This diploma thesis is concerned with the level of knowledge and use of selected alternative teaching methods - Suggestopedia, Total Physical Response (TPR), Community Language Learning (CLL), The Silent Way and Act&Speak method among the teachers of foreign languages of adults in Prague. For better orientation, it can be divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part, I focus on the situation of foreign language education and foreign language policy of the European Union and the Czech Republic. Also, I define what is meant by the concepts of didactics of foreign languages and methods of foreign language teaching so that I can describe the traditional foreign language teaching methods (direct methods, indirect methods and eclectic methods) and alternative methods in the other section. In the practical part, I approach with the assumption that the teachers of foreign languages of adults in Prague do not know and do not use the selected alternative methods. These and other hypotheses were verified by a quantitative survey (questionnaire) which also examined whether there is a correlation between the teacher's education, length of the teacher's lecturing practice, a place of carrying out teaching activities and knowledge and using these alternative methods. All were...

La végétation ligneuse implantée sur les digues et barrages est bien connue pour ses nombreux effets positifs tels que la stabilisation des berges, le maintien de la biodiversité, l’ombrage des pistes, etc. Ainsi, les gestionnaires ont laissé les arbres se développer sur leurs ouvrages. Mais de récentes études ont montré que les arbres et plus particulièrement leur système racinaire pouvaient causer divers dégâts comme des soulèvements, des fissurations et des destructurations pouvant entrainer différents risques pour les ouvrages hydrauliques (érosions internes et externes). Un renforcement des réglementations portant sur les digues et barrages a obligé les gestionnaires et propriétaires à assurer le contrôle, le suivi technique et l’entretien de leurs ouvrages. De plus, les réglementations portant sur l’utilisation des produits phytosanitaires ont été renforcées, notamment avec l’arrêté du 4 mai 2017 (NOR : AGRG1632554A ; reprenant et remplaçant l’arrêté du 12 septembre 2006 ; NOR : AGRG0601345A) interdisant l’utilisation de tels produits (incluant les produits herbicides) à moins de 5 mètres des cours d’eau. Ces textes, en constante évolution, bouleversent les pratiques habituelles et les gestionnaires se trouvent donc confrontés à une problématique de contrôle des ligneux se développant sur les digues et barrages. Des plans de gestion doivent être élaborés afin de concilier les enjeux sécuritaires, environnementaux et paysagers. Mais les méthodes mécaniques traditionnelles (abattage, recepage, dessouchage) sont destructrices pour les ouvrages et le paysage. Il est donc urgent de mettre au point des techniques de gestion préventives appliquées aux jeunes ligneux à risque.Cette thèse porte sur la recherche de méthodes alternatives de gestion des jeunes ligneux générant des risques sur les ouvrages hydrauliques. Une première partie de cette étude, divisée en trois Phases, a consisté en un criblage et une optimisation en serre et en champ d’un éventail de méthodes adaptées et potentiellement efficaces sur la plupart des espèces les plus rencontrées sur les ouvrages hydrauliques français. Une seconde partie, aussi divisée en trois Phases, a eu pour objectif de mettre en place un criblage de méthodes sélectionnées sur sites en conditions réelles et, à la même occasion, d’optimiser les méthodes selon différents paramètres (la forme des arbres, la sécurité des opérateurs, …). Cette seconde partie, ciblant seulement des Peupliers noirs, a mis en évidence différentes contraintes et a révélé l’efficacité partielle de certaines méthodes. La dernière Phase en champ a montré l’efficacité de trois traitements sur des Peupliers à 6 mois après traitement (une méthode mécanique, une méthode mécanique couplée à une méthode biochimique et une méthode mécanique couplée à une méthode thermique). Les arbres traités en champ seront observés par l’équipe d’ARBEAUSOLutions en 2018 pour confirmer l’efficacité à 12 mois après traitement. En septembre 2017, deux de ces trois méthodes efficaces ont fait l’objet d’un dépôt de brevet qui permettra de poursuivre les essais in situ sans problème de propriété industrielle. Les résultats de cette recherche suggèrent que l’efficacité d’une méthode de dévitalisation dépend de l’agressivité et de la période d’application du traitement pour éviter que l’arbre ne réponde par la production de rejets et drageons pour garantir sa survie. / The woody vegetation implanted on dikes and