Användningen av cellulosa och lignin för prekursorfibrer (PF) för kolfibrer (CF) är ett mycket intressant forskningsområde på grund av den stora miljöpåverkan som dagens PF-fossilbaserade råvara PAN har. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att utveckla PF med ett kallt NaOH-upplösningssystem med cellulosakoncentrationer från 4,5 till 5,5 viktprocent med varierande massaviskositet och tillsats av lignin från 0-40 viktprocent jämfört med cellulosa. Koagulationssystemet som användes var ett fosforbaserat system med fosforsyra och ammoniumdivätefosfat (ADP) och tvätttiden ändrades för att undersöka påverkan på det slutliga oorganiska innehållet i PF. Effekten av tillsatt lignin och användning av en högre massaviskositet med en förändrad cellulosakoncentration undersöktes. Det som noterades av resultatet av dragegenskaperna och spinnbarheten hos dopen visar en viss trend som är att hög massaviskositet på 330 ml/g och hög ligninhalt på 40 viktprocent (i jämförelse med cellulosamängden i dopen) tycks uppvisa dålig spinnbarhet och svagare dragegenskaper. Användning av längre tvätttider under centrifugeringsprocessen resulterade i en lägre ask- och fosforhalt i PF. / The use of cellulose and lignin for precursor fibers (PFs) for carbon fibers (CFs) is a highly researched topic because of the large environmental impact that today’s PF raw material PAN which is fossil based. This thesis focuses of developing PFs with a cold NaOH dissolution system with cellulose concentrations ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 wt% with varying pulp viscosity and the addition of lignin ranging from 0-40 wt% in comparison to the cellulose. The coagulation system used was a phosphorus-based system with phosphoric acid and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and the washing time was altered to investigate the impact on the final inorganic content in the PF. The impact of the addition of lignin and using a higher pulp viscosity with an altered cellulose concentration is researched. What was noticed from the result of the tensile properties and the spinnability of the dope shows a certain trend which is that high pulp viscosity of 330 ml/g and a high lignin content of 40 wt% (in comparison to the cellulose amount in the dope) seems to present poor spinnability and weaker tensile properties. Using longer washing times during the spinning process resulted in a lower ash and phosphorus content in the PF.

Übergangsmetallfluoridverbindungen sind sehr vielversprechende Kandidaten für die nächste Generation von Kathoden für Alkaliionenbatterien. Dennoch verhindern einige Nachteile dieser Materialklasse ihre Anwendung in Energiespeichermedien. Metallfluoride haben eine stark isolierende Wirkung, außerdem bewirken die Mechanismen beim Lade-/Entladevorgang, große Volumenänderungen und somit eine drastische Reorganisation des Materials, welche nur geringfügig umkehrbar ist. Um diese Nachteile zu reduzieren, werden in dieser Arbeit innovative Syntheserouten für die Umwandlung von Metallfluoridverbindungen sowie deren Anwendung in Alkaliionenbatterien vorgestellt. Im ersten Teil werden MFx Verbindungen (M = Co, Fe; x = 2 oder 3) untersucht. Diese Materialien zeigen eine hohe Ausgangskapazität aber nur bei sehr geringen C-Raten und zudem sehr geringe Zyklisierbarkeiten. Ex-situ-XRD und -TEM zeigen, dass die geringe Umkehrbarkeit der Prozesse hauptsächlich aus der Umwandlungsreaktion während des Be-/Entladens resultieren. Im zweiten Teil werden sowohl die Synthesen als auch die elektrochemischen Eigenschaften von Perowskiten aus Übergangsmetallfluoriden vorgestellt. NaFeF3 zeigt hierbei exzellente Leistungen und Reversibilitäten. Die Untersuchung der Mechansimen durch ex-situ und operando XRD während der Be- und Entladeprozesse hinsichtlich verschiedener Alkalisysteme zeigt, dass das kristalline Netzwerk über den Zyklus erhalten bleibt. Dies führt zur hohen Reversibilität und hohen Leistung selbst bei hohen C-Raten. Der Erhalt der Kristallstruktur wird durch elektrochemische Stabilisierung der kubischen Konformation von FeF3 ermöglicht, welche normalerweise erst bei hohen Temperaturen (400 °C) beobachtet wird und durch geringere Reorganisationen innerhalb des Kristallgerüsts erklärt werden kann. Ähnliche elektrochemische Eigenschaften können für KFeF3 und NH4FeF3 beobachtet werden, wobei erstmalig von Ammoniumionen als Ladungsträger in Alkaliionensystemen berichtet wird. / Metal fluoride compounds appear as very appealing candidates for the next generation of alkali-ion battery cathodes. However, many drawbacks prevent this family of compounds to be applicable to storage systems. Metal fluorides demonstrate a high insulating character, and the mechanisms involved during the discharge/charge processes atom engender large volume changes and a drastic reorganization of the material, which induces poor reversibility. In order to answer these problematics, the present thesis reports the elaboration of innovative synthesis routes for transition metal fluoride compounds and the application of these fluoride materials in alkali-ion battery systems. In a first part, MFx compounds (M = Co, Fe; x = 2 or 3) are studied. Those compounds exhibit high initial capacity but very poor cyclability and low C-rate capabilities. