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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
231

Efeitos de L. buchneri e 1-propanol no valor nutritivo de silagens de milho para vacas leiteiras / The effects of Lactobacillus buchneri and 1-propanol on the nutritive value of corn silage for dairy cows

Silva, Janielen da 12 January 2015 (has links)
Lactobacillus buchneri é um microrganismo heterolático capaz de produzir quantidades significativas de ácido acético, que tem ação anti-fúngica e melhora a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens. Além de ácido acético, silagens inoculadas com L. buchneri tipicamente apresentam maiores teores de 1-propanol. Acredita-se que este álcool estaria associado à depressão de consumo de matéria seca (CMS). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inoculação de silagens de milho com L. buchneri e da suplementação com 1-propanol no desempenho de vacas leiteiras. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ/USP). A cultura do milho foi colhida com aproximadamente 35% de matéria seca (MS) e ensilada em bags com capacidade de 40 t. No momento da ensilagem, dois tratamentos foram impostos: controle (C) e L. buchneri 1 × 105 ufc/g (LB). Após 247 dias de armazenamento, os silos foram abertos e o ensaio de lactação foi iniciado. Vinte vacas Holandesas foram alocadas em sete Quadrados Latinos 3 × 3, com períodos de 21 dias (14 d adaptação). As dietas experimentais continham (% MS): 8% de caroço de algodão, 9,5% de polpa cítrica, 18% de farelo de soja, 9,0% de milho moído, 2,5% de premix mineral+vitaminas e 53% de silagem de milho C ou LB ou silagem de milho C + 1,0% de 1-propanol (PROP). O 1-propanol foi diluído em água (1:1) e aspergido na ração total durante a mistura, imediatamente antes da oferta das refeições. Parâmetros de fermentação e composição bromatológica das silagens foram realizadas nos períodos experimentais, assim como ensaio de estabilidade aeróbia. A taxa de desaparecimento de ácido acético, etanol e 1-propanol foram mensuradas em cada período durante a exposição das rações no cocho. O CMS, a produção e a composição de leite, a digestibilidade aparente no trato total, o comportamento ingestivo e o índice de seleção de partículas foram registrados entre os dias 15 e 21 de cada período experimental. Nos mesmos dias, foram realizadas coletas de fluido ruminal para determinação das concentrações de ácidos graxos voláteis e 1-propanol e, de sangue para avaliação das concentrações de glicose e ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo Teste de Tukey-Kramer (α=0,05), utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS. Os parâmetros de fermentabilidade e a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. O CMS, a produção e a composição do leite também não diferiram. Entretanto, a digestibilidade da matéria orgânica, foi menor para o tratamento LB. Animais alimentados com 1-propanol apresentaram maior concentração ruminal deste álcool, maior concentração sanguínea de glicose e menor de AGL. A inoculação das silagens com L. buchneri na dose 1 × 105 ufc/g não modifica a qualidade e a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho. A inoculação com L. buchneri na dose 1 × 105 ufc/g e a adição de 1-propanol na dieta não alteraram o desempenho de vacas leiteiras. / L. buchneri is a heterolactic microorganism capable of producing significant amounts of acetic acid that has antifungal action and usually increase the aerobic stability of silage. In addition, silages inoculated with L. buchneri typically exhibit higher levels of 1-propanol. There is a clame that 1-propanol is associated with decreased dry matter intake (DMI). Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of inoculating L. buchneri at corn ensiling and supplementing total mixed rations (TMR) with 1-propanol on the performance of lactating dairy cows. The experiment was conducted in the Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ / USP). Corn crop was harvested at 35% DM and ensiled in farm scale bags (40 t/bag). At ensiling, treatments were: control (C) and L. buchneri 1 × 105 cfu/g (LB). After 247 d of storage, silos were opened and the lactation trial was carried out. Twenty Holstein cows housed in a Tie-stall barn were assigned to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 21 d periods (14 d adaptation). Diets contained (DM basis): 8% whole cottonseed, 9.5% citrus pulp, 18% soybean meal, 9% dry ground corn, 2.5% premix mineral + vitamins, and 53% corn silage C or LB or corn silage C + 1% of 1-propanol (PROP). The 1-propanol was diluted in water (1:1) and sprayed onto the TMR during mixing, immediately before each feeding. Silage fermentation and chemical composition were evaluatedin each period, as well as the aerobic stability. Fractional disappearance rates of ethanol, acetic acid and 1-propanol were determined in TMR during feedbunk exposure. The DMI, milk yield and composition, total tract digestibility, ingestive behavior and particle sorting index were recorded from d-15 to d-21 in each period.. In addition, rumen fluid and blood were sampled to determine the concentrations of VFA and 1-propanool, and glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), respectively. Analysis of variance was performed using the Mixed procedure of SAS and treatment means were compared by Tukey-Kramer test (α = 0.05). Silage fermentability and aerobic stability were similar between treatments. The DMI, milk yield and milk composition did not differ among treatments. However, the organic matter digestibility was lower for the treatment LB. Animals fed 1-propanol had higher ruminal concentration of this alcohol, higher blood glucose and lower blood NEFA. Inoculation of silage with L. buchneri at 1 × 105 cfu/g does not alter fermentation and is not sufficient to improve the aerobic stability of corn silages. The inoculation of silages with L. buchneri at 1 × 105 cfu/g and the supplementation of TMR with 1-propanol do not alter the performance of dairy cows.
232