dams is well known for its many positive effects including bank stabilization, biodiversity, shade, etc. Thus, managers have left trees growing on these sites. But, recent studies show that trees and their root systems in particular may cause a range of damage such as uprising, cracking and deconstruction leading to internal risks and external erosion risks for hydraulic structures. A strengthening of the regulations for dikes and dams has obliged managers and owners to ensure the control, the technical monitoring and maintenance of their structures. However, regulations about use of plant protection products have also been reinforced, particularly with the ministerial ruling of 4 may 2017 (NOR : AGRG1632554A) forbidding the use of such products (including chemical herbicides) less than 5 m from bodies of water. These regulations in constant evolution forced a change in the usual practices thereby leaving managers confronted with an important problem of vegetation developing on their dikes and dams. Management plans must be elaborated in order to conciliate security, environmental and landscape issues. But traditional mechanical methods (logging, cutting and root extraction) are destructive for hydraulic structures and landscapes. It is urgent to set up preventive management techniques on young trees which potentially could constitute a risk when they grow.This thesis focuses on the search of alternative methods of devitalization of young trees generating risks on dikes and dams. The first part of research, divided in three Phases, consisted of screening and optimizing in greenhouse and field a range of possible and effective methods on the most predominant tree species found on hydraulic structures in France. The second part, also divided in three Phases, aimed to put in place a screening of selected methods on field test methods, and, at the same time, optimize methods according to specific parameters (trees shape, security of workers…). This second part, only conducted on black Poplars, has highlighted various constraint and revealed partially effective methods. The last Phase in field, realized only on black Poplars, has shown the effectiveness of three methods (mechanical wounding, mechanical wounding coupled with biochemical, mechanical wounding coupled with thermal) at six months after treatment. The trees treated in the field will be observed by ARBEAUSOLutions staff in 2018 to confirm the efficiency twelve months after treatment. In September 2017, two potential effective methods have been submitted for patent protection in order to enable further tests in situ and ensure protection of industrial property rights. The results of this research suggest that the effectiveness of strategies for devitalization depends on the intensity and timing of treatments to avoid that the tree responds by initiating resprouts and suckers for its survival

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogerio Barucci.pdf: 698791 bytes, checksum: fcbcc21335bd9f7d6d7810e7a17e7e98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-06 / The present study has, as a goal, the proposition of alternative approaching in the Accountancy teaching, taking into consideration each one of the student's capabilities. By making the class more interesting, dynamic and by bringing it closer, which the results are not only a greater participation and interaction of the students and a bigger learning of the contents presented, we can better graduate our students. The methods: Business Games and The Case Method will both be analyzed and proposed as alternative methods, but in a growing use that becomes necessary in the graduation into the higher study of Accountancy day by day. The introductions will be described and explained, in a way that will be clear on the evaluation in the performance of students that will get this kind of graduation. Are considered the multiple capabilities and other receptive instruments of learning and the newest approaching methods as transmitters / Esse estudo objetiva a proposição de abordagens metodológicas alternativas no ensino da Contabilidade, de forma a levar em conta e aproveitar cada uma das inteligências e capacidades do aluno. Se a aula se tornar mais próxima, ágil, interessante e com resultados satisfatórios quanto à participação e interação por parte dos alunos, e com maior fixação dos conteúdos apresentados; a formação acadêmica desse estudante estará alicerçada em bases mais sólidas. Os métodos: Jogos de Empresas e Estudo do Caso são analisados e propostos como metodologias alternativas para a complementação qualitativa da metodologia de ensino Superior da Contabilidade. As inserções serão descritas e explicadas, de forma que fique clara a avaliação do desempenho dos alunos que receberam esse tipo de formação. Foram consideradas as inteligências múltiplas e demais instrumentos receptores do aprendizado e as mais inovadoras abordagens metodológicas como emissores