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that the low reversibility of the processes is mainly due to the conversion reaction occurring during their discharge/charge. In the second part, the syntheses of transition metal fluoride perovskites are reported, as well as their electrochemical properties. NaFeF3 demonstrates excellent performances and reversibility. The study of the mechanisms occurring during its charge/discharge processes towards different alkali systems by ex-situ and operando X-ray diffraction reveals that its crystalline framework is maintained along the cycles, resulting in high reversibility and excellent C-rate performance. This retention of the crystal framework is possible by an electrochemical stabilization of a cubic conformation of FeF3, which is usually only observable at high temperature (400 °C), and can be explained by lower reorganizations within the crystal framework. Similar electrochemical properties could be observed for KFeF3 and NH4FeF3, where ammonium ions are reported for the first time as a charge carrier in alkali-ion systems.

No description available.

No description available.

Metal/semiconductor interfaces, particularly those involving Si, are of great technological and scientific interest. In atomically abrupt interfaces, many properties are determined by interatomic interactions over a few layers, i.e., over ~1 nanometer. The initial stages of growth of an atomic layer related to structural and electronic properties are thus important to thin film behavior. Surface science studies on metal-semiconductor systems often lead to contradictory conclusions regarding bonding sites and even whether the first layer is metallic or not. A key piece of information that must be consistent with any study is the number of atoms per unit area in the first layer, which is difficult to assess directly. Alkali-metal-semiconductor systems have been studied as model abrupt interfaces for several years. Novel effects, such as electron localization, were observed. Still, determinations of absolute coverage have been lacking. This dissertation describes results of absolute coverage measurements for Cs on Si(100)(2X1), Si(111)(7X7), and Si (111)(v3 X v3)R30°-B reconstructed surfaces using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry in ultrahigh vacuum. The results bracket possible structural models for these systems. For the Cs/Si(111)(v3 X v3)R30°-B interface, this work confirms conclusions regarding electron localization effects and introduces considerations of ion-beam-induced desorption for the weakly-bound Cs

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A aplicabilidade de um método selecionado de medição indireta de vitelogenina (Vtg) em plasma sanguíneo de peixe, baseado na quantificação de fosfato álcali-lábil (alkali-labile phosphate-ALP) para acessar estrogenicidade em água, foi investigada na presente tese. O método foi originalmente desenvolvido para a espécie de peixe Carassius carassius (Carpa cruciana) e aplicado pela primeira vez na espécie Oreochromis niloticus (Tilápia do Nilo) no presente estudo. Com o objetivo de acessar a sensibilidade do método, em uma primeira etapa da investigação foram realizados estudos laboratoriais com soluções estoques de 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17-estradiol (E2), e estrona (E1). Os efeitos destes hormônios foram investigados com base tanto na concentração quanto na carga, utilizando-se para tanto, unidades experimentais com volumes distintos (2 L e 130 L). Após a validação do método de ALP, a estrogenicidade foi avaliada nas seguintes águas contaminadas: (i) afluente e efluente de uma grande estação de tratamento de esgotos convencional (ETE) e de uma estação descentralizada de tratamento de esgoto de pequeno porte (Ecossistema Engenheirado-DEE); (ii) água superficial (SW) e água subterrânea (GW) coletadas em uma área de brejo contaminada com gasolina; (iii) água de uma lagoa urbana (LRF) da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com alta densidade populacional e descarte clandestino de esgoto. Na segunda etapa foram analisados em microalgas os efeitos (outros que não disrupção endócrina) causados pelos hormônios EE2, E2 e E1. Os hormônios foram testados individualmente e em misturas, em culturas individuais e combinada (S+) das espécies de microalgas unicelulares P. subcapitata e D. subspicatus. Com base nos níveis de ALP para a espécie de peixe e no EC50 para as espécies de algas, os resultados mostraram que o EE2 e o E2 causaram disrupção endócrina superior e foram mais tóxicos do que o E1 para peixes e microalgas