Orientador: Carlos Alfredo Joly / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T14:31:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavalin_PedroOrtman_D.pdf: 3253505 bytes, checksum: 2c0255c7d1c447ec6f4badb5c03b3993 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Um grande número de espécies co-ocorre em florestas tropicais. Diferenciação de nicho e processos estocásticos são invocados como mecanismos que possibilitam essa coexistência de espécies. Recentemente, métodos filogeneticamente explícitos ou com base em atributos funcionais (considerados bons indicadores de nicho de regeneração, história de vida e tolerância ambiental) vem sendo usados para analisar tais mecanismos. No presente trabalho, estudei comunidades de espécies lenhosas no sub-bosque ao longo de um gradiente de altitude na Floresta Ombrófila Densa (FOD) Atlântica no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, SP, tentando relacionar a estrutura de comunidades com variáveis ambientais, e se tais relações variam de acordo com a altitude. Analisamos a estrutura filogenética em três sítios localizados em diferentes cotas altitudinais (FOD de Terras Baixas, 70 m; FOD Submontana, 370 m; FOD Montana, 1070 m). Em nenhum dos sítios foi observada estruturação filogenética, tampouco relações da estrutura filogenética com variáveis ambientais. Em seguida, analisamos a estrutura de comunidade baseada em atributos funcionais. Apesar de haver correlações entre atributos funcionais e variáveis ambientais no nível das espécies, as comunidades não apresentaram estrutura significativamente diferente do esperado pelo acaso, embora o conjunto de espécies comuns tenha apresentado boa correlação entre atributos funcionais e variáveis ambientais. Por fim, analisamos como a estrutura de comunidades, baseada em atributos funcionais, em um sítio (FOD Submontana) varia entre coortes de plantas de diferentes tamanhos. Em geral, plantas de menor tamanho são mais similares entre si do que o esperado pelo acaso, enquanto que plantas de maior tamanho não diferem do esperado pelo acaso. Quando árvores de dossel são analisadas em separado, nenhuma das classes de tamanho difere do esperado pelo acaso. Mortalidade causada pela abundância de vizinhos, e independente de suas identidades, pode ser responsável pela ausência de mudança na estrutura da comunidade baseada em atributos ao longo das coortes. Discutimos a ausência de variação na estruturação das comunidades ao longo do gradiente de altitude na FOD Atlântica, levando em consideração as características do mesmo, e propomos estratégias para o melhor entendimento da dinâmica dessas comunidades / Abstract: A large number of species co-occur in tropical forests. Niche differentiation and stochastic processes are commonly invoked to explain species co-occurrence. Recently, phylogenetically explicit or traitbased (functional traits are considered to be good proxies for regeneration niche, life history, and environmental tolerance) methods have been used to assess these mechanisms. In the present study, We have surveyed understory woody species communities along an altitudinal gradient on the Atlantic Dense Ombrophilous Forest at the Serra do Mar State Park, São Paulo State, Brazil, analyzing the relationships between community structure and environmental variables, and how these relationships vary along the gradient. Community phylogenetic structure was assessed in three sites differing in altitude (Lowland, 70 m; Lower Montane, 370 m; Montane, 1070 m). No phylogenetic structure was found in any site, nor correlations between phylogenetic structure and environmental variables. We then analyzed trait-based community structure. We observed no community structure, even though there were significant correlations between functional traits and environmental variables at specieslevel on a set of frequent species. Finally, we assessed how trait-based community structure varied between plant cohorts of differing sizes. In general, smaller plants were functionally more similar to each other than expected by chance, while larger plants showed no significant structuring. When only canopy trees are separately analyzed, no size-class cohort differs from the random expectation. This lack of change in structuring among cohorts may be due to mortality caused by neighboring stem density, irrespective of species identity. We then discuss the absence of community phylogenetic and functional structuring of understory woody plants communities along the altitudinal gradient on the Atlantic Forest, taking into account its peculiarities, and propose strategies that could advance the understanding of these communities' dynamics / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Tropical areas are usually expected to be a stable environment when compared to the temperate zone. This is true especially for the temperature and the day length which ensure relatively stable food supply. As a consequence, tropical birds, especially rainforest species, are thought to breed all year round. But even in the tropics, breeding can be synchronized with some fluctuating environmental conditions such as rainfall and differences in food supply and breeding and singing activity may occur seasonally in tropical rainforest as well. But the data for testing these assumptions are still scarce. In the first part of my thesis, I focused on the seasonality in breeding activity in various feeding guilds of birds inhabiting tropical rainforest on Mount Cameroon in three different elevations - lowland, submontane and montane forest. The second part focuses on the seasonality in singing activity at both population and species level. I also compared singing activity with the data on breeding activity. The extent of breeding activity differed between feeding guilds and I showed preferences of different guilds to different seasons for breeding. Most of the groups, especially insectivorous birds, bred in the beginning of the dry season, except of species searching for invertebrates on the ground. These...

