When person decides on life-shortening action he compares value of current and future life with costs and benefits of this action that can be simply divided into four categories, psychological, financial, religious and altruistic. The main issue of the paper is what is the role of altruism in decision making. Decision making model used in this article is based on the model of Becker and Posner, but is modified to include all preventive and risk factors, respectively, costs and revenues. This model is interpreted for types of life-shortenitng actions, which are then compared with each other. From this comparison it follows that the altruism has in decision making rather greater relative weight.

Obwohl sich aus medienpsychologischer Sicht auch nach der vorliegenden Untersuchung bisher nur eine eingeschränkte Perspektive zur Bewertung von prosozialen Verhaltensweisen in MMORPGs ergibt, zeigen die ersten Ergebnisse, dass die Problematik eine nicht zu unterschätzende Relevanz in der Erklärung sozialer Präsenz in virtuellen Welten hat. Prosoziales Verhalten tritt in allen MMORPGs auf und ist wahrscheinlich ein konstituierender Faktor sozialer Präsenz. Diese wiederum scheint das Spielerlebnis von "World of Warcraft" und ähnlichen Spielen entscheidend zu prägen und erklärt, unter Umständen, ihren Reiz für die Spieler. Daher müssen weitere Anstrengungen unternommen werden, den scheinbaren Widerspruch zwischen prosozialem Verhalten in MMORPGs und deren Regelspielcharakter aufzulösen und das Phänomen Altruismus in virtuellen Welten stärker zu operationalisieren. In diesem Kontext ist anzunehmen, dass Erfolg im Spiel nicht nur durch das Erreichen von expliziten Spielzielen, sondern auch in Form eines verdeckten Prestiges als sozialer Status manifestiert wird. Beide Bewertungskategorien des Erfolges stehen dabei in Interdependenz. Wie in der wirklichen Gesellschaft, kann ich Hilfe in schwierigen Situationen nur erwarten, wenn ich selbst bereit bin zu helfen.

Mass., Harvard Univ., Dep. of Economics, Diss.--Cambridge, 2003. / Kopie, ersch. im Verl. UMI, Ann Arbor, Mich. - Enth. 3 Beitr.

Diploma thesis deals with altruistic behaviour of the professionals, such as teachers, nurses and doctors, who provide helping service. The work focuses not only on the professional part of the care but also on human care and feeling towards patients. Two proposed hypothesis were tested. The hypothesis H1: strictly brought up people working in the helping profession lead their patients to the passive dependency. The hypothesis H2: religiously brought up people working in the helping profession feel to be blame more often than the other people. A special questionnaire, containing 25 questions, was designed. Each of the questions offered various variants of answers which had to be mutually inconsistent. The questions can be divided into groups: one of them characterized the composition of the respondents, four served for the hypothesis testing and the rest of the questions enabled to fine distinguish various characteristics of the respondents and to mask the purpose of the questions. In the group of 97 respondents prevailed women in the age below 45 years of the nursery profession who practiced 1 to 20 years. Most of them were atheists. In the group of religious people prevailed the Catholics. The professional software EXCEL 3 was used to test both hypothesis and the special logic calculus was developed to make the answer evaluation easier. The output/input controls of the entering data were also used to find the occasional mistakes. The hypothesis was proved if more then 70 percent of the premises responded to the presumptive implications. Based on this criterion the hypothesis H1 was proved while the hypothesis was not approved.

This thesis deals with the current egoistic nature of man. The first part of the paper will describe the historical background and the rise of empirical science and will point out the newly emerging cultural paradigm which has influenced the whole value system and general development of today's society. This will be followed up by the description of an individual phenomena that guides the acceptance of social principles actively pursued within our society these days. Parsing of individual factors using the method of analysis and synthesis will allow us to approach the very phenomenon of egoism from a wider perspective. The focus of this paper is to attempt to answer whether man's dependency on today's society leads to the development of egoistic characteristic in a person. The paper will also attempt, using philosophical and theological reflection and modern science, to find an outline for a solution that would be beneficial to the advancement of an altruistic profile of civilization. Keywords Jesus, Plato, Sokrates, the good, egoism, emphaty, philosophy, genetics, intelligence, values, conformity, consumer society, power, science