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Fenner Ruas Lucas.pdf: 7353201 bytes, checksum: 171282273d86ea92304991a62a946fc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-13 / The soil water content is related to the soil matrix ability to retain the water, characterized by the water matric potential. Moisture and matric potential are factors functionally interrelated and represented by the soil-water retention curve. This relationship allows inferring moisture from the matric potential measurement and vice versa, as well as deducing several soil and water in soil properties. The traditional method for determining the retention curve employs the Richards pressure plate apparatus. For practical reasons, the search for alternatives to the Richards apparatus that are financially more accessible and faster is needed. In this regard, this study aimed at evaluating the use of two devices: the triaxial compression chamber and the filter paper. Therefore, soil was initially collected and physical-chemically characterized. Undisturbed soil samples were prepared and tested in the Richards chamber, using pressures of 0, 10, 30, 60, 100, 300, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 kPa. In the triaxial compression chamber test, soil samples were submited to pressures of 0, 10, 30, 60, 100, 300, 500 and 1,000 kPa, and for each pressure, it was measured the volume of drained water and calculated the sample moisture at that pressure. In the filter paper test, it was measured the water matric potential in samples for which moisture levels were established using an appropriated calibration curve. The three tests were repeated five times, resulting in points of pressure versus moisture that were adjusted by the RETC program, using to the model of van Genuchten. It was performed a comparative analysis of the triaxial chamber and the filter paper estimated soil moisture values with the adjusted retention curve obtained by the Richards apparatus. This comparison allowed to verify the applicability of the filter paper method for determining the water retention curve in agricultural soils and the inadequacy of triaxial compression chamber for this purpose. / O teor de água no solo está relacionado com a capacidade da matriz do solo em reter a água, caracterizada pelo potencial matricial da água. Umidade e potencial matricial são fatores funcionalmente inter-relacionados e representados pela curva de retenção da água no solo. Esta relação possibilita inferir a umidade a partir da medida do potencial matricial e vice-versa, assim como estimar outras propriedades do solo e da água no solo. O método tradicional para a determinação da curva de retenção emprega a câmara de pressão de Richards. Por questões práticas, a busca por métodos alternativos ao de Richards, financeiramente mais acessíveis e menos morosos, faz-se interessante. Diante disso, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de dois dispositivos: a câmara de compressão triaxial e o papel filtro. Para tanto, realizou-se inicialmente coleta e caracterização físico-química do solo, preparo de amostras indeformadas e ensaio na câmara de Richards, utilizando pressões de 0, 10, 30, 60, 100, 300, 500, 1000 e 1500 kPa. No ensaio com a câmara de compressão triaxial, submeteu-se amostras de solo às pressões de 0, 10, 30, 60, 100, 300, 500 e 1000 kPa e, para cada pressão, foi mensurado o volume de água drenado, o que permitiu calcular a umidade da amostra àquela pressão. Com o papel filtro, mediu-se o potencial matricial da água em amostras cujas umidades foram previamente estabelecidas, utilizando-se curva de calibração adequada. Os três ensaios foram executados em quintuplicata e resultaram em pontos de pressão versus umidade que foram ajustados pelo programa RETC, usando o modelo de van Genuchten. Realizou-se uma análise comparativa de valores de umidade volumétrica estimados pelo modelo ajustado nos ensaios com a câmara triaxial e o papel filtro com a curva de retenção ajustada obtida pela câmara de Richards. Através dessa comparação, verificou-se a aplicabilidade do método do papel filtro para a determinação da curva de retenção de água em solos agrícolas e inadequação da câmara de compressão triaxial para esta finalidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Fenner Ruas Lucas.pdf: 7353201 bytes, checksum: 171282273d86ea92304991a62a946fc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-13 / The soil water content is related to the soil matrix ability to retain the water, characterized