The aim of this thesis is to describe the changes of bird species diversity along elevation gradient on six mounts in Cameroon and nearby Bioko island. The results of the analyses confirm most of the defined hypotheses, especially they show that species diversity declines with altitude and rises with area. Cluster analysis shows the similarity of individual mountains in particular altitude zones. Despite the original hypothesis, mount Cameroon is found to be most similar to mount Kupé, although high mountain assemblages of mount Cameroon and Bioko island are very alike as well. The absolutely highest diversity was detected on mount Cameroon and mount Kupé, but above 2100 m above sea level mounts Oku and Manenguba are the most diverse. The results of this thesis contribute to a clearer notion about factors influencing species diversity; however, more thorough data (particularly from mount Nlonako) and data extension for e.g. bird abundance would enrich the study and it would enable us to perform more detailed diversity analysis, especially an analysis of competition relationship among species. Key words Species diversity, Cameroon, bird assemblages, elevational gradient

The aim of this thesis is to describe the changes of bird species diversity along elevation gradient on six mounts in Cameroon and nearby Bioko island. The results of the analyses confirm most of the defined hypotheses, especially they show that species diversity declines with altitude and rises with area. The absolutely highest diversity was detected on mount Kupé and mount Cameroon, but above 2100 m above sea level mounts Oku and Manenguba are the most diverse. Other analysis showed that the biggest changes in beta diversity of bird assemblages along altitudinal gradients are on the lowest elevational belts which are on the edges of a degraded habitats and continuous undisturbed forests. Other important changes in bird assemblages happen around altitude 1200 m, where the assemblages of lowland rainforest change to assemblages of mountain forest. Analyses of affinity of bird species to forest habitat showed that the most affined assemblages to the forest are those found on mounts Kupé and Rata. On the other hand bird assemblages on mounts Manenguba and Oku are the one of least affined to the forest biotope. Analysis of habitat generalism and specialism did not show the expected outcome and for clearer results the design of analysis needs to be improved. The results of this thesis contribute to a...

The geographical distribution of Piciforms' is one of the factors indicating the state of the forest. These forest birds are bioindicators of climax forest communities. In Šumava National Park, some of the Piciforms' are flag species' and thanks to that, various historical data about them exist. The goal of my study was to evaluate data from 2006-2018 monitoring and add my own monitoring data from years 2019 and 2020. This data consists of location of individual birds living in the region called Smrčina, the southernmost point of the National Park. The goal of this thesis was to determine which factors influence the distribution. The method chosen for the monitoring was so called "point count method", used from the beginning of April till the end of June. For the statistical analysis, the R software was used. And for the visualization of geographical distribution, I used qGis. The result of my thesis is that from 10 Piciform species living in the Czech Republic, 8 live in the studied region. The abundance of Black Woodpecker and Great-Spotted Woodpecker from year 2006 and Three-Toed Woodpecker from year 2009 is stable. (Great- Spotted Woodpecker with 1,6, Black Woodpecker with 0,5 and Three-Toed Woodpecker with 0,8 pairs on one hectare.) The most rare species White-Backed Woodpecker was spotted...

