marknadsföringen av alkohol är begränsad. Genom att besvara dessa frågor kommer uppsatsen att bidra till forskningsområdet inom reklam på sociala medier genom att belysa hur reklamen har utvecklats och skapat nya strategier för att väcka intresse hos mottagarna och samtidigt hantera de juridiska begränsningarna. Reklamens natur är ständigt föränderlig, och strategierna anpassas kontinuerligt i takt med framväxten av nya kanaler och trender. Den ökade digitaliseringen har gett företagen nya möjligheter att nå ut med sin reklam till olika målgrupper genom olika digitala kanaler. Sociala medier har blivit en dominerande plattform för reklam, och visuell reklam har blivit en viktig del av skapandet av intresseväckande och effektiv reklam. Genom att använda sociala medier kan företag samla in data och analysera exponeringen av sin reklam för att snabbt kunna anpassa sina marknadsföringsstrategier. Semiotiska resurser används genom både visuella och narrativa former såsom objekt, ordspråk och beskrivningar för att skapa indirekta meddelanden som riktas till mottagarna. Dessa resurser kan vara symboler eller tecken som har en inneboende betydelse eller associeras med specifika känslor eller värden. Genom att använda sådana resurser kan alkoholföretag kommunicera med sin målgrupp på ett subtilt sätt, trots de begränsningar som alkohollagen innebär. Genom att förstå dessa strategier kan forskningen inom reklam på sociala medier vidareutvecklas och ge insikt i hur reklambranschen anpassar sig till de juridiska restriktionerna och samtidigt skapar effektiva marknadsföringskampanjer. Det kan även vara värdefullt för beslutsfattare och reglerande myndigheter att få insikt i hur företagen försöker nå ut till konsumenterna trots de begränsningar som är på plats. Slutligen kan en ökad medvetenhet om dessa semiotiska strategier hjälpa konsumenter att vara mer kritiska mot marknadsföringsbudskap och fatta mer informerade val när det gäller alkoholkonsumtion. / In the digital society, the development and use of advertising have undergone changes, where visual advertising on social media has become the most prominent form of advertising. A particularly controversial type of advertising is alcohol advertising, as it can influence people to increase their alcohol consumption, which can have negative consequences. In order to regulate the marketing of alcoholic beverages, Sweden has introduced restrictions through the alcohol law, which has created challenges for Swedish companies. As a result of these restrictions, companies have started using visual resources to send implicit or hidden messages to their target audiences. The purpose of this essay is to examine how Swedish alcohol companies use semiotic resources to create and convey these hidden messages in their marketing on social media. A case study of Hernö Gin is conducted, with a focus on semiotic analysis to highlight the strategies used to market alcohol in a social context where alcohol marketing is limited. By addressing these questions, the essay will contribute to the research field of advertising on social media by illustrating how advertising has evolved and created new strategies to generate interest among recipients while also dealing with legal constraints. The nature of advertising is constantly changing, and strategies are continuously adapted with the emergence of new channels and trends. Increased digitalization has given companies new opportunities to reach different target groups through various digital channels. Social media has become a dominant platform for advertising, and visual advertising has become an important part of creating engaging and effective advertisements. By using social media, companies can gather data and analyse the exposure of their advertisements to quickly adapt their marketing strategies. Semiotic resources are used through both visual and narrative forms such as objects, proverbs, and descriptions to create indirect messages directed at recipients. These resources can be symbols or signs that have inherent meaning or are associated with specific emotions or values. By using such resources, alcohol companies can communicate with their target audience in a subtle way, despite the limitations imposed by the alcohol law. Understanding these strategies can advance research in advertising on social media and provide insight into how the advertising industry adapts to legal restrictions while creating effective marketing campaigns. It can also be valuable for decisionmakers and regulatory authorities to gain insight into how companies attempt to reach consumers despite the constraints in place. Lastly, increased awareness of these semiotic strategies can help consumers be more critical of marketing messages and make more informed choices regarding alcohol consumption.

Abstract:Aims: Due to large inconsistencies in previous studies, it remains unclear how alcohol use is related to health care utilization. The aim of this study was to examine associations between alcohol drinking status with utilization of outpatient and inpatient health care services in Germany. Methodology: Survey data of the GEDA 2014/2015-EHIS study with n = 23,561 German adults were analyzed (response rate: 27 %). Respondents were categorized as lifetime abstainers, former drinkers, and non-weekly drinkers, as well as weekly low-risk drinkers and risky drinkers. Outpatient services included GP, specialist, and hospital visits; inpatient services included hospital overnight stays in the last 12 months. For both settings, binary logistic regression models were applied, adjusted for possible confounders. Results: For specialist visits, elevated odds were found among former drinkers (odds ratio (OR) = 1.93, 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) = 1.50-2.49), non-weekly drinkers (OR = 1.24, 95 % CI = 1.05-1.47), weekly low-risk drinkers (OR = 1.39, 95 % CI = 1.17-1.67), and risky drinkers (OR = 1.28, 95 % CI = 1.04-1.57) compared to lifetime abstainers. In contrast, lower odds for inpatient service use were found among non-weekly drinkers (OR = 0.76, 95 % CI = 0.62-0.93), low-risk drinkers (OR = 0.66, 95 % CI = 0.53-0.81), and risky drinkers (OR = 0.65, 95 % CI = 0.51-0.84). No differences were observed for GP and outpatient hospital visits. Conclusions: While the increased odds of consulting a specialist are consistent with higher health care needs among former and current drinkers, the lower use of inpatient care among current drinkers is contrary to known health risks associated with alcohol consumption and evidence from hospitalized populations. The findings also highlight the need to differentiate between lifetime abstainers and former drinkers in their use of health services.