respectivamente. Quando em misturas (E+) de concentrações equivalentes (EE2:E2:E1), os estrogênios resultaram em efeito aditivo para as espécies O. niloticus e P. subcapitata, e menos que aditivo para D. subspicatus e cultivo misto de algas (S+). Culturas contendo ambas as espécies de algas (S+) por um longo período de exposição (96 h) resultaram na atenuação dos efeitos tóxicos causados pela exposição, tanto individual (EE2, E2 ou E1), quanto na mistura (E+) dos estrogênios, medidos em termos de EC50 (T0h 0,07; 0,09; 0,18; e 0,06 g mL-1; e T96h 1,29; 1,87; 5,58; e 4,61 g mL-1, respectivamente). O DEE apresentou uma maior eficiência na remoção dos disrutores endócrinos do que a ETE convencional. Foi detectada estrogenicidade em amostras da LRF, e de água SW e GW em área brejosa contaminada com gasolina. Os resultados dos ensaios sugerem que as interações (efeitos aditivos ou menos que aditivo) causadas pela mistura dos estrogênios assim como, as interações entre as espécies de algas afetaram o resultado final dos ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Um fator raramente abordado em estudos ecotoxicológicos que foi destacado na presente tese refere-se à importância de considerar não somente a concentração e a dosagem, mas também a carga aplicada e o volume das unidades experimentais. Devido à boa sensibilidade do O. niloticus quando exposto às concentrações relativamente baixas dos estrogênios, a combinação do método de ALP com os biomarcadores auxiliares (particularmente MN) pode ser um protocolo adequado para a detecção de estogenicidade e genotoxicidade respectivamente em diferentes ambiente aquáticos contaminados, como parte de um programa de monitoramento ambiental / The applicability of one selected method for indirect measurement of vitellogenin (Vtg) in fish plasma based on the quantification of alkali-labile phosphates (ALP method) to assess estrogenicity in water was investigated. The ALP method applied in this investigation was originally developed with Carassius carassius (Crucian carps). This thesis describes the first attempt of using this method with Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia). In a first part of the investigation, laboratory studies were conducted with water spiked with 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17-estradiol (E2), and estrone (E1) in order to assess the method sensitivity. The effects of these estrogens were investigated on the basis of both load and concentration, using experimental units with two different volumes (2 L and 130 L). After validation of the method, the estrogenicity of the following contaminated waters was assessed: (i) affluent and effluent of one large conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and one small decentralized wastewater treatment plant (Decentralized Engineered Ecosystem-DEE); (ii) surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) obtained from a gasoline-contaminated marshland; (iii) samples from a urban lagoon (LRF) located in Rio de Janeiro city with high density population and clandestine sewage discharge. An additional goal of the thesis was to assess the effect (other than endocrine disruption) caused by EE2, E2 and E1 to microalgae. Assays with single and mixed estrogens and single and combined cultures (S+) of the green microalgae P. subcapitata and D. subspicatus were carried out. The results have shown that EE2 and E2 were more estrogenic and toxic than E1 to the fishes and to the microalgae respectively. Mixed solutions of estrogens (E+) in equal proportions (EE2:E2:E1) resulted in additive effect on O. niloticus and P. subcapitata and less-than-additive effect on D. subspicatus and S+ measured as ALP (for fish) and EC50 (for microalgae). Combined cultivation of both algae species and longer exposure time (96 h) resulted in attenuation of the toxic effects caused by single (EE2, E2 or E1) and mixed (E+) estrogens according to EC50 (T0h 0.07, 0.09, 0.18, and 0.06 g mL-1; and T96h 1.29, 1.87, 5.58, and 4.61 g mL-1, respectively). The decentralized engineered ecosystem was more efficient than the conventional WWTP regarding estrogenicity removal from the final effluent. Estrogenicity was detected in some samples of the LRF and the SW and GW of the gasoline-contaminated marshland. Therefore, the investigations suggested that interactions (additive and less-than additive effect) take place when different estrogens are present in the water environment and interactions also occur between algae species, which affect the final toxicity. Additionally, the study highlighted the importance of taking into account not only concentration and dose regime but also the mass load and therefore, the volume used in the experimental units, which are rarely addressed in ecotoxicity assays. Considering the good sensitivity of O. niloticus exposed to relatively low concentrations of estrogens, the combination of the ALP method with auxiliary biomarkers (particularly MN) can be a suitable protocol for estrogenicity and genotoxicity detection in different contaminated waters as part of water environmental monitoring programs