La forte variation climatique, notamment de la température qui est associée à la distribution altitudinale de certains peuplements d’arbres forestiers peut induire des pressions de sélection divergentes favorisant l’expression de phénotypes différents en fonction de l’altitude. Cette thèse a pour objectif de déterminer si des adaptations locales existent et peuvent être mises en évidence dans un peuplement de mélèze (Larix decidua Mill.) distribué le long d’un gradient altitudinal situé dans les Alpes françaises, à proximité de Briançon. Quatre placettes d’environ 200 mélèzes ont été délimitées à 2300 m, 2000 m, 1700 m et 1350 m d’altitude le long de ce gradient. Une variabilité phénotypique significative a été observée entre ces niveaux altitudinaux pour la plupart des caractères étudiés : circonférence, hauteur de l’arbre, pourcentage d’aubier ainsi que pour toutes les variables microdensitométriques de cernes sauf une (la largeur de cerne). Une analyse de génétique des populations utilisant des marqueurs microsatellites a mis en évidence une faible influence de la dérive génétique sur la diversité génétique et une forte intensité de flux de gènes entre les différents niveaux altitudinaux étudiés. La différenciation génétique inter-altitudes a été estimée à l’aide d’une approche in-situ basée sur les données phénotypiques seules (PST) et comparée à la différenciation observée à l’aide des marqueurs microsatellites (FST). Cette analyse indique que l’hypothèse d’adaptations locales avec l’altitude peut être raisonnablement avancée pour les caractères de hauteur, circonférence, pourcentage d’aubier et densité du bois initial. Au contraire, l’adaptation locale n’apparait pas comme une hypothèse acceptable pour les caractères de largeur de cerne, surface de cerne, largeur du bois final et densité du bois final. / The strong climatic variation, in particular the temperature variation, which is associated with the altitudinal distribution of certain stands of forest trees, can induce different divergent selection pressure favoring altitude-dependent phenotype expression. The aim of the present thesis is to determine if local adaptation exists and can be identified in an European larch stand (Larix decidua Mill.) distributed along an altitudinal gradient located in the French Alps near Briançon. four plots of about 200 larches were delimited at 2300 m, 2000 m, 1700 m and 1350 m along this altitudinal gradient. A significant phenotypic variability was observed between these altitudinal levels for most characters studied: circumference, tree height, percentage of sapwood and for all the annual-ring microdensity variables except one (ring width). A population genetics analysis using microsatellite markers showed a small effect of genetic drift on the genetic diversity but an intensive gene flow between the altitudinal levels studied. The inter-altitudinal genetic differentiation was estimated using an in-situ approach based on phenotypic data only (PST) and compared with the differentiation observed by means of microsatellite markers (FST). This analysis indicates that the assumption of local adaptation with altitude can be reasonably proposed for the characters of height, circumference, percentage of sapwood and earlywood density. On the contrary, the local adaptation does not appear to be an acceptable assumption concerning characters such as ring width, ring surface area, latewood width and latewood density.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-07-29T01:06:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Final_Renata Lee Medeiros.pdf: 1857499 bytes, checksum: eabb755377f3d7836668b4bae4c796fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-29T01:06:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Final_Renata Lee Medeiros.pdf: 1857499 bytes, checksum: eabb755377f3d7836668b4bae4c796fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / The abiotic factors as the temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and altitude can exert influence in community Euglossine bees. The objectives of this study were 1 ? To Identify the Euglossine bees species occurring in a restricted area from dense Ombrophilous Forest in the Environmental Protection Area of the Pratigi - Southern Bahia; 2 ? To Characterize the monthly fluctuations in local abundance of these species, 3 ? To Analyze if the abiotic factors (temperature, precipitation, humidity and altitude) affected the composition, richness and abundance of Euglossine bees throughout the year; 4 ? To Check if there was a change in composition Euglossine bees species in an altitudinal gradient coastal to the continent. Euglossine males were collected one a month, for twelve months, from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm, with aromatic traps containing methyl cinnamate, vanillin, eucalyptol, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, eugenol and ?