Alcohol and drug use can damage health and cause different problems in the individual's life. To avoid these problems, it is important to investigate which factors are associated with alcohol and drug use. This study aims to shed light on which risk and protective factors can affect young people`s alcohol and drug use in Sweden. The authors of this study have chosen to do a literature study that includes 14 scientific articles from four different databases. Results show that individual factors such as mental illness and attitudes and social factors such as parents, friends and the school can significantly impact young people`s alcohol consumption and drug use. / Alkohol- och narkotikaanvändning kan skada hälsan och orsaka olika problem i individens liv. För att förebygga dessa problem är det viktigt att undersöka vilka faktorer som är förknippade med alkohol- och narkotikaanvändning. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa vilka risk- och skyddsfaktorer som kan inverka på ungdomars alkohol och narkotikaanvändning i Sverige. Författarna i denna studie har valt att göra en litteraturstudie som omfattar 14 vetenskapliga artiklar från fyra olika databaser. Resultatet visar på att individuella faktorer såsom psykisk ohälsa och attityder samt sociala faktorer såsom föräldrar, vänner och skolan kan ha en stor inverkan på ungdomars alkoholkonsumtion och narkotikabruk.

Consuming alcohol can affect the mental and physical health, lead toaddiction and affect the development of the brain before the age of 25.Nevertheless binge drinking remains a widespread problem amongstuniversity students. Drinking norms in people's surroundings can affect theirdrinking habits. This study aims to understand why students consume alcohol and the apprehension of the drinking norm on a campus by doing semi-structured interviews with eight students who are living on a campus. The data is analysed through Theory of Planned behaviour and the focal pointsare injunctive, descriptive norms and associations. The result shows thatcampus students consume alcohol because they think it is fun, it helps themsocialize and to avoid or let go of stressful things and negative thoughts. Wecan interpret from the interviews that the drinking norm on campus is thatstudents are expected to drink alcohol at social events. The result also showsthat students tend to value the positive effects of drinking alcohol more thanthe negative consequences. The interviewed students had more mutualpositive associations towards drinking than mutual negative associationswhich implies that drinking norms affects drinking habits and associationstowards drinking.

Background: As the majority of studies examining mental health during the pandemic are cross-sectional, little is known about the changes in mental health during the pandemic, especially in university students. Most studies indicate a worsening of mental health conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the mental health status of German university students during the third wave of the pandemic in 2021 and to compare the results to a sample of a congruent cross-sectional study from 2020. Methods: Two cross-sectional and anonymous online surveys among university students were conducted (first survey: July-August 2020, N = 3,382; second survey: March-April 2021, N = 5,642). Mental health status was assessed with standardized measures (depressive symptoms, alcohol and drug consumption, and eating disorder symptoms), and social and emotional aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic were assessed. In addition to descriptive statistics and group comparisons of the two survey samples from 2020 and 2021, respectively, risk and protective factors related to mental health were analyzed. Results: There were significant differences in severities of depressive symptoms and alcohol and drug consumption between the two online surveys from 2020 and 2021. Findings suggest an increase in the severity of depressive symptoms as well as alcohol and drug consumption. Significantly more respondents reported suicidal ideation in the survey from 2021. Lower self-efficacy, less social support and lower resilience as well as higher perceived stress and more loneliness were reported by the participants of the survey from 2021 compared to 2020. Regarding factors predicting mental health symptoms, being female was a positive predictor for hazardous alcohol use and anorexia nervosa in comparison to men. Further, younger age, being diverse, higher perceived stress and loneliness were positive predictors for all mental health outcomes. Conclusion: This study reveals an increase in severities of depressive symptoms, including suicidal ideation, drug and alcohol consumption among students. Being diverse, younger age, higher perceived stress and loneliness were mutual risk factors for higher depressive and eating disorder symptoms as well as alcohol consumption. Universities and health care policy should recognize and address mental health issues of young adults during ongoing times of crisis and invest in easy-to-access interventions.