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A aplicabilidade de um método selecionado de medição indireta de vitelogenina (Vtg) em plasma sanguíneo de peixe, baseado na quantificação de fosfato álcali-lábil (alkali-labile phosphate-ALP) para acessar estrogenicidade em água, foi investigada na presente tese. O método foi originalmente desenvolvido para a espécie de peixe Carassius carassius (Carpa cruciana) e aplicado pela primeira vez na espécie Oreochromis niloticus (Tilápia do Nilo) no presente estudo. Com o objetivo de acessar a sensibilidade do método, em uma primeira etapa da investigação foram realizados estudos laboratoriais com soluções estoques de 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17-estradiol (E2), e estrona (E1). Os efeitos destes hormônios foram investigados com base tanto na concentração quanto na carga, utilizando-se para tanto, unidades experimentais com volumes distintos (2 L e 130 L). Após a validação do método de ALP, a estrogenicidade foi avaliada nas seguintes águas contaminadas: (i) afluente e efluente de uma grande estação de tratamento de esgotos convencional (ETE) e de uma estação descentralizada de tratamento de esgoto de pequeno porte (Ecossistema Engenheirado-DEE); (ii) água superficial (SW) e água subterrânea (GW) coletadas em uma área de brejo contaminada com gasolina; (iii) água de uma lagoa urbana (LRF) da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com alta densidade populacional e descarte clandestino de esgoto. Na segunda etapa foram analisados em microalgas os efeitos (outros que não disrupção endócrina) causados pelos hormônios EE2, E2 e E1. Os hormônios foram testados individualmente e em misturas, em culturas individuais e combinada (S+) das espécies de microalgas unicelulares P. subcapitata e D. subspicatus. Com base nos níveis de ALP para a espécie de peixe e no EC50 para as espécies de algas, os resultados mostraram que o EE2 e o E2 causaram disrupção endócrina superior e foram mais tóxicos do que o E1 para peixes e microalgas respectivamente. Quando em misturas (E+) de concentrações equivalentes (EE2:E2:E1), os estrogênios resultaram em efeito aditivo para as espécies O. niloticus e P. subcapitata, e menos que aditivo para D. subspicatus e cultivo misto de algas (S+). Culturas contendo ambas as espécies de algas (S+) por um longo período de exposição (96 h) resultaram na atenuação dos efeitos tóxicos causados pela exposição, tanto individual (EE2, E2 ou E1), quanto na mistura (E+) dos estrogênios, medidos em termos de EC50 (T0h 0,07; 0,09; 0,18; e 0,06 g mL-1; e T96h 1,29; 1,87; 5,58; e 4,61 g mL-1, respectivamente). O DEE apresentou uma maior eficiência na remoção dos disrutores endócrinos do que a ETE convencional. Foi detectada estrogenicidade em amostras da LRF, e de água SW e GW em área brejosa contaminada com gasolina. Os resultados dos ensaios sugerem que as interações (efeitos aditivos ou menos que aditivo) causadas pela mistura dos estrogênios assim como, as interações entre as espécies de algas afetaram o resultado final dos ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Um fator raramente abordado em estudos ecotoxicológicos que foi destacado na presente tese refere-se à importância de considerar não somente a concentração e a dosagem, mas também a carga aplicada e o volume das unidades experimentais. Devido à boa sensibilidade do O. niloticus quando exposto às concentrações relativamente baixas dos estrogênios, a combinação do método de ALP com os biomarcadores auxiliares (particularmente MN) pode ser um protocolo adequado para a detecção de estogenicidade e genotoxicidade respectivamente em diferentes ambiente aquáticos contaminados, como parte de um programa de monitoramento ambiental / The applicability of one selected method for indirect measurement of vitellogenin (Vtg) in fish plasma based on the quantification of alkali-labile phosphates (ALP method) to assess estrogenicity in water was investigated. The ALP method applied in this investigation was originally developed with Carassius carassius (Crucian carps). This thesis describes the first attempt of using this method with Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia). In a first part of the investigation, laboratory studies were conducted with water spiked with 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17-estradiol (E2), and estrone (E1) in order to assess the method sensitivity. The effects of these estrogens were investigated on the basis of both load and concentration, using experimental units with two different volumes (2 L and 130 L). After validation of the method, the estrogenicity of the following contaminated waters was assessed: (i) affluent and effluent of one large conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and one small decentralized wastewater