-Ionone. A total of 1947 males distributed among 3 genera and 25 species were collected. The most abundant species were Euglossa carolina and Euglossa ignita. Two peaks of abundance were observed, the larger one in the dry season. There wasn?t significant influence of abiotic variables (temperature, humidity, precipitation and altitude) on species richness. The abundance was influenced by temperature and humidity. The Diversity (H?) and Dominance were influenced by altitude. The study reveal the importance of preserving Euglossine bees species in different phytophysiognomies within the same biome, once different phytophysiognomies can alter the pattern of richness and abundance of Euglossine bees species in the environment. / Os fatores abi?ticos como temperatura, umidade relativa, caracter?sticas de precipita??o e altitude podem exercer influencia sobre a comunidade de Euglossina. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram 1- Identificar as esp?cies de abelhas Euglossina que ocorrem em uma ?rea restrita de Floresta Ombr?fila Densa na APA do Pratigi ? Baixo Sul da Bahia; 2- Caracterizar a flutua??o mensal na abund?ncia local destas esp?cies; 3-Analisar se os fatores abi?ticos (temperatura, pluviosidade, umidade, e altitude) influenciaram a composi??o, riqueza e abund?ncia de abelhas Euglossina ao longo do ano; 4-Verificar se houve altera??o na composi??o de esp?cies de abelhas Euglossina em um gradiente altitudinal no sentido litoral-interior. Os machos das esp?cies foram amostrados uma vez por m?s, durante um ano, entre 09:00 e 15:00 h, com o aux?lio de armadilhas arom?ticas contendo cinamato de metila, vanilina, eucaliptol, acetato de benzila, salicilato de metila, eugenol e beta-ionona. Foram coletados 1947 machos pertencentes 3 g?neros e 25 esp?cies. As esp?cies mais abundantes foram Euglossa carolina e Euglossa ignita. A comunidade de Euglossina apresentou diferentes padr?es de flutua??o mensal nas diferentes fitofisionomias na APA do Pratigi. De um modo geral, em todas as ?reas, os maiores picos de abund?ncia ocorreram no per?odo seco. N?o houve influencia significativa das var?veis abi?ticas (temperatura, umidade, precipita??o e altitude) sobre a riqueza de esp?cies. A abund?ncia sofreu influencia positiva da temperatura, negativa da umidade e n?o sofreu influencia da precipita??o e altitude. A Diversidade H? e a Domin?ncia sofreram influencia apenas da altitude. O estudo revela a import?ncia da preserva??o de esp?cies de Euglossina em diferentes forma??es fitofisionomicas dentro do mesmo bioma, uma vez que diferen?as na fitofisionomia podem alterar o padr?o de riqueza e abund?ncia de abelhas Euglossina no ambiente.

Mit zunehmender Meereshöhe werden die Wachstumsbedingungen in tropischen Bergregionen im Allgemeinen ungünstiger, was sich in einer sinkenden Nährstoffverfügbarkeit, sinkenden Temperaturen und sinkendem CO2-Partialdruck zeigt. In tropischen Bergregenwäldern führen verminderte Abbauraten in größeren Höhen einerseits zu dicken organische Auflageschichten und andererseits in Kombination mit verminderten Mineralisierungs- und Nitrifizierungsraten zu Veränderungen in der Verfügbarkeit der verschiedenen Stickstoffformen, und es gibt Nachweise einer Limitierung der Produktivität dieser Wälder durch Stickstoff. Auf welche Weise sich die Photosynthesekapazität (Amax) tropischer Bäume einerseits und die Stickstoffaufnahmekapazität und Präferenz für einzelne Stickstoffformen andererseits an die veränderten Umweltbedingungen entlang von Höhengradienten adaptieren ist nicht genau bekannt. Die vorliegende Untersuchung wurde in drei tropischen Bergregenwäldern durchgeführt, die entlang eines Höhengradienten auf 1000, 2000 und 3000 m ü. NN in Südequador liegen. Das Ziel war es, (1) die Photosynthesekapazität ausgewachsener tropischer Bäume entlang eines Höhengradienten mit Hilfe von Gaswechselmessungen zu bestimmen und die Effekte von Temperatur, CO2-Partialdruck und Nährstoffverfügbarkeit auf die Photosynthese zu quantifizieren und (2) Veränderungen in der Verwendung von Nitrat, Ammonium und organischen Stickstoffquellen durch tropische Waldbäume mit der Meereshöhe mittels einer Tracer-Untersuchung mit stabilen Isotopen an Jungpflanzen zu untersuchen. Mittelwerte der lichtgesättigten Photosyntheserate (Asat) auf Bestandeseben betrugen 8.8, 11.3 und 7.2 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, die der Dunkelatmung (RD) 0.8, 0.6 und 0.7 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 jeweils auf 1000, 2000 and 3000 m