Kapitel 1: Im Rahmen des Erwartungsnutzenmodells leite ich ein theoretisches Modell von choice bracketing aus zwei verhaltensökonomischen Axiomen ab. Das erste etabliert einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen narrow bracketing und correlation neglect. Das zweite identifiziert den Referenzpunkt als den Ort, an dem broad und narrow Präferenzen miteinander verbunden sind. In meinem Modell ist der narrow bracketer durch die Unfähigkeit, Veränderungen vom Referenzpunkt in unterschiedlichen Dimensionen gleichzeitig zu verarbeiten, charakterisiert. Kapitel 2: Warum geben Menschen, wenn man sie fragt, präferieren aber, nicht gefragt zu werden, und nehmen sogar, wenn sich die Gelegenheit ergibt? Wir zeigen, dass Axiome wie Separabilität, narrow bracketing, und scaling invariance diese scheinbar widersprüchlichen Beobachtungen vorhersagen. Insbesondere implizieren diese Axiome, dass die Interdependenz von Präferenzen (“Altruismus”) ein Ergebnis des Interesses für das Wohlbefinden anderer im Gegensatz zu ihren bloßen Auszahlungen ist. Hierbei wird das Wohlbefinden durch die referenzabhängige Wertfunktion aus der Prospekttheorie erfasst. Kapitel 3: Wir untersuchen, wie sich fake news auf den Informationsfluss zwischen Nachrichtenportalen und  ökonomischen Agenten auswirkt. Wir erweitern das klassische cheaptalk- Modell um Unsicherheit über die Präferenzen des sender (Nachrichtenportal). Es gibt zwei Typen von Nachrichtenportalen. Ein fake-news-Portal möchte im Agenten unabhängig vom wahren Zustand eine maximale Erwartung wecken. Ein legitimes Nachrichtenportal möchte die Wahrheit offenbaren. Wir zeigen, dass jedes informative perfekte Bayesianische Gleichgewicht durch einen Schwellenwert charakterisiert ist. Während der Agent alle Zustände unter dem Schwellenwert unterscheiden kann, ist es ihm unmöglich, Zustände über dem Schwellenwert zu unterscheiden. / Chapter 1: I derive a theoretical model of choice bracketing from two behavioral axioms in an expected utility framework. The first behavioral axiom establishes a direct link between narrow bracketing and correlation neglect. The second behavioral axiom identifies the reference point as the place where broad and narrow preferences are connected. In my model, the narrow bracketer is characterized by an inability to process changes from the reference point in different dimensions simultaneously. Chapter 2: Why do people give when asked, but prefer not to be asked, and even take when possible? We show that standard behavioral axioms including separability, narrow bracketing, and scaling invariance predict these seemingly inconsistent observations. Specifically, these axioms imply that interdependence of preferences (“altruism”) results from concerns for the welfare of others, as opposed to their mere payoffs, where individual welfares are captured by the reference-dependent value functions known from prospect theory. The resulting preferences are non-convex, which captures giving, sorting, and taking directly. Chapter 3: We present a theoretical model to investigate how the presence of fake news affects information transmission from media outlets to economic agents. In a standard cheap talk framework we introduce uncertainty about the sender’s (media outlet’s) preferences. There are two types of media outlets. A fake news outlet wants to push the agent’s belief to the maximum irrespective of the state of the world. A legitimate outlet wants to reveal the true state to the agent. We show that any informative perfect Bayesian equilibrium of our game is characterized by a threshold value. While the agent can perfectly separate amongst states below the threshold value, there is no separation amongst states above the threshold value. We determine the unique most informative threshold value for a general class of equilibria.

The Master thesis "Teaching Prosocial Skills at Primary Schools" deals with the theory related to the prosocial behaviour and further aims to describe present possibilities and methods of teaching prosocial skills at primary schools. The author, in the theoretical part, characterizes and analyses prosocial behaviour, according to its types and forms, outlines basic theories of prosocial behavior and its determinants. The author further gives examples of how schools are able to incorporate teaching prosocial skills in school curricula. The author, in the empiric part, introduces opinions, attitudes, ideas and previous experiences of teachers and students with this education, using interviews and analyses of school curricula and minimum preventive program.

This work statistically analyses hypotheses about the presence of antisocial punishment in study of economic experiments. Analysed data source is author's own ABM simulation of antisocial punishment environment. Tested hypotheses and ABM simulations are evolutionary oriented. This represents natural selection of evolving agents (and their groups) interacting with one another. Work is divided by two independent parts of presumptions. Crucial hypothesis of the first part is evolutional advantage from retaliatory punishment, the second part tests hypotheses of evolutional benefits resulting from group selection. Findings of the analysis allow us to accept these crucial hypothesis, and it may be concluded, that antisocial punishment can be regard as an evolutionary advantage, which directly advantages individuals, as well as whole groups.

The thesis deals with the issue of blood donation and it has a total of fifteen parts. The first chapter describes theoretical knowledges of motivational factors, altruism and economic view on it. It is followed by informations about the history of blood donation and treatments with blood, anatomy of blood and blood groups. The section of blood donation provides general informations about conditions of donation, resulting benefits, risks for donor and recipient and commercial collection of plasma. The thesis focuses especially on the blood market in the Czech Republic in terms of legislation, supply of blood, its evaluation and ultimately safety of blood. At the end there are published results of the questionnaire survey. Its aim was to find out how the public is looking at blood donation, its promotion, safety and reasons to donate or not to donate blood.

Univ., Diss.--Duisburg, 2000. / Literaturverz. S. [277] - 292.