treatment plant (Decentralized Engineered Ecosystem-DEE); (ii) surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) obtained from a gasoline-contaminated marshland; (iii) samples from a urban lagoon (LRF) located in Rio de Janeiro city with high density population and clandestine sewage discharge. An additional goal of the thesis was to assess the effect (other than endocrine disruption) caused by EE2, E2 and E1 to microalgae. Assays with single and mixed estrogens and single and combined cultures (S+) of the green microalgae P. subcapitata and D. subspicatus were carried out. The results have shown that EE2 and E2 were more estrogenic and toxic than E1 to the fishes and to the microalgae respectively. Mixed solutions of estrogens (E+) in equal proportions (EE2:E2:E1) resulted in additive effect on O. niloticus and P. subcapitata and less-than-additive effect on D. subspicatus and S+ measured as ALP (for fish) and EC50 (for microalgae). Combined cultivation of both algae species and longer exposure time (96 h) resulted in attenuation of the toxic effects caused by single (EE2, E2 or E1) and mixed (E+) estrogens according to EC50 (T0h 0.07, 0.09, 0.18, and 0.06 g mL-1; and T96h 1.29, 1.87, 5.58, and 4.61 g mL-1, respectively). The decentralized engineered ecosystem was more efficient than the conventional WWTP regarding estrogenicity removal from the final effluent. Estrogenicity was detected in some samples of the LRF and the SW and GW of the gasoline-contaminated marshland. Therefore, the investigations suggested that interactions (additive and less-than additive effect) take place when different estrogens are present in the water environment and interactions also occur between algae species, which affect the final toxicity. Additionally, the study highlighted the importance of taking into account not only concentration and dose regime but also the mass load and therefore, the volume used in the experimental units, which are rarely addressed in ecotoxicity assays. Considering the good sensitivity of O. niloticus exposed to relatively low concentrations of estrogens, the combination of the ALP method with auxiliary biomarkers (particularly MN) can be a suitable protocol for estrogenicity and genotoxicity detection in different contaminated waters as part of water environmental monitoring programs

Muitas estruturas e elementos estruturais de concreto vêm sofrendo nas últimas décadas reações químicas deletérias do tipo álcali-agregado (RAA) no Brasil e no mundo. Essas reações geram expansões que podem comprometer a capacidade portante da estrutura, assim como o seu desempenho em serviço e sua durabilidade. Diagnosticar uma estrutura deteriorada pela RAA in loco é um assunto ainda pouco estudado, mas perfeitamente possível. Propor uma solução em termos de recuperação e/ou reforço é difícil e geralmente tem custo muito elevado, correndo-se o risco de que a solução, na maioria das vezes, seja ineficiente ou parcial. Até os dias atuais, não existe um consenso no meio técnico-científico no que tange a recuperação de estruturas afetadas por tal manifestação deletéria, devendo ser cada caso analisado de maneira única. No entanto, é consenso no meio técnico-científico que o ideal para combater a RAA é a prevenção. Para isto, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento e a utilização de métodos experimentais, que possam de maneira antecipada detectar o risco da eventual futura reação deletéria. Este trabalho estuda os principais e mais utilizados métodos de ensaio para a análise de agregados e de combinações cimento/agregados em laboratório, fazendo ao seu final, uma análise crítica no que tange a eficiência e confiabilidade de cada um deles. Para o presente estudo, são utilizados seis agregados encontrados no Brasil, com quatro litologias diferentes (dois granitos, dois basaltos, um milonito e um quartzito). Entre os ensaios estudados, podem ser citados os métodos AMBT, (método acelerado de barras de argamassa), CPT (método dos prismas de concreto), ACPT (método acelerado de prismas de concreto) e ACPST (método acelerado de prismas de concreto imerso em solução), além de análises petrográficas através do microscópio ótico. Além da análise comparativa entre métodos de ensaio existentes, esta dissertação propõe ao meio técnico um novo método de ensaio, denominado ABCPT (método acelerado brasileiro de prismas de concreto). Este método foi desenvolvido com o intuito de possuir a confiabilidade de resposta do método CPT e a agilidade do ensaio ACPST. Os resultados demonstram que todos os métodos de ensaio realizados em concreto (CPT, ACPT, ACPST e ABCPT) possuem grande correlação entre si, podendo ser utilizado qualquer um deles para classificação da reatividade potencial de agregados em laboratório. Já o ensaio de barras de argamassa (AMBT) apresenta incongruências na análise e classificação de agregados quando comparado com os métodos realizados em concreto e a análise petrográfica. Portanto, os