Processos biocatalÃticos utilizando a casca da laranja da terra (Citrus aurantium L.) / Biocatalytic processes using the orange peel of the earth (Citrus aurantium L.)

Francisco Felipe Maia da Silva 24 January 2012 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O Brasil à o maior produtor mundial de laranja e de suco de laranja, sendo este setor de grande importÃncia para economia brasileira, responsÃvel por gerar mais de 400 mil empregos e movimentar cifras de bilhÃes de reais por ano. Mas, este setor tambÃm à responsÃvel pela produÃÃo de grande quantidade de rejeitos industriais, que equivalem a 50% do peso da fruta, sendo estes resÃduos utilizados na maioria das vezes como raÃÃo animal. Portanto o uso eficiente destes rejeitos se faz necessÃrio em um mundo em que as reservas naturais vÃm se esgotando. Neste sentido a biocatÃlise mostra-se como uma ferramenta promissora no uso destes resÃduos, que possuem enzimas em sua constituiÃÃo, para obtenÃÃo de produtos de alto valor agregado, as substÃncias enantiopuras. A aplicaÃÃo de diferentes metodologias, prÃticas e de baixo custo, possibilitou a sÃntese de alcoÃis quirais com alto excesso enantiomÃrico (ee) e boas taxas de conversÃo. ReaÃÃes de hidrÃlise e reduÃÃo foram processadas em meio aquoso e, as reaÃÃes de esterificaÃÃo foram realizadas em solvente orgÃnico, utilizando as casca da laranja como fonte de biocatalisadores. O uso das cascas da laranja como fonte de biocatalisador apresentou resultados bastante promissores, demonstrando capacidade catalÃtica em vÃrias reaÃÃes (reduÃÃo/oxidaÃÃo, hidrÃlise/esterificaÃÃo) atravÃs de metodologias simples e de baixo custo. ConversÃes de 46,90-96,70% foram alcanÃadas nas reaÃÃes de biorreduÃÃo acompanhado de ee variando de 21,15-99,00%. Nas reaÃÃes de hidrÃlise verificaram-se taxas de conversÃes de 19,20-80,82% e ee variando de 9,60-45,52%. Jà nas reaÃÃes de esterificaÃÃo, ee acima de 99% foram observados e conversÃes maiores que 80% foram alcanÃadas. Portanto, este estudo abre precedentes para uma ampla faixa de aplicaÃÃo desta fonte de biocatalisador (cascas da laranja), que atualmente à considerado como um rejeito industrial, contribuindo sobremaneira para agregar valor a todo um setor produtivo e industrial no qual o Brasil à lÃder, a indÃstria de suco de laranja. / The Brazil is the producing greater of world of orange and orange juice, being this sector of great importance for Brazilian, responsible economy for generating 400 thousand jobs and more than and putting into motion ciphers of billions per year. But, this sector also is responsible for the production of great amount of industrial rejetcs, that are equivalent 50% of the weight of the fruit, being these used residues most of the time as animal ration. Therefore the use efficient of these rejetcs if makes necessary in a world where the natural reserves come if depleting. In this direction biocatalysis is presented as a promising tool in the use of these residues, that contains enzymes in its constitution, for attainment of products of high added value, the substances enantiopure. The application of different methodologies, practical and of low cost, made possible the chiral alcohols synthesis with high enantiomeric excess (ee) and good taxes of conversion. Hydrolysis reactions and reduction had been processed in aqueous way e, the reactions of esterification had been carried through in organic solvent, using the rind of the orange as source of biocatalysis for such reactions. The use of the peel of the orange as biocatalysis source presented resulted sufficiently promising, demonstrating catalytic capacity in some reactions (reduction/oxidation, hydrolysis/esterification) through simple methodologies and of low cost. Conversions of 46,90-96,70% had been reached in the reactions of bioreduction shown of ee varying of 21,15-99,00%. In the hydrolysis reactions taxes of 19,20-80,82% conversions and ee had been verified varying of 9,60-45,52%. Already in the esterification reactions, ee above of 99% had been observed and bigger conversions that 80% had been reached. From there, this study it opens precedents for an ample band of application of this source of biocatalysis (pells of the orange), that currently it is considered as one reject industrial, contributing excessively to add value all a productive and industrial sector in which Brazil is leader, the orange juice industry
233

