Essa tese procura descrever uma convergência política que teve lugar na década de 1990 entre o Banco Mundial e as Nações Unidas em torno de uma nova estratégia de desenvolvimento. Dois processos em curso nesse momento foram centrais. De um lado, revisões internas críticas às reformas neoliberais repercutiram em modulações na agenda de desenvolvimento do Banco Mundial em direção à nova agenda da boa governança. De outro, no âmbito das Nações Unidas, o desenvolvimento era redefinido como um processo de expansão de oportunidades no lugar do acúmulo de riqueza. Ambos os processos convergem numa nova estratégia que passava a enfatizar o desenvolvimento das pessoas e não mais das nações, formulada na separação entre a produção da riqueza e a pobreza. A pobreza deve ser reduzida, controlada em níveis aceitáveis e mobilizada para dar sequência às reformas de liberalização econômica. O que está em jogo nessa convergência é a construção de novas referências normativas que apontam para possíveis indiferenciações entre as práticas da esquerda e da direita no espectro político internacional. Demonstra-se com essa pesquisa que o sentido dessas novas referências foi tornar plausível, internamente em cada sociedade, a gestão dos níveis de pobreza como estratégia para o avanço do neoliberalismo. / This thesis intends to discribe a political convergence that takes place during the 1990s between the World Bank and the United Nations around a new development strategy. Two process in operation at that moment were central. From one side, critical internal reviews of the neoliberal reforms have reveberated on modulations of the World Bank\'s development agenda toward the new good governance agenda. On the other side, at the United Nations\' ambit, development has been defined as the process of opportunity expansion in the place of wealth accumulation. Both process converge into a new strategy that becomes to emphasize people\'s development instead of nation\'s one, formulated in the separation between wealth production and poverty. The poverty should be reducted, managed in acceptable grades and mobilized to give sequence to the economic liberalization\'s reforms. What is at stake in this convergence is the construction of new normative references that point out to possible indifferentiation between practices from the left or from the right in the international political spectrum. It is demonstrated with this research that the sense of these new references was to make plausible, inside of each society, the management of poverty grades as a strategy for neoliberalism improvement.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-12-01T10:57:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliane Soares Vidigal_.pdf: 603808 bytes, checksum: b65c206d39cb0809a88f8719373ec8de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-01T10:57:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliane Soares Vidigal_.pdf: 603808 bytes, checksum: b65c206d39cb0809a88f8719373ec8de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-04 / Nenhuma / O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a abordagem das capabilidades na obra de Amartya Sen para identificar em que medida essas capabilidades influenciam no desenvolvimento humano e social. Buscaremos compreender as razões que levaram Amartya Sen a defender a liberdade como a chave para o desenvolvimento. Analisaremos as oportunidades, os direitos e as liberdades presentes no enfoque das capabilidades, partindo das formulações senianas expressas no texto Equality of What?, escrito no ano de 1979, para chegaremos a obra A Ideia de Justiça, publicada no Brasil em 2011. Neste percurso visitaremos as concepções contidas em seus escritos Desigualdade Reexaminada; Desenvolvimento como expansão de capacidades e Desenvolvimento como Liberdade. O Objetivo geral deste trabalho é estudar a abordagem das capabilidades seniana, delinear sua evolução e identificar em que medida as capabilidades contribuem para o desenvolvimento. A análise se limitará a abordagem filosófica das capabilidades, sendo, para tanto, importante compreendermos as necessidades e os valores que justificam as realizações e as escolhas individuais. Para o êxito da investigação tentaremos responder as seguintes indagações: (i) o que é igualdade segundo a teoria de Sen?; (ii) como Amartya Sen apresentou, ao longo de sua obra, sua ideia de capabilidades?; (iii) é possível afirmar que houve modificações interpretativas substanciais na teoria seniana das capabilidades?; (iv) qual o sentido de liberdade para Amartya Sen?; (v) sob quais aspectos a abordagem das Capabilidades nos possibilita entender o desenvolvimento como liberdade?. A estratégia metodológica central desse estudo é essencialmente teórica e os procedimentos analíticos ocorrerão por meio de revisão da literatura em torno da temática investigada. Além de ler as obras do autor aqui indicadas, buscaremos dialogar com seus críticos e comentadores. Como resultado pretendemos esclarecer como a liberdade, agregada às atividades econômicas, sociais e políticas, pode ser considerada um instrumento de medição do progresso e de eficácia social, extrapolando os espações de avaliação das demais teorias. / The aim of the present study is to analyze the approach of the capabilities in the work of Amartya Sen to identify how these capabilities influence in human and social development. We will try to understand the reasons that led Amartya Sen to defend freedom as the key to development. We will look at the opportunities, rights and freedoms that are present in his capability theory, starting from his formulations expressed in the text ‘Equality of What?