parâmetros que envolvem o ensaio como suas condições. / Many concrete structures have been suffering from alkali-aggregate reactions (AAR) since the last decades in Brazil and around the world. The reactions generate expansions that could compromise the strength of a concrete structure as well as its performance in service and its durability. Nowadays, it is completely possible to detect AAR in the field, but repair and reinforce a damaged structure is difficult, very expensive and in most cases inefficient or partial. There is no consensus in the market on how to repair and reinforce damaged structures. However, there is a consensus that the best way to face the problem is the prevention. This work studies the main test methods used to analyze aggregates and the combinations cement/aggregates in the laboratory and finally comparing them. In this work six Brazilian aggregates with four different lithologies (two granites, two basalts, one granite-gneiss and one quartzite) were used. Among the test methods studied were AMBT (accelerated mortar bar test), CPT (concrete prism test), ACPT (accelerated concrete prism test), ACPST (accelerated concrete prism soaked test) and petrographic analysis. Beyond the comparison among used tests, this work presents the attempt to develop a new accelerated test method. The test was called ABCPT (accelerated Brazilian concrete prism test), and it was developed with the aim of being as reliable as CPT and as fast as the ACPST. The results show that all concrete test methods (CPT, ACPT, ACPST and ABCPT) have good correlation among them, and anyone can be used to classify and analyze aggregates in the laboratory. On the other hand, the AMBT test method has showed different classifications for the same aggregates when compared to the concrete test methods and petrographic analysis. Therefore, its parameters need to be rethought and improved.

In dieser Arbeit wird eine, zeitabhängige, nicht störungstheoretische numerische Methode entwickelt, welche Ionisation und Anregung von Atomen oder Molekülen in Stößen mit entweder PB oder P beschreibt und auf der impact-parameter Methode basiert. Es wird eine spektrale close-coupling Methode verwendet, um die zeitabhängige Schrödinger-Gleichung zu lösen, in welcher die Wellenfunktion in (effektive) Ein- oder Zwei-Elektronen-Eigenzustände des Targets entwickelt wird. Dies beinhaltet auch eine erstmalige volle Zwei-Elektronen-Beschreibung von H2 in PB-Stößen. Rechnungen werden für PB-Stöße mit H, H2+ und H2 sowie He und den Alkaliatomen Li, Na, K und Rb durchgeführt. Daten für P-Stöße werden für H2 und die Alkaliatomen Li, Na und K erzielt. Die Methode wird durch einen detaillierten Vergleich der erhaltenen Ergebnisse für P-Stöße und für PB + He mit Literaturdaten verifiziert. Andererseits ergänzen die totalen und differentiellen Wirkungsquerschnitte für Ionisation und Anregung der Targets in PB-Stößen die spärliche Literatur. Sowohl die Resultate für verschiedene Targets als auch für PB- und P-Stöße werden miteinander verglichen. Ein Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Untersuchung von PB + H2, welche die Abhängigkeit der Wirkungsquerschnitte vom Kernabstand und von der relativen Ausrichtung der molekularen Achse beinhaltet. Weiterhin werden Ergebnisse mit Ein-Elektronen-Modellpotentialen erzielt und mit der vollen Zwei-Elektronen-Beschreibung von H2 verglichen. Außerdem werden Energieverluste in PB-Stößen bestimmt. / In this work a nonperturbative, time-dependent numerical approach is developed which describes ionization and excitation of atoms or molecules by either PB or P impact based on the impact-parameter method. A spectral close-coupling method is employed for solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in which the scattering wave function is expanded in (effective) one- or two-electron eigenstates of the target. This includes for the first time a full two-electron, two-center description of the H2 molecule in PB collisions. The radial part of the one-electron eigenstates is expanded in B splines while the two-electron basis is obtained with a configuration-interaction approach. Calculations are performed for PB collisions with H, H2+, and H2 as well as with He and alkali-metal atoms Li, Na, K, and Rb. Additionally, data are obtained for P collisions with H2, Li, Na, and K. The developed method is tested and validated by detailed comparison of the present findings for P impacts and for PB + He collisions with literature data. On the other hand, total and differential cross sections for ionization and excitation of the targets by PB impact complement the sparse literature data of this kind. Results gained from different targets as well as from PB and P impact are compared with each other and assessed. Furthermore, results obtained with one-electron model potentials are compared to the full two-electron description of H2. Finally, stopping powers for PB impacts are determined.