by the water matric potential. Moisture and matric potential are factors functionally interrelated and represented by the soil-water retention curve. This relationship allows inferring moisture from the matric potential measurement and vice versa, as well as deducing several soil and water in soil properties. The traditional method for determining the retention curve employs the Richards pressure plate apparatus. For practical reasons, the search for alternatives to the Richards apparatus that are financially more accessible and faster is needed. In this regard, this study aimed at evaluating the use of two devices: the triaxial compression chamber and the filter paper. Therefore, soil was initially collected and physical-chemically characterized. Undisturbed soil samples were prepared and tested in the Richards chamber, using pressures of 0, 10, 30, 60, 100, 300, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 kPa. In the triaxial compression chamber test, soil samples were submited to pressures of 0, 10, 30, 60, 100, 300, 500 and 1,000 kPa, and for each pressure, it was measured the volume of drained water and calculated the sample moisture at that pressure. In the filter paper test, it was measured the water matric potential in samples for which moisture levels were established using an appropriated calibration curve. The three tests were repeated five times, resulting in points of pressure versus moisture that were adjusted by the RETC program, using to the model of van Genuchten. It was performed a comparative analysis of the triaxial chamber and the filter paper estimated soil moisture values with the adjusted retention curve obtained by the Richards apparatus. This comparison allowed to verify the applicability of the filter paper method for determining the water retention curve in agricultural soils and the inadequacy of triaxial compression chamber for this purpose. / O teor de água no solo está relacionado com a capacidade da matriz do solo em reter a água, caracterizada pelo potencial matricial da água. Umidade e potencial matricial são fatores funcionalmente inter-relacionados e representados pela curva de retenção da água no solo. Esta relação possibilita inferir a umidade a partir da medida do potencial matricial e vice-versa, assim como estimar outras propriedades do solo e da água no solo. O método tradicional para a determinação da curva de retenção emprega a câmara de pressão de Richards. Por questões práticas, a busca por métodos alternativos ao de Richards, financeiramente mais acessíveis e menos morosos, faz-se interessante. Diante disso, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de dois dispositivos: a câmara de compressão triaxial e o papel filtro. Para tanto, realizou-se inicialmente coleta e caracterização físico-química do solo, preparo de amostras indeformadas e ensaio na câmara de Richards, utilizando pressões de 0, 10, 30, 60, 100, 300, 500, 1000 e 1500 kPa. No ensaio com a câmara de compressão triaxial, submeteu-se amostras de solo às pressões de 0, 10, 30, 60, 100, 300, 500 e 1000 kPa e, para cada pressão, foi mensurado o volume de água drenado, o que permitiu calcular a umidade da amostra àquela pressão. Com o papel filtro, mediu-se o potencial matricial da água em amostras cujas umidades foram previamente estabelecidas, utilizando-se curva de calibração adequada. Os três ensaios foram executados em quintuplicata e resultaram em pontos de pressão versus umidade que foram ajustados pelo programa RETC, usando o modelo de van Genuchten. Realizou-se uma análise comparativa de valores de umidade volumétrica estimados pelo modelo ajustado nos ensaios com a câmara triaxial e o papel filtro com a curva de retenção ajustada obtida pela câmara de Richards. Através dessa comparação, verificou-se a aplicabilidade do método do papel filtro para a determinação da curva de retenção de água em solos agrícolas e inadequação da câmara de compressão triaxial para esta finalidade.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of two new alternative portable methods for measuring maximal isometric force measures while performing the standard mid-thigh pull. One method, the bar grip method, required the use of the trunk and upper extremity muscles, while the second method, the pelvic belt method, did not. Both methods demonstrated good test-retest reliability via randomized repeated measures over 24-36 hours. Interestingly, the pelvic belt method generally demonstrated average maximal forces up to 65% higher than the bar method. There was a good relationship between both methods. These new alternative methods could provide strength coaches an option for a more efficient, cost-effective, portable means for the mid-thigh pull test.