` - written in the year of 1979 - in order to arrive at the work ‘The Idea of Justice’ - published in Brazil in 2011. During this course, we will visit his formulations expressed in his writings ‘Reexamined Inequality’; ‘Development as capacity expansion’ and ‘Development as freedom’. The general objective of this work is to study Sen’s capabilities to delineate its evolution and identify in what proportion the capabilities contribute to development. The analysis will be limited to a philosophical approach and will be important for us to understand the needs and values that justify people's individual choices. For the success of the investigation we will try to answer the following questions: I) What is equality according to Sen's theory? (ii) How did Amartya Sen present his idea of capabilities throughout his work? (iii) Is it possible to affirm that there were substantial interpretative modifications in Sen’s theory of capabilities? (iv) What is the sense of freedom to Amartya Sen? (v) In what aspects does the Capabilities approach allow us to understand development as freedom? The central methodological strategy of this study is essentially theoretical and the analytical procedures will occur through a review of the literature around the researched topic. Besides reading the indicated works of the author we will seek dialogue with his critics. As a result we intend to clarify how freedom when associated to social, political and economical activities can be considered as an instrument for measuring progress and also a social efficacy ratio, extrapolating the gaps of evaluation of other theories.

Essa tese procura descrever uma convergência política que teve lugar na década de 1990 entre o Banco Mundial e as Nações Unidas em torno de uma nova estratégia de desenvolvimento. Dois processos em curso nesse momento foram centrais. De um lado, revisões internas críticas às reformas neoliberais repercutiram em modulações na agenda de desenvolvimento do Banco Mundial em direção à nova agenda da boa governança. De outro, no âmbito das Nações Unidas, o desenvolvimento era redefinido como um processo de expansão de oportunidades no lugar do acúmulo de riqueza. Ambos os processos convergem numa nova estratégia que passava a enfatizar o desenvolvimento das pessoas e não mais das nações, formulada na separação entre a produção da riqueza e a pobreza. A pobreza deve ser reduzida, controlada em níveis aceitáveis e mobilizada para dar sequência às reformas de liberalização econômica. O que está em jogo nessa convergência é a construção de novas referências normativas que apontam para possíveis indiferenciações entre as práticas da esquerda e da direita no espectro político internacional. Demonstra-se com essa pesquisa que o sentido dessas novas referências foi tornar plausível, internamente em cada sociedade, a gestão dos níveis de pobreza como estratégia para o avanço do neoliberalismo. / This thesis intends to discribe a political convergence that takes place during the 1990s between the World Bank and the United Nations around a new development strategy. Two process in operation at that moment were central. From one side, critical internal reviews of the neoliberal reforms have reveberated on modulations of the World Bank\'s development agenda toward the new good governance agenda. On the other side, at the United Nations\' ambit, development has been defined as the process of opportunity expansion in the place of wealth accumulation. Both process converge into a new strategy that becomes to emphasize people\'s development instead of nation\'s one, formulated in the separation between wealth production and poverty. The poverty should be reducted, managed in acceptable grades and mobilized to give sequence to the economic liberalization\'s reforms. What is at stake in this convergence is the construction of new normative references that point out to possible indifferentiation between practices from the left or from the right in the international political spectrum. It is demonstrated with this research that the sense of these new references was to make plausible, inside of each society, the management of poverty grades as a strategy for neoliberalism improvement.