Los adolescentes adquieren alcohol por fácil accesibilidad y desconocimiento sobre sus efectos. El objetivo general fue determinar el conocimiento sobre efectos del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes de secundaria de una institución educativa privada del distrito de Pimentel, 2023. Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, transeccional y descriptivo. La población fueron 145 adolescentes, y la muestra 106; el muestreo fue probabilístico-estratificado, aleatorio simple. El instrumento utilizado fue: “Cuestionario de conocimientos sobre los efectos del consumo de alcohol”, con una validación por índice de Kappa de 0,6 (moderado); para medir su confiabilidad, se realizó una prueba piloto con 30 adolescentes y se obtuvo el coeficiente de 0.823 (Kudder - Richardson). Asimismo, se consideró los principios éticos del informe Belmont. El cuestionario comprendió 25 ítems, con una sección de datos generales y 3 relacionadas con las dimensiones de la variable. El procesamiento y análisis de datos se desarrolló con el programa de Microsoft Excel 2019, y con la estadística descriptiva se calcularon frecuencias relativas y absolutas, presentándose en tablas y gráficos de barras. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: conocimiento medio sobre los efectos del consumo de alcohol en 72.64%; conocimiento alto en la dimensión organismo (45.3%); conocimiento bajo en la dimensión rendimiento académico (42%) y conocimiento medio en la dimensión familia (92%). Se concluye que la mayoría de los adolescentes tienen conocimiento medio sobre los efectos del consumo de alcohol, centrándose más en los efectos en el organismo; esto se debe a que no obtienen una información completa sobre el tema. / Adolescents acquire alcohol due to easy accessibility and lack of knowledge about its effects. The general objective was to determine knowledge about the effects of alcohol consumption in high school adolescents from a private educational institution in the district of Pimentel, 2023. Quantitative, non-experimental, transectional and descriptive study. The population was 145 adolescents, and the sample was 106; The sampling was probabilistic-stratified, simple random. The instrument used was: “Knowledge questionnaire about the effects of alcohol consumption”, with a validation by Kappa index of 0.6 (moderate); To measure its reliability, a pilot test was carried out with 30 adolescents and the coefficient of 0.823 (Kudder - Richardson) was obtained. Likewise, the ethical principles of the Belmont report were considered. The questionnaire included 25 items, with a general data section and 3 related to the dimensions of the variable. Data processing and analysis was developed with the Microsoft Excel 2019 program, and with descriptive statistics, relative and absolute frequencies were calculated, presented in tables and bar graphs. The results obtained were: average knowledge about the effects of alcohol consumption in 72.64%; high knowledge in the organism dimension (45.3%); low knowledge in the academic performance dimension (42%) and medium knowledge in the family dimension (92%). It is concluded that the majority of adolescents have average knowledge about the effects of alcohol consumption, focusing more on the effects on the body; This is because they do not obtain complete information on the subject.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att genom en litteraturstudie vidare utforska området kontrollerat drickande. Olika behandlingsmetoder för alkoholberoende kräver olika behandlingsmål. Ett vanligt behandlingsmål är helnykterhet. Ett antagande bland många är att helnykterhet är det enda tänkbara målet för alkoholberoende personer. Ett antagande som är utbrett än idag. Bakgrunden till detta resonemang är att alkoholberoende ses som en livslång och kronisk sjukdom. Kontrollerat drickande har varit och är ett kontroversiellt ämne. Tidigare forskning har identifierat faktorer eller prediktorer kopplade till utfallet av kontrollerat drickande. En framträdande prediktor har exempelvis varit alkoholberoendets svårighetsgrad. Senare forskning verkar också ge stöd till att beroendegraden har betydelse för möjligheten att uppnå ett kontrollerat drickande. Dock så har två presenterade studier med uppföljningsperioder under ett år inte hittat detta samband. Andra prediktorer är en hög alkoholkonsumtion innan behandling och alkoholism inom familjen. Det verkar dock som att vissa alkoholberoende personer kan reducera sin alkoholkonsumtion och uppnå ett kontrollerat drickande. Dessutom kan en kontrollerad konsumtion upprätthållas vid uppföljningsperioder på ett år eller mer. Dessa resulta diskuteras vidare i detta examensarbete. / The aim of this thesis is to research and explore the subject of controlled drinking further through a literature review. Different treatments for alcohol use disorders require different treatment goals. Some dictate that abstinence is the only feasible goal among people suffering from alcohol use disorders. This assumption appears to be prevalent still today. Behind this reasoning is the assumption that alcoholism is a lifelong and chronic disease. Controlled drinking sparked a lot of controversy during early research on the subject. Past research has identified factors, or predictors, associated with controlled drinking outcome. One emerging predictor has been the severity of dependence. According to subsequent research, the severity of dependence appears to be a predictor of success with controlled drinking. On the other hand, two studies obtained, with shorter follow up periods during one year, did not find this association. Other predictors that have been identified are past alcohol use and a family history of alcoholism. It still appears that some individuals suffering from alcohol use disorders can reduce their drinking to moderate drinking and maintain it through follow up through one year and more. These findings are further discussed in this thesis.