Resumo: Foram realizados dois experimentos, objetivando-se avaliar quantitativamente diferentes metodologias propostas em análises de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), visando à precisão dos resultados analíticos, a redução nos custos e no tempo das análises, bem como a minimização no descarte de resíduos químicos. Foram utilizados seis alimentos de uso corrente na alimentação animal: feno de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), silagem de milho (Zea mays L.), capim-xaraés (Brachiaria brizanta cv. Xaraés), capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizanta cv. Marandu) e um concentrado protéico, o farelo de babaçu (Orbignya phalerata). No primeiro experimento foram comparados os teores de FDN e FDA obtidos pelo método convencional com três métodos alternativos que utilizam a autoclave como sistema digestor e no segundo experimento foi avaliada a possibilidade de reutilizar, por uma vez, as soluções detergentes e a acetona recuperada, utilizadas no desenvolvimento das primeiras análises. O delineamento experimental utilizado na análise de cada alimento foi o inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema fatorial 4x2 (4 metodologias e 2 formas de análises), no primeiro experimento e 2x4x2 (2 utilizações, 4 metodologias e 2 formas de análises), no segundo experimento. Observou-se que a implantação das metodologias alternativas permitiu ganhos significativos com a redução dos custos operacionais e do tempo da análise, minimizando os impactos ambientais. A precisão analítica dos métodos alternativos variou entre os alimentos estudados, tendo sido recomendados nas determinações dos teores de FDN no feno de Tifton 85, farelo de babaçu e cana-de-açúcar e nas determinações dos teores de FDA apenas no farelo de babaçu pelo método alternativo que utiliza a autoclave e saquinhos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Two experiments were conducted, aiming to quantitatively evaluate different methods proposed for the analysis of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). This evaluation included the precision of analytical results, the reduces costs and time analysis and minimizes waste generation. Six typical foods in animal nutrition were used: Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), corn silage (Zea mays L.), grass xaraés (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés) grass marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) and a proteic concentrated, the babassu meal (Orbignya phalerata). The first experiment compared the NDF and ADF results of the conventional method with three alternative methods that use autoclave as system digester and on the second experiment the possibility of reuse, for once, of detergent solutions and recovered acetone applied on the first experiment, were studied.The experimental design used in the analysis of each food was completely randomized in a 4x2 factorial scheme (four methods and two forms of analysis) in the first experiment and 2x4x2 (2 uses, four methods and two forms of analysis) in the second experiment .It was observed that alternative methodologies has allowed significant gains by reducing operating costs, time of analysis, minimizing environmental impacts. The analytical precision of alternative methods varied among studied foods. NDF alternative methods were recommended for Tifton 85, babassu meal and sugarcane samples. ADF determinations by alternative methods are not recommended for samples studied; except for babassu meal that can be analyzed by the alternative method using an autoclave and bags of ANKOM. All analytical results of the determinations of NDF and ADF showed the same behavior in both forms of analysis used (non-sequential and sequential), except the determination of ADF in corn silage... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientadora: Telma Teresinha Berchielli / Coorientadora: Ana Paula de Oliveira Sader / Banca: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Euclides Braga Malheiros / Banca: José Ricardo Soares Telles de Souza / Banca: Paulo Henrique Moura Dian / Doutor