The Constitution of India provides the basis of labour jurisprudence in the country. It promises right to work, right to livelihood, right against forced labour, right against child labour, equal treatment of all workers, equal pay for equal work, appropriate conditions at work, and the overall social, economic and political justice to the people. These constitutional promises find specific expression in the numerous labour-related statutes enacted in furtherance of workers’ welfare. However, the constitutional promises remain unrealized for the approximately 92% of informal workers who are largely excluded from the purview of the labour laws and accordingly, lead marginalized and precarious lives devoid of dignity. Against this backdrop, I analyze whether a capabilities-inspired approach to labour law can address the concerns of informal workers in India and promote their dignified life. After reviewing the literature around informal economic activities, I argue that it is important to adopt a worker-centered approach that focuses on informal employment. Informal employment is varied and because of this the problems and concerns associated with the different categories of informal workers differ. For this reason, I focus on one specific category of informal activity – waste-picking – in one city – Kolkata – in order to ascertain whether a human development approach to labour law is capable of addressing the specific concerns of these waste-pickers. Drawing on the work of labour law scholars who develop the capability approach formulated by Amartya Sen, I consider whether it is suitable as a basis for labour law designed for informal workers in general and waste-pickers in particular. Using a case study of the informal activity of waste picking in Kolkata, I identify the specific capability deprivations suffered by waste-pickers and argue that the capabilities approach can supplement the International Labour Organization’s social dialogue pillar of its Decent Work Agenda to address the work-related concerns of waste-pickers. Based on the International Labour Organization’s social dialogue strategy, I envisage a mechanism through which waste-pickers along with other stakeholders could be integrated in a democratic dialogue process leading to the formulation of a capability-promoting labour law. / Graduate / 0510 / 0398 / 0629 / supriyonujs@gmail.com

Problem Statement: South Africa is currently facing a challenge of youth unemployment. The hardest hit are those from low income communities, as they in addition have limited access to information. The Internet has proven to be one of the ways in which recruitment is done and failure to access reduces the opportunities. The purpose of the research: The main objective of this study was to understand how the youth living in the townships use the Internet to seek for employment. The purpose of this study is to assess how the Internet use affect the youth when searching for employment. Design/methodology/ approach: An interpretivist approach was employed to understand how the youth seek employment. This study used a qualitative approach to collect the data. Interviews were done using semi-structured questions. Alampay (2006) Capability Approach (CA) was used as a guide to conceptualise how the youth from low-income communities use the Internet to find employment. Borrowing from the four main constructs (conversion factors, freedom, capabilities and functionings) employed by Alampay (2006) in his model, this study operationalised the Alampay (2006) CA model by adding the ICT commodities as the fifth construct. The CA was chosen as an appropriate framework for this study because the framework focuses on what humans are able to do and achieve when presented with the available ICT resources. Findings: The findings demonstrate that the lack of resources, income, information and digital skills affected the individual capabilities to effectively use the Internet when seeking employment. The success rate in finding a job using the Internet was low among job seekers. Commodities, individual differences, social and environmental factors affected how the youth (18-34 years) from low-income communities use the Internet to find employment. In addition, crime, poor network coverage, expensive data bundles and limited access to ICT resources were among the key factors that contributed to limited use of the Internet among job seekers. Research Contribution: This study seeks to close the gap in limited knowledge available in developing countries with regards to the use of the Internet among job seekers. Therefore, based on the study findings, this thesis has contributed towards adding value to the body of knowledge within the field of Information Systems. In addition, the findings can contribute towards assisting policy makers in solving challenges faced by the unemployment youth in developing countries when using technology to find employment.

Cette thèse s’inscrit au sein de la littérature des théories modernes et contemporaines de la justice sociale, en s’intéressant plus particulièrement à la question de l’égalité et à la manière dont elle s’est affirmée en tant que préoccupation fondamentale pour ces théories. En s’appuyant essentiellement sur les travaux d’Amartya Sen, d’Emmanuel Levinas et de G.W.F. Hegel, il est suggéré que l’égalité constitue la condition de possibilité de la justice, et ainsi de la liberté, cette dernière étant affirmée comme l’objet de la justice. Ce travail tend également à envisager les limites d’une telle conception : le premier chapitre permet d’affirmer la relation d’interdépendance des valeurs de liberté et d’égalité au regard de la justice sociale en démontrant la nécessité d’un principe d’égalité par l’argument de la raison humaine. Le second chapitre approfondit l’argument de l’impartialité, tel que développé par Sen. De là, le troisième chapitre déploie la nécessité d’une médiation institutionnelle dans la lutte pour la reconnaissance, centrale aux questions de liberté, tout en montrant les insuffisances de l’égalité. Enfin, le dernier chapitre montre, à l’aide de Levinas les dérives totalisantes de l’égalité, malgré sa nécessité pratique, insistant par là même sur la