Hifenização da eletroforese capilar com sistema eletroquímico em fluxo: desenvolvimento de instrumentação para a determinação de íons metálicos com pré-concentração eletroquímica e para o estudo da oxidação de alcoóis / Hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis with an electrochemical flow system: development of instrumentation aiming metallic ions determination by electrochemical preconcentration and study of alcohols oxidation

Lopes, Fernando Silva 15 August 2014 (has links)
Um sistema completo foi desenvolvido para o novo acoplamento de uma célula eletroquímica em fluxo com um eletroforese capilar equipado com detector condutométrico sem contato (EC-CE-C4D). Este acoplamento compreendeu o design da interface EC-CE, um potenciostato protegido contra fuga de alta tensão, subsistema de controle de fluxo por bombas solenóide e um equipamento CE-C4D adaptado para a aplicação. Um software dedicado para aquisição de dados, controle e operação do sistema foi desenvolvido na ferramenta gráfica de programação LabView. O sistema foi inicialmente aplicado na eletrodeposição de traços dos metais Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ e Tl+, seguida pela redissolução e separação destes por CE, o que resultou em fator de pré-concentração de até 55 vezes para todos os metais, exceto Zn2+. Os metais acumulados foram redissolvidos na matriz original da amostra para permitir a separação e determinação conjunta com cátions majoritários (p. ex. alcalinos e alcalinos terrosos e amônio, se acima do LD). Para amostras cuja matriz possa causar interferência, pouco antes da injeção no CE, foi realizado processo de cleanup pela redissolução dos metais no eletrólito de separação. Experimentos pra separação bidimensional com o potencial de deposição ou redissolução voltamétrica como primeira dimensão e o tempo de eletromigração como segunda dimensão foram propostos e demonstrados. A oxidação eletroquímica de espécies orgânicas na interface EC-CE surgiu como um segundo campo de aplicação para: a) derivatização de analitos neutros tornando-os carregados ou ionizaveis, p. ex., conversão de álcoois alifáticos de cadeia curta em carboxilatos que possam ser separados e quantificados por CE-C4D; b) investigação/monitoramento de processos de eletrodo pela detecção de produtos carregados ou ionizáveis de reação de eletrodo, p. ex., investigação de condições experimentais para eletrooxidação de glicerol objetivando-se a síntese de produtos com maior valor comercial. / A complete instrumental system was developed for the new coupling of an electrochemical flow cell to capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection (EC-CE-C4D) and comprising an innovative design of the EC-CE interface, a potentiostat circuit protected from high voltage leakages, a solenoid pump based flow management subsystem, and a CE-C4D equipment tailored for this application. Dedicated software for data acquisition, devices control and operation automation was developed in LabVIEW graphical programming tool. The system was first applied to the electrodeposition of traces of Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Tl+ , followed by stripping and separation by CE, allowing a 55-fold preconcentration factor in 6 min for all metals but Zn2+. The accumulated metals were stripped into the original sample matrix to allow their separation together with the sample\'s major cations (e.g. alkaline and alkaline earth metals and ammonium, if above LOQ). For samples with a matrix that originates interferences, cleanup was achieved by stripping the metals into background electrolyte shortly before injection in the capillary. Two-dimensional separations with voltammetric deposition or stripping potential as one dimension and electromigration time as the second one were proposed and demonstrated. Electrochemical oxidation of organic species in the EC-CE interface emerged as a second field of application for: a) derivatization of neutral analytes into charged or ionizable species, e.g., conversion of short chain aliphatic alcohols into carboxylates that can been determined by CE-C4D; b) investigation/monitoring of electrode processes by detection of charged or ionizable reaction products of electrode reactions, e.g., investigation of experimental conditions for glycerol electro-oxidation aiming the synthesis of commercially valuable products.
234