Submitted by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2014-08-01T12:58:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Izabela.pdf: 1302143 bytes, checksum: ab457123bfc94643d499a3062e8b2cc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-01T12:58:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Izabela.pdf: 1302143 bytes, checksum: ab457123bfc94643d499a3062e8b2cc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde / O teste de detecção de pirogênio é preconizado nas farmacopeias como teste de segurança imprescindível para a avaliação da qualidade de produtos injetáveis. Os métodos alternativos ao teste de pirogênio em coelhos são o Teste de Lisado de Amebócitos de Limulus (LAL) e o Teste de Ativação de Monócitos (MAT). Esses métodos ainda não podem substituir o teste em coelhos por completo, pois no caso do LAL os resultados podem não ser confiáveis quando a análise é realizada na presença de algumas substâncias interferentes com alto teor de lipídios e proteínas (encontrados nos medicamentos biológicos) e glucanas, além disso, o teste só detecta endotoxinas. Em relação ao MAT, já que o teste é sensível para todos os tipos de pirogênios e tem o mesmo mecanismo biológico responsável pela reação de febre em humanos, o Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) recomendou sua utilização desde que fique demonstrada a equivalência de seus resultados ao teste em coelhos, em conformidade com a regulamentação aplicável. Verifica-se assim, que a literatura carece de dados que envolvam a comparação entre a dose limite que causa febre em coelhos e a correspondência para o MAT relacionado ao ácido lipoteicóico (ALT), sendo assim, esse estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar a utilização do MAT na detecção da contaminação de ALT de S. aureus em Cloreto de Sódio 0,9 % apirogênico artificialmente contaminado, através do estabelecimento de curva dose-resposta de ALT em coelhos; curva concentração-resposta de ALT para o MAT e avaliação em paralelo dos resultados obtidos utilizando ALT no teste em coelhos, LAL cromogênico e MAT. A resposta de febre foi observada a partir de 75.000 ng de ALT/Kg nos coelhos e no MAT para sangue criopreservado/IL-1β foi estabelecida em 50.000 ng/mL de ALT, ou 5,41 UEE/mL. O teste de LAL apresentou resultado falso-reativo a partir de 10.000 ng/mL de ALT. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo fornecem informações importantes sobre a comparação entre o teste de pirogênio em coelhos, MAT e LAL, contribuindo com dados para a validação do MAT, envolvendo outros pirogênios que não a endotoxina, e também para a aceitação deste teste pelos órgãos regulatórios no Brasil visando uma possível substituição do uso de animais, garantindo, assim, a segurança da saúde da população. / The pyrogenic test is preconized in the Pharmacopeias as a safety test indispensable for the quality of evaluation of injectable products. The alternative methods to the rabbit pyrogen test are the Limulus Amebocite Lysate (LAL) Test and the Monocyte Activation Test (MAT). These methods cannot replace the rabbit test completely yet, for in the case of LAL the results may not be reliable when the analysis is carried out in the presence of some interfering substances with high content of lipids and proteins (found in biological medicines) and glucans, moreover, the test only detects endotoxins. Concerning the MAT, since the test is sensitive to all types of pyrogens and has the same biological mechanism responsible for the fever reaction in humans, the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (Comitê de Coordenação Interagências sobre Validação de Métodos Alternativos - ICCVAM) have recommended its utilization provided that the equivalence of its results from the rabbit test, in conformity with the applicable regulation. It can be verified, then, that the literature lacks the data which involves the comparison between the limit dose that causes fever in rabbits and the consequence for the MAT related to the lipoteichoic acid (LTA), that being so, the aim of this study is mainly the utilization of MAT in the detection of the contamination of LTA of S. aureus in apyrogenic 0.9 % Sodium Chloride artificially contaminated, through the establishment of the dose-response curve of LTA in rabbits; concentration-response curve of LTA for the MAT and parallel evaluation of the results obtained by utilizing LTA in the test in rabbits, chromogenic LAL and MAT. The fever response was observed from 75.000 ng of LTA/Kg in rabbits and in MAT and for cryopreserved blood/IL-1β was established in 50.000 ng/mL of LTA, or 5,41 UEE/mL. The LAL test presented a false-positive result from 10.000 ng/mL of ALT. The results presented in this study provide important information on the comparison between the rabbit pyrogen test, MAT and LAL, contributing with data to the evaluation of MAT, involving pyrogens other than endotoxin, and also to the acceptance of this test by the regulatory organs in Brazil aiming at a possible animal substitution, and guaranteeing, then, the health security of the population.