nécessité d’une méthode dialectique pour penser la justice. Finalement, l’idée principale est d’investiguer la tension qui caractérise la justice sociale : la justice ne peut être réduite à l’égalité, bien que cette dernière soit supposée l’une de ses conditions nécessaires. / This thesis comes within the scope of the literature of modern and contemporary social justice theories, while focusing on the question of equality and the way it became a fundamental concern for these theories. Essentially relying on Amartya Sen’s, Emmanuel Levinas’ and GW.F. Hegel’s works, it suggests a conception of equality as the condition of possibility of justice, and thus of freedom, this one being assumed as the object of social justice. It also aims at foreseeing the limits of such a conception: the first chapter asserts the relation of interdependency that exists between the values of freedom and equality regarding distributive issues, by showing the necessity of a principle of equality through the argument of human reason. The second chapter deepens the argument of impartiality, as developed by Sen. From there, the third chapter deploys the necessity of an institutional mediation in the struggle for recognition, central to freedom issues, while showing the limits of the principle of equality. Finally, the last chapter, based on Levinas’ thought, displays the totalitarian drifts of equality, despite its practical necessity, thus insisting on the need of aVersion juillet 2016 3 / 2dialectical method to think of justice. Eventually, the main idea is to investigate the tension that seems to characterize social justice: justice cannot be reduced to equality, although it is assumed as one of its necessary conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Barbosa Correa Junior.pdf: 4162973 bytes, checksum: 05ccad5e222e000a4e598f776f300fe6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-18 / In recent decades, as well as wealth, health, quality of life, safety or education, the concept of development reaches a new paradigm by including a key variable, represented by the question of intergenerational preservation of the environment. Thus, a modern concept of sustainable development gains strength. The concept of development is to express ethical and economic aspirations of equitable, balanced and sustainable goods and benefits, or produced and offered by the planet. It is observed, moreover, a heterogeneity in the conceptual drawing tools and indicators of the evaluation of development. In view of Amartya Sen, development is not described as an increase in aggregate income of a nation or a per capita income of the population, but as the expansion of the freedoms that individuals enjoy. The increased freedom includes both the means and the end of development, because the expansion of freedom leads to the development and the development of society, in turn, promotes increased freedoms. Amartya Sen highlights five instrumental freedoms construed as rights and opportunities that help promote overall capacity of a person: political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees and protective security. In this context, the general objective of this study is to comparatively study, based on archival research and bibliography, a list of new indicators of development, analyzed and synthesized from the five instrumental freedoms of Amartya Sen. The results meet the proposed objectives and may well be a model in the discussion on the construction, analysis and use of new indicators of development / Nas últimas décadas, além da riqueza, saúde, qualidade de vida, segurança ou educação, a concepção do desenvolvimento alcança um novo paradigma ao incluir uma variável fundamental, representada pela questão intergeracional da preservação do meio ambiente. Sendo assim, uma moderna concepção de um desenvolvimento sustentável ganha força. A concepção do desenvolvimento passa a exprimir anseios éticos e econômicos de uma distribuição equitativa, equilibrada e sustentável dos bens e benefícios produzidos e ou oferecidos pelo planeta. Observa-se, por outro lado, uma heterogeneidade conceitual na elaboração de ferramentas e indicadores da avaliação desse desenvolvimento. Na perspectiva de Amartya Sen, o desenvolvimento não é descrito como um aumento da renda agregada de uma nação ou de uma renda per capita da população, mas sim como a ampliação das liberdades que os indivíduos desfrutam. O aumento da liberdade compreende tanto o meio quanto o fim do desenvolvimento, pois a ampliação das liberdades leva ao desenvolvimento e o desenvolvimento da sociedade, por sua vez, promove a ampliação das liberdades. Amartya Sen destaca cinco liberdades instrumentais entendidas como direitos e oportunidades que ajudam a promover a capacidade geral de uma pessoa: as liberdades políticas, as facilidades econômicas, as oportunidades sociais, as garantias de transparência e a segurança protetora. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é o de estudar comparativamente, com base em pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, um rol de novos indicadores de desenvolvimento, analisados e sintetizados a partir das cinco liberdades instrumentais de Amartya Sen. Os resultados obtidos atendem aos objetivos propostos e podem vir a constituir um modelo na discussão sobre a construção, análise e utilização de novos indicadores de desenvolvimento