In vorliegender Arbeit wurden Synthese, Kristallstruktur und thermisches Verhalten von sauren und basischen Monofluorophosphate untersucht. Es wurden Salze mit Alkalimetall- und N-haltigen Kationen dargestellt und kristallographisch charakterisiert. Die Strukturen dieser Verbindungen wurden dann mit denen der isoelektronischen Hydrogensulfate verglichen. Mit Hilfe des Kationenaustausches und der Gefriertrocknung konnte ein erfolgreicher Syntheseweg fuer diese Verbindungen entwickelt werden. Die Gefriertrocknung hinderte die Abspaltung von HF und Kondensation des Phosphats und ermöglichte die Isolierung der Rohprodukte. Auf diesem Weg gelang die Darstellung der reinen Verbindungen in höherer Ausbeute, so daß es möglich wurde, die Substanzen mit unterschiedlichen Methoden zu untersuchen. Hergestellt und kristallographisch untersucht wurden folgende Verbindungen: - Hydrogenmonofluorophosphate mit × Alkalimetallkationen: Na, K, Rb, Cs × N-haltigen Kationen: NH4, NMe4, NH2Et2, NHEt3, [C(NH2)3], {HOC[NH(CH3)]2}, [H2N(CH2CH2)NH2], - basische Monofluorophosphate: Na2PO3F·10H2O und [C(NH2)3]2PO3F - gemischte Salze: Cs3(NH4)2(HPO3F)3(PO3F)2 und Na5[NMe4](PO3F)3·18H2O. Die Kristallstrukturen zeigen eine Vielzahl an Strukturtypen, definiert durch die Verknüpfung der verzerrten HPO3F Tetraeder über kurze O-H···O Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zu Ketten, Dimere oder Tetramere. Diese sind ihrerseits über längere N-H···O und Ow-H···O Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen verknüpft. Kompliziertere Strukturmotive sind in den Strukturen der basischen Monofluorophosphate und der gemischten Salze zu finden. Allgemein werden nur Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen des Typs N-H...O und O-H...O gefunden, dagegen werden keine N-H···F Bindungen in den Strukturen beobachtet. Auch ist mehrheitlich keine Isotypie zwischen sauren und basischen Monofluorophosphaten einerseits und den entsprechenden Sulfaten andererseits zu finden. Isotyp sind nur die Strukturen [NMe4]HPO3F·H2O mit [NMe4]HSO4·H2O und Na2PO3F·10H2O mit Na2SO4·10H2O. Interessanterweise wurden genau in einer dieser isotypen Strukturen, nämlich der des Na2PO3F×10H2O, als Ausnahme zwei O-H···F Bindungen gefunden. Die O···F Abstände liegen im Bereich der Abstände der Ow···O Bindungen in der Struktur. Eine Erklärung für das seltene Auftreten von H-Brücken mit Fluor als Akzeptor ist eine fast vollständige Valenz des Fluors durch seine Bindung zum Phosphor. Mehrere Strukturen widerspiegeln diese Tatsache mit der Orientierung der P-F Bindung. Die Bindung wird nach inerten Stellen, wo kein Metall- oder Wasserstoffatom in der Struktur vorhanden ist, ausgerichtet, um ein weiteres Binden des Fluors (Metallkoordination, Wasserstoffbrückenbindung) zu vermeiden. Weiterhin wurde das thermische Verhalten der Verbindungen NaHPO3F, NaHPO3F·2.5H2O, CsHPO3F und [NHEt3]HPO3F untersucht. Dies erfolgte mit dem Ziel, Information über mögliche Phasenübergänge und die unterschiedlichen Zersetzungstypen zu bekommen. Sowohl der Kation wie auch die Anwesenheit von Kristallwasser haben Einfluß auf den thermischen Abbau. Die Na-Verbindungen zeigen eine Zersetzung über mehrere Schritte, die zu unterschiedlichen Endprodukten führt (Na3P3O9 für NaHPO3F und (NaPO3)n für das Hydrat). Im Vergleich dazu zersetzt sich CsHPO3F nach dem Schmelzen direkt zum Endprodukt, ohne stabile Zwischenprodukte zu bilden. Ähnlich verläuft der thermische Abbau der [NHEt3] Verbindung, die sich allerdings mit einem Masseverlust von 92,27%, also ohne Bildung eines signifikanten Endproduktes, vollständig zersetzt. Während des thermischen Abbaus wurde die Freisetzung von HF und H2O bei allen Verbindungen beobachtet, die sich aber bezüglich der Zersetzungstemperatur und -menge zwischen den Substanzen unterscheiden. Es wurden keine Phasenübergänge erster Ordnung beobachtet. Dies war insbesondere für CsHPO3F überraschend, da das isoelektronische Hydrogensulfat mehrere Phasenübergänge aufweist [2]. Das Ausbleiben von Phasenübergängen allgemein und auch für CsHPO3F wird folgendermassen erklärt. Während das Sulfat Bindungsmöglichkeiten an allen vier Ecken des SO4-Tetraeders hat, besitzt der (H)PO3F-Tetraeder