Aportacions quimio-enzimàtiques per a l'obtenció de precursos de Lactones i alcohols quirals

Oromí Farrús, Mireia 25 April 2008 (has links)
L'obtenció de precursors de lactones i d'alcohols asimètrics té gran valor ensíntesi orgànica ja que són intermediaris clau per a la preparació de moltscompostos bioactius, com medicaments, agroquímics i additius alimentaris. Toti que es disposa d'un gran nombre de reaccions selectives per a moltesnecessitats sintètiques, és encara necessari millorar i trobar nous processos quanes vol disposar de productes amb una estereoquímica definida, a més de trobarnous sistemes més respectuosos amb el medi ambient i la salut humana.En aquesta tesi es presenten diferents aproximacions per a l'obtenció d'alcoholsquirals i de precursors de lactones. Una de les aproximacions consisteix en unmètode quimio-enzimàtic, amb un primer pas de síntesi d'èsters α-funcionalitzats seguit d'una hidròlisi estereoselectiva d'aquests èsters amblipases per a l'obtenció d'halohidrines quirals. Es va estudiar l'aplicabilitat delslíquids iònics, l'ús de reactius poc contaminants i l'ús d'enzims comercials iresting-cells d'origen fúngic. Aquesta aproximació ha permès l'obtenció del S-1-cloro-2-octanol i el S-1-bromo-2-octanol. La segona aproximació consisteixen la utilització d'oxidoreductases per a la biotransformació de cetonesproquirals. Aquestes estan presents en cèl·lules en creixement de noves soquesfúngiques aïllades com a endòfits de plantes. S'ha trobat una soca de Rhizopusoryzae amb activitat biocatalítica per a l'obtenció d'alcohols quirals. / La obtención de precursores de lactonas y de alcoholes asimétricos tiene granvalor en síntesis orgánica ya que son intermedios clave para la preparación demuchos compuestos bioactivos, como medicamentos, agroquímicos y aditivosalimentarios. Aunque se dispone de un gran número de reacciones selectivaspara muchas necesidades sintéticas, aún es necesario mejorar y encontrar nuevosprocesos cuando se quiere disponer de productos con una estereoquímicadefinida, además de encontrar nuevos procesos más respetuosos con el medioambiente y la salud humana.En la presente tesis se describen varias aproximaciones para la obtención dealcoholes quirales y precursores de lactonas. Una de las aproximaciones consisteen un método quimio-enzimático, con una primera etapa de síntesis de ésteres α-funcionalizados seguida de una hidrólisis estereoselectiva de estos ésteres conlipasas para la obtención de halohidrinas quirales. Se estudió la aplicabilidad delos líquidos iónicos, el uso de reactivos poco contaminantes y el uso de enzimascomerciales y resting-cells de origen fúngico. Esta aproximación ha permitido laobtención del S-1-cloro-2-octanol y el S-1-bromo-2-octanol. La segundaaproximación consiste en la utilización de oxidoreductasas para labiotransformación de cetonas proquirales. Dichas enzimas están presentes encélulas en crecimiento de nuevos microorganismos aislados como hongosendófitos de plantas. Se ha encontrado una cepa de Rhizopus oryzae conactividad biocatalítica para la obtención de alcoholes quirales. / Asymmetric lactones and alcohols are valuable building blocks in organicchemistry applicable to the synthesis of many bioactive compounds such asdrugs, agrochemicals and food additives. There are a large range of selectiveorganic reactions available for most synthetic needs, but there is still one weakarea in organic chemical synthesis where stereochemistry is involved. Inaddition, there is a need to develop new syntheses and processes less hazardousto human health and the environment.This thesis reports diverse approaches to prepare chiral alcohols and lactonesprecursors. The first one consists of a chemo-enzymatic method to synthesisechiral halohydrins. This process implies a first step of synthesis of α-functionalesters followed by a stereoselective hydrolysis by lipases. The suitability ofionic liquids as reaction media, the use of less polluting reagents, and theapplication of commercial enzymes and resting-cells from fungus were studied.This methodology permits the preparation of S-1-chloro-2-octanol and S-1-bromo-2-octanol. The second approach consists of the biotransformation ofprochiral ketones by oxidoreductases from new endophytic fungus strainsisolated from diverse plants. One Rhizopus oryzae strain was found to be aputative biocatalyst to provide chiral alcohols.
235