Submitted by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-07T12:39:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Octavio_Presgrave.pdf: 1825411 bytes, checksum: a3f455d814ff29be053649af03ea8d60 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-07T12:39:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Octavio_Presgrave.pdf: 1825411 bytes, checksum: a3f455d814ff29be053649af03ea8d60 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-07T12:40:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Octavio_Presgrave.pdf: 1825411 bytes, checksum: a3f455d814ff29be053649af03ea8d60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-07T12:40:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Octavio_Presgrave.pdf: 1825411 bytes, checksum: a3f455d814ff29be053649af03ea8d60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde / A experimentação animal é utilizada desde tempos remotos e tem ajudado no desenvolvimento da ciência ao longo de muitos anos. Através do uso de animais na pesquisa, não só o Homem tem se beneficiado, mas, também a Medicina Veterinária tem obtido grandes êxitos. Entretanto, a consciência ética tem obrigado pesquisadores de diversas áreas a buscarem alternativas à utilização de animais tanto na pesquisa, quanto no ensino. Apesar de filósofos demonstrarem sua preocupação com os experimentos em animais desde os anos 1700, foi somente no século XIX que novas teorias foram implementadas. A partir da introdução do princípio dos 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement –Substituição, Redução e Refinamento), em 1959, por Russel e Burch, é que as pesquisas se intensificaram, ganhando força a partir dos anos 1980. Hoje em dia, é muito grande a pressão de grupos protecionistas contrários ao uso de animais não humanos na experimentação e na educação. Apesar de vários estudos estarem em andamento, buscando uma alternativa aos métodos clássicos que utilizam animais, o número de métodos validados ainda é bem pequeno em relação aos estudados. Para que um método possa substituir outro é necessário passar por um processo bem determinado de validação. Entretanto, no Brasil, ainda não existe uma organização no que tange o desenvolvimento e validação de testes. Tomando por base a criação e as atividades de centros internacionais já estabelecido se a crescente consciência ética sobre o uso de animais, surge, então, a necessidade de se criar um Centro Brasileiro para Validação de Métodos Alternativos, com o objetivo principal de promover pesquisas no nível nacional, bem como com a participação de laboratórios internacionais visando o aprimoramento, desenvolvimento e a validação de métodos alternativos contribuindo, dessa forma, tanto para a redução do uso de animais quanto para a inovação técnico-científica. / The animal experimentation has being used for a long time and it has helped the development of Science during this time. Benefits of animal use in research are seen not only for human beings but also for Veterinary Medicine. However, the ethical thoughts oblige researchers from differentare as to search for alternatives for using animals in experimentation and education. Although phylosophers demonstrated their feelings with experimentation since the 1700 years, only in 18thcentury new theories were developed.From the introduction of the 3Rs Principles (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement), by Russel and Burchin 1959, research has been intensified up to reach a higher level in 1980’s.Nowadays, the claim of protection groups for alternatives in experimentation and education is harder.Despite of the great number of groups working on the search of alternative methods, the amount of validated tests is lower than expected. For a method to be considered as a replacement of a classic one it is necessary to pass through a weel-defined validation process. Brazil has not adopted an organizing system for validation yet.Taking into account the creation and activities of international validation centers, the need of establishing a Brazilian center for Validation of Alternative Methodsis supported. The main objective of this Center is to promote collaborative studies with national and international entities in order to validate some alternative method.

The aim of the thesis is to propose motivational and alternative methods for teaching in local regions using the examle of Světlé nad Sázavou . The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical sections. In the theoretical part motivational and alternative teaching methods are described in more detail, which can be used for teaching in the local region. Further chapters of the theoretical section of the thesis briefly describe geographical characteristics of the chosen region and its position in the educational pragramme. The practical part, which is based on pesonal experiences and on survey research, which summarises methods of teaching in the local region in the elementary schools, consists of a workbook and methodical manual for teachers for the use of motivational and alternative methods. All is based on a current educational programme.