nur eine begrenzte Flexibilität wegen der Anwesenheit von Fluor an einer Ecke. Fluor bevorzugt eine "isolierte" Position am Phosphor. Anhand der vorliegenden Ergebnisse kann die Schlußfolgerung gezogen werden, daß Fluor auf Grund seiner niedrigeren Valenz im Vergleich zu Sauerstoff andere strukturelle und funktionelle Charakteristika aufweist. Die Valenzunterschiede zwischen Sauerstoff und Fluor haben einen starken Einfluß auf das Wasserstoffbrückenbindungssystem in den Kristallstrukturen der Hydrogenmonofluorophosphate und folglich auf die "Nicht-Isotypie" zu den Hydrogensulfaten. / In this thesis, the crystal structures and thermal behavior of hydrogen monofluorophosphates and basic monofluorophosphates with alkali metal and N-containing cations were studied. A comparison to the analogous hydrogen sulfates showed interesting structural variations and differences in thermal behavior. Synthesis of the studied monofluorophosphates involved cation exchange and freeze drying. Freeze drying enabled the isolation of raw products by avoiding the escape of HF and consequent phosphate condensation. This method of preparation led to the synthesis of the hydrogen monofluorophosphates with the following cations: - the alkali metals: Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+, - N-containing cations: NH4+, [NMe4]+, [NH2Et2]+, [NHEt3]+, [C(NH2)3]+, {HOC[NH(CH3)]2}+, and [H2N(CH2CH2)NH2]2+, and the basic monofluorophoshates, Na2PO3F·10H2O and [C(NH2)3]2PO3F. The following mixed salts were also obtained with partial cation exchange: - Cs3(NH4)2(HPO3F)3(PO3F)2 - Na5[NMe4](PO3F)3·18H2O. In the crystal structures, the HPO3F tetrahedra were hydrogen-bonded to chains, dimers, and tetramers in the structures of the hydrogen monofluorophosphates. Extensive hydrogen bonding in the basic monofluorophosphates due to high amounts of crystal water led to more complicated structural motifs. Limitations on the bonding of fluorine were observed in each of the structures, whether it be metal coordination or hydrogen bonding. The valency of fluorine is filled by its bond to phosphorus and thus, generally, the fluorine atom does not participate in additional bonds. This explains why, for the most part, the hydrogen monofluorophosphates are not isostructural with the hydrogen sulfates. Only three atoms of the tetrahedron instead of four atoms are available for hydrogen bonding, which influences the crystal structure. This was further confirmed by the comparison of the decahydrates, Na2PO3F×10H2O and Na2SO4×10H2O, which are consequently isostructural based on two O-H×××F bonds formed in Na2PO3F·10H2O. These were the only hydrogen bonds found that involved fluorine as an hydrogen acceptor or donor. The investigations on the thermal behavior of NaHPO3F, NaHPO3F·2.5H2O, CsHPO3F, and [NHEt3]HPO3F found no first-order phase transitions. Stepwise decompositions were observed for the sodium salts, which was attributed to the formation of stable intermediates identified with simulated experiments. The Cs and [NHEt3] compounds demonstrated a direct decomposition postmelting. In general, the release of H2O from the melt occured at lower temperatures, while HF escaped at higher temperatures. The temperatures, at which this initially occured, and the first maximum observed were dependent on the cation and the presence of crystal water. The immediate decomposition of CsHPO3F after melting differs from that of the hydrogen sulfate, CsHSO4, which undergoes several phase transitions before decompositon. This suggests that the sulfate has more structural flexibility on the basis of the four oxygen corners of the tetrahedra. In comparison, the monofluorophosphate is limited in its bonding mobility due to the presence of fluorine on one of the tetrahedral vertices. Therefore, phase transitions are not observed prior to decomposition. It was concluded that fluorine functions differently in the crystal structures on the basis of its lower valency. Thus, the difference in valency between fluorine and oxygen affects the hydrogen bonding of the hydrogen monofluorophosphates and thus pervents the expected isotypy of the isoelectronic hydrogen monofluorophosphates and hydrogen sulfates.