Synthesis Of Novel Chiral N,n-dialkyl Substituted 1,4-amino Alcohols And Applications In Asymmetric Transformation Reactions

Cakir, Esen 01 June 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Amino alcohols are valuable bioactive substances and frequently used as chiral catalyst in various asymmetric transformation reactions. In the synthetic route, the asymmetric synthesis of novel chiral N,N-dialkyl substituted chiral 1,4-amino alcohols are performed starting with meso-anhydride 38. Quinine-mediated desymmetrization of the anhydride with methanol afforded (2S,3R)-cis-monoester 39 with a high enantiomeric excess (up to 98% ee). Chemoselective amidation of hemiester with various N,N-dialkyl substituted amines resulted in amido esters and they were subjected to LAH reduction to afford chiral 1,4-amino alcohol ligands. The activities of the chiral ligands, (2S,3R)-43, (2S,3R)-44, (2S,3R)-45, (2S,3R)-46 were tested in various asymmetric transformation reactions, i.e. asymmetric diethylzinc addition and asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions. Keywords: 1,4-Amino alcohols, chiral ligand, asymmetric diethylzinc addition reaction, Diels-Alder reaction
236

Fam-zinc Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions Of Azomethine Ylides And Fam-titanium Catalyzed Enantioselective Alkynylation Of Aldehydes

Koyuncu, Hasan - 01 September 2007 (has links) (PDF)
In the first part of this study, four new chiral ligands (FAM) were synthesized and used in catalytic amounts in asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides. This method leads to the synthesis of chiral pyrrolidines, which are found in the structure of many biologically active natural compounds and drugs. It was found that using 10 mol% of one of these chiral ligands with different dipolarophiles (dimethyl maleate, dimethyl fumarate, methyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, and Nmethylmaleimide), pyrrolidine derivatives could be synthesized in up to 94% yield and 95% ee. In the second part of the study, the catalytic activity of these chiral ligands were tested with titanium in asymmetric alkynylzinc addition reactions to aldehydes. By this method, chiral propargylic alcohols, which are important precursors for the natural products and pharmaceuticals can be synthesized. Using our catalyst, chiral propargylic alcohols were obtained in up to 96% yield and 98% ee. Although, most of the catalyst systems in the literature worked only with aromatic or aliphatic aldehydes and phenylacetylene, the catalyst system developed in this study worked with four different types of aldehydes (aromatic, aliphatic, heteroaromatic and a,b-unsaturated) and two different aliphatic acetylenes very successfully. Additionally, chiral ligand can be recovered in more than 90% yield and reused without losing its activity.
237