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att belysa hur individer med funktionsnedsättning skapar sin förmågodeprivation, ”capability deprivation”, i relation till de möjligheter till utveckling som framkallas av strukturella och personliga faktorer. Förmågodeprivation innebär att människan upplever brist på friheter och rättigheter för att använda sina förmågor till att nå sina personliga mål. Dessa mål kan vara av ekonomisk, social och kulturell karaktär och kan betyda en utveckling hos individen som denne värderar högt. När förmågodeprivation uppstår likställs den med fattigdom. Denna uppsats är teoretiskt inriktad då den byggs på förmågoperspektiv, ”capability approach”, som är ett teoretiskt ramverk som används bland annat för att bedöma individens möjlighet till utveckling. Tidigare forskning som hänvisas här har som huvudfokus individens förmågor i förhållande till sin omgivning vilket anses som relevant till studieområdet. En egen analysmodell för att tolka empirin, det vill säga det insamlade materialet, har utvecklats med hjälp av den teoretiska ramen och tidigare forskningen. Analysmodellen tar hänsyn till strukturella, sociala och individuella faktorer vilka har delats in i mikro-, mellan- respektive makronivå. Dessa i sin tur utgör informationsbasen för att analysera det insamlade materialet och kan tala om huruvida människor med funktionsnedsättning upplever förmogodeprivation i de olika nivåerna. Empirin har samlats med hjälp av kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer med personer med fysisk funktionsnedsättning som bor i Stockholm. Resultaten tyder på att målgruppen kan uppleva förmågodeprivation huvudsakligen på grund av strukturella och sociala faktorer som utgör mellan- och makronivån, vilket i sin tur påverkar funktionsnedsatta även inom mikronivån. / The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how individuals with disabilities construct their capability deprivation in relation to the opportunities for development created by structural and personal factors. Capability deprivation means that people perceive a lack of freedoms and rights to use their talents to achieve their personal goals. These goals may be of economic, social and cultural nature and may involve the development of the individual that he or she values high. When capability deprivation occurs it is equated with poverty. This paper has a theoretically orientation since is based on the Capability approach which is a framework that is used, among other things, to assess the individual's opportunity for development. The previous researches cited in this paper have as their main focus the capabilities of the individual in relation to their environment, which is considered relevant to the study area. An analytical model to interpret the empirical data has been developed with the help of the theoretical framework and previous research. This analytical model takes into account the structural, social and individual factors which have been divided into micro, medium and macro level. These in its turn form the information base for analyzing the collected material and can tell us whether people with disabilities experience deprivation of their capabilities in the different levels. Empirical data were collected using qualitative methods like interviews with people with physical disabilities living in Stockholm. The results suggest that the target grupp can experience capability deprivation mainly due to structural and social factors that account for midel- and macro-level, which in its turn affects people with disabilitiesalso in the micro-level.

This dissertation analyses the contribution that Amartya Sen’s idea of justice can make to inform development policies. Particularly, it examines to what extent Sen succeeds in presenting a useful theoretical framework for orienting political action towards justice-enhancing change. In The Idea of Justice (2009), Sen argues that ideal theories of justice which aim at identifying the nature of a perfectly just society—what he calls ‘transcendental’ theories—are not appropriate either for examining prevalent injustices or for rectifying them. Sen therefore proposes a ‘comparative framework’ of justice capable of providing useful practical guidance to advance justice or reduce injustice, a task for which ‘transcendental’ Rawlsian-like theories are redundant. This dissertation critically assesses these two claims advanced by Sen. Taking John Rawls’ Theory of Justice as an illustration, it argues that ideal theories are indeed essential, even if not sufficient, for the reduction of injustice. Therefore, it advances that it is necessary to complement ideal and nonideal approaches to justice. It then advocates for a ‘dual Rawlsian/Senian framework’. Yet this dissertation argues that, even if coupled with an ideal theory, Sen’s nonideal theory remains insufficient to orient injustice-reduction actions because it fails to take into account the overarching social nature of injustice and its perpetuation. In the light of this shortcoming, this dissertation stresses the need to conceptualise injustice as something different from simply the lack of justice and to understand it in a more dynamic and relational way. Ultimately, this implies further complementing a dual framework with a broader conceptualisation of injustice. The dissertation illustrates this argument with the social policy of Oportunidades in Mexico. It concludes that, in order to create a more just society, injustice-reduction policies need to go beyond the removal of capability-deprivations and address the ways in which injustice is reproduced through social interactions.

The ‘’capability approach’’, developed by the Indian economist Amartya Sen, has been widely used in the field of development and has contributed a perception of development that is different from the traditional understanding of it. Despite this, the theory has received a great amount of feminist critique and it has been concluded that the field lacks empirical data on how women in developing countries can be fully understood from the approach of Sen. This field study aims at filling this gap of empirical data as well as to examine how well Sen’s approach can contribute to the understanding of women in a developing context. Responses such as the one of Martha Nussbaum and other feminist critique of Sen is examined using a field study on poor women conducted in the state of Karnataka, India. The collection of data has been conducted through interviews with urban poor women as well as with women working with women empowerment at a local organization. Participant observation in the field has been complementary to the interviews. This study reveals that Sen’s capability approach is incomplete to some extent in order to understand the situation of women in a developing context. This lack of understanding is further completed with Nussbaum’s work. Finally, the modern feminist critique against both Sen and Nussbaum shows a lack of analysis in them both in terms of intersectionality and power.