Meereshöhe, ohne einen signifikanten Höhentrend. Die Einordnung unserer Daten in den Kontext eines pantropischen Asat-Datensatzes von tropischen Bäumen (c. 170 Arten an 18 Standorten unterschiedlicher Meereshöhe) zeigte, dass das flächenbezogene Asat in tropischen Bergen im Mittel 1.3 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 pro km Höhenzunahme abnimmt (bzw. 0.2 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 pro K Temperaturabnahme). Die Abnahme von Asat trat auf, obwohl die Blattmasse je Fläche mit der Höhe zunahm. Eine verminderte Photosyntheserate und eine reduzierte Bestandesblattfläche bewirken gemeinsam eine Verringerung der Kohlenstoffaufnahme des Kronenraums mit der Meereshöhe in tropischen Bergregionen. Der Phosphorgehalt pro Blattmasse war der Faktor, der Amax entlang des Höhengradienten hauptsächlich beeinflusste, während die Effekte von Blattstickstoff, Temperatur und CO2-Partialdruck nicht signifikant waren. Amax erfuhr einen teilweisen und RD einen vollständigen homöostatischen Ausgleich als Reaktion auf die Verminderung von Temperatur und CO2-Partialdruck in größeren Höhen, was hauptsächlich durch eine stark reduzierte spezifische Blattfläche (SLA) und die daraus entstehende Zunahme von Blattstickstoff und -phosphor je Blattfläche bedingt war, während keine Zunahme der Karboxylierungseffizienz festgestellt wurde. Wir schlussfolgern, dass die Verminderung von SLA und Gesamtblattfläche mit der Meereshöhe die Kohlenstoffaufnahme von tropischen Wäldern in großen Meereshöhen deutlich stärker bestimmen als adaptive physiologische Modifizierungen des Photsyntheseapparates. Jungpflanzen von sechs Baumarten unterschieden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Präferenz für verschieden Stickstoffformen, allerdings schienen weder das Amonium- und Nitratvorkommen im Boden noch die Meereshöhe die Präferenz zu beeinflussen. Zwei Arten (jeweils die, mit den höchsten Wachstumsraten) bevorzugten Amonium gegenüber Nitrat, während die restlichen vier Arten Nitrat und Amonium mit ähnlichen Raten aufnahmen, wenn beide Stickstofformen verfügbar waren. Nach der Gabe von 15N13C-Glyzin zeigte sich bei drei Arten eine signifikante Akkumulierung von 13C in der Biomasse (zwei Arten mit arbuskulären Mykorrhiza und eine Art mit Ektomykorrhiza) zusätzlich zu einer signifikanten Akkumulierung von 15N, was darauf hindeutet, dass Bäume in tropischen Bergregenwäldern organische Stickstoffverbindungen unabhängig vom Typ ihrer Mykorrhizierung aufnehmen können.

The study is a floristic survey of 131 villages in southern part of South Bohemia. In total 27.773 floristic records were collected with occurence of 585 taxa of wild vascular plants recorded, 548 taxa were further used in statistical analyses. Environmental factors with potencial effect on village flora composition and diversity were recorded along or extracted from various sources. Relations of diversity (number of species) and environmental factors were studied. Species composition was compared with these variables using multivariate statistical methods.

Altitudinal gradients in Sub-Antarctic freshwater systems present unique opportunities to study the effect of distinct environmental gradients on benthic macroinvertebrate community composition and dispersal. This study investigates patterns in biodiversity, dispersal and population genetic structure of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna across an altitudinal gradient between two watersheds on Navarino Island in southern Chile. Patterns in diversity, density, evenness and functional feeding groups were not significantly different across the altitudinal gradient in both the Windhond and Róbalo Rivers. Taxa richness in both rivers generally increased from the headwaters of the river to the mouth, and functional feeding group patterns were consistent with the predictions of the River Continuum Concept. Population genetic structure and gene flow was investigated by sampling the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene in two invertebrate species with different dispersal strategies. Hyalella simplex (Amphipoda) is an obligate aquatic species, and Meridialaris chiloeense (Ephemeroptera) is an aquatic larvae and a terrestrial winged adult. Contrasting patterns of population genetic structure were observed. Results for Hyalella simplex indicate significant differentiation in genetic structure in the Amphipod populations between watersheds and lower genetic diversity in the Róbalo River samples, which may be a result of instream dispersal barriers. Meridialaris chiloeense exhibited weak population structure but higher genetic diversity, which suggests this species is able to disperse widely as a winged adult.