PQQ priklausomos alkoholio dehidrogenazės katalizuojamų alkoholių virsmų, naudojant įvairius mediatorius, tyrimai / Investigations of PQQ dependent alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzed alcohols conversion reactions by using various mediators

Chaleckaja, Ana 26 July 2012 (has links)
Naudojant spektrofotometrinį metodą tirtas ADH IIG reaktingumas su skirtingais mediatoriais ir įvairiais alkoholiais. Nustatytos tariamųjų kinetinių parametrų KM ir Vmax reikšmės, bei paskaičiuotos katalitinės ir bimolekulinės alkoholių oksidacijos bei mediatorių redukcijos reaktingumo konstantos. Tirta FERO ir ABTS oksidacija katalizuojama L95 lakaze. Gautos pradinių reakcijos greičių priklausomybės nuo substratų koncentracijų. Rezultatų analizei pritaikius Michaelio-Menten lygtį, gautos tariamųjų KM ir Vmax reikšmės, iš kurių buvo paskaičiuotos katalitinės ir oksidacinės konstantos. Pamatuotos pradinio reakcijos greičio priklausomybės nuo buferinių tirpalų pH ir jų komponentų, bei nustatytos optimalios substratų oksidacijos reakcijos pH reikšmės. Naudojant deguoninį elektrodą buvo registruotas deguonies sunaudojimas vykstant L95 lakazės katalizuojamai FERO ir ABTS oksidacijai ir paskaičiuotas pradinis reakcijos greitis bei sunaudoto deguonies priklausomybės nuo substratų koncentracijų. Registruotas ir deguonies sunaudojimas vykstant ADH IIG katalizuojamai alkoholio oksidacijai ir lakazes katalizuojamai mediatoriaus (antrojo qADH substrato) regeneracijai. Darbą sudaro 6 dalys: įvadas, literatūros apžvalga, eksperimentinė dalis, rezultatai ir jų aptarimas, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 85 p. teksto, 50 paveikslų, 8 lentelės, 109 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. / Reactivity of ADH IIG with different mediators and various alcohols were investigated by spectrophotometric method. Values of apparent kinetic parameters KM and Vmax were determined, catalytic and bimolecular alcohols oxidation and mediators reduction reactivity constants were calculated. The FERO and ABTS oxidation catalysed by L95 laccase were investigated. The initial reaction rate dependencies on the substrates concentrations were obtained. The analysis of the results was performed by applying Michael-Menten equation and the values of apparent KM and Vmax, as well as catalytic and oxidation constants were calculated. The dependencies of the initial reaction rate on the buffer solutions pH and their components were measured also the optimal pH of the substrates oxidation reactions were determined. The oxygen consumption was registered L95 laccase catalysed oxidation of FERO and ABTS by oxygen electrode and initial reaction rate was calculated, as so as oxygen consumption dependences on substrate concentrations. The oxygen consumption ADH IIG catalysed oxidation of alcohols and laccases catalysed regeneration of mediators (second qADH substrate) were registered. Structure: introduction, 3 chapters, conclusions, references. Thesis consist of: 85 p. of text, 50 pictures, 8 tables, 109 bibliographical entries.
238

Syngas, mixed alcohol and diesel synthesis from forest residues via gasification - an economic analysis

Koch, David 19 December 2008 (has links)
Liquid transportation fuels can be produced by gasification of carbon containing biomass to syngas( a gaseous mixture of CO and H2) with subsequent conversion of the syngas to fuels. One possible process is the so called mixed alcohols synthesis, which produces a mixture of ethanol and higher alcohols. Another possible process is the reaction of syngas to Fischer-Tropsch liquids, mainly diesel fuel. This study examines the economics of syngas, ethanol and diesel fuel production from lignocellulosic biomass (southern pine residues). The process is modeled with Aspen Plus, a process simulation software package. The process is simulated for plant sizes between 715 and 2205 dry tons/day. The feedstock moisture content is varied between 20% and 50% and the feedstock costs are varied between $30/dry ton and $80/dry ton. The influences of the examined variables on the minimum product selling price are determined. The economic effects of an integration of the mixed alcohols and the FT diesel process with a kraft mill are also evaluated.
239

Total syntheses of (3S, 18S, 4E, 16E)-eicosa-1,19-diyne-3,18-diol, (+)-Duryne, (+)-Dideoxypetrosynol A, cicutoxin and attempts toward the total synthesis of Petrosynol polyacetylenic potent anticancer natural products /

Omollo, Ann Ondera. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph, D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2008. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-83).
240

Produção de pellets livres e imobilizados e mecanismo de solubilização de fosfatos inorgânicos por Aspergillus niger

Barroso, Cinthya Babá [UNESP] 19 October 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-10-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barroso_cb_dr_jabo.pdf: 424873 bytes, checksum: c11fcf246d6ada6dcb329194e9814468 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Devido a baixa disponibilidade de P no solo e a alta capacidade do fungo Aspergillus niger F111 em solubilizar fosfatos inorgânicos, este trabalho teve por objetivo geral avaliar a possibilidade de inocular no solo esporos ou pellets imobilizados com vista a prolongar sua habilidade de solubilização e averiguar o mecanismo de solubilização de fosfatos inorgânicos de Ca, Al e Fe por este fungo. Os pellets inoculados em meio de cultura agitado proporcionaram maior solubilização dos fosfatos, principalmente o fosfato de Fe por ser de baixa solubilidade. No solo, os pellets livres e imobilizados promoveram as maiores solubilizações de fosfato de Fe e maior produção de CO2. Avaliando-se o efeito da fonte de N, as seguintes proporções foram obtidas na solubilização dos fosfatos de Ca, glicina > Al, nitrato de amônio > Fe, ácido l-glutâmico. Os açúcares que mais solubilizaram os fosfatos foram manitol, maltose e d-galactose. Dentre os metais somente o FeCl3.6H2O promoveu maior solubilização do fosfato de Fe e os metais FeSO4.7H2O e FeCl3.6H2O promoveram maiores solubilizações do fosfato de Ca. As concentrações de álcoois que mais favoreceram a solubilização do fosfato de Fe foram 3 e 4% de etanol e metanol, para o fosfato de Ca foi 3% de etanol. A combinação dos metais com o metanol, indicou que o metanol foi o principal responsável pela solubilização. Fatores como queda do pH, a maior produção de ácidos e o menor crescimento do fungo influíram neste trabalho, principalmente em relação a solubilização do fosfato de Fe. No solo, os pellets solubilizaram quantidades semelhantes de fosfato de Fe que os esporos imobilizados de A. niger, podendo ser utilizados com vantagem devido a sua facilidade de obtenção. / Considering the low P availability in the soil and the high capability of Aspergillus niger F111 in solubilizing inorganic phosphates, this work aimed to evaluate the possibility of inoculating spores or immobilized pellets in the soil to prolong the solubilization capability and study the solubilization mechanism of inorganic calcium phosphate, aluminum phosphate and iron phosphate by this fungus. Pellets inoculated in culture medium under agitation allowed higher phosphate solubilization, especially iron phosphate, which is low soluble. In the soil, free and immobilized pellets allowed the highest solubilization of iron phosphate and CO2 production. Evaluating the effect of N sources, the following proportions were obtained in the solubilization of calcium phosphates, glycine > Al, ammonium nitrate > Fe, l-glutamic acid. The sugars that most solubilized phosphates were mannitol, maltose and d-galactose. Among the metals, only FeCl3.6H2O promoted higher iron phosphate solubilization, and FeSO4.7H2O and FeCl3.6H2O promoted higher solubilization of calcium phosphate. The alcohol concentrations that most favored iron phosphate solubilization were 3 and 4% of ethanol and methanol, while the highest solubilization of calcium phosphate was reached with 3% ethanol. The combination of metals with methanol indicated this alcohol was mainly responsible for solubilization. Factors as pH decrease, higher acid production and lower A. niger growth influenced the results, especially in the solubilization of iron phosphate. In the soil, pellets and immobilized spores solubilized similar amounts of iron phosphate. Pellets are thus preferable because they are more easily obtained.

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