Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A teologia latino-americana tem sua história e seu lugar na história. Suas intuições fundamentais significaram o assumir do caráter interpretativo da realidade a partir da cruz de Jesus. Tendo sua história e nela o seu lugar, a teologia desenvolvida neste continente necessita ser retomada, a partir de diversos ângulos. Uma nova releitura, com outros pressupostos, à luz da hermenêutica recente com a contribuição específica do pensamento de Theodor Adorno, vem ao encontro da linha de pesquisa Teologia contemporânea em perspectiva latino-americana. Adorno não é hermeneuta, tampouco, denomina sua filosofia como hermenêutica. Certo é que sua filosofia é filosofia interpretativa. Isso, porém, não significa que seu programa seja desprovido de elementos hermenêuticos, ou que não tenha contribuições significativas para esse campo e, especialmente, para a teologia latino-americana. Adorno, para além da hermenêutica recente, ajuda a compreender que o texto a ser interpretado não possui a verdade absoluta, tampouco é a coisa última, a última palavra. É antes inconcluso, quebrado, paradoxal e em grande medida entregue a cegos demônios. A ideia teológica aqui perseguida é, portanto, que ela é interpretação da realidade danificada, sem chave interpretativa segura, enquanto esperança em meio à desesperança. Isso significa, em primeiro lugar, assumir seu caráter interpretativo, enquanto denúncia e suspeita da realidade e do fazer teológico em sua completude, no anseio de se chegar, em segundo lugar, a um pensamento correto e justo, na perspectiva das vítimas inocentes da história, que clamam serem acordadas e restauradas em suas vidas fragmentadas. A teologia desde a América Latina é, neste caso, negativa ou inversa, desde o seu contrário, desde as vítimas, dos rebaixados e condenados. Se há alguma positividade, esta há de aparecer sob o signo da total negatividade, preservada, tão somente, no ato da negação. Este ato, por sua vez, requer uma verdadeira ascese, a fim de que a tentação da palavra positiva não seja mais uma vez dita, preservando o próprio de Jesus, profetizado pelo justo e piedoso Simeão: ele será um sinal de contradição (Lc 2,34). Teologia desde a América Latina é sinal de contradição que se dá na sombra da cruz, da hora sexta até a hora nona. A cruz de Jesus é também a cruz da teologia e, se há alguma luz teológica, esta deverá ser projetada em forma de faíscas a partir da escuridão da cruz. Portanto, a desesperança do escândalo da cruz, levada à completude, ou torna a teologia impossível, ou possível como teologia genuinamente interpretativa, com pretensão de verdade, sem chave hermenêutica segura. / Latin American theology has its history and its place in history. Its basic notions are founded on the interpretation of reality from the perspective of the cross. Presently it is in need of being resumed and actualized, especially in the light of recent hermeneutical debates. Our proposal here is that this be done from the point of view of specific contribution of Theodor Adorno to these debates. Adorno is normally ot considered a hermeneutical philosopher. He does not name his philosophy hermeneutic; but he would insist that his is an interpretative philosophy. His project is certainly not devoid of hermeneutical elements. It is our contention that it has a significant contribution to Latin American Theology in its quest for present relevance. Adorno's philosophy can help to understand that the text to be interpreted does not hold any absolute truth. The text is anything but unconcluded, broken, paradoxical, open to blind demons. The texts that try to capture it must be an interpretation of a damaged reality, with no light and no hope, in a no hope environment. This means, first, to maintain the interpretative character from a perspective of suspicion, with the expectation to, second, get to a thought of right and justice, guided by the perspective of the victims of history. Theology from Latin America is, in this case, negative and reverse, from its very opposite, from the victims, the demoted and condemned. If there is some positivity, it will appear under a sign of total negativity, preserved only on the negation act. This thinking act needs a really true asceticism, so that the temptation of positive words may be resisted, in line with the words about Jesus in Luke 2, 34: a sign of contradiction. Theology from Latin America is a sign of contradiction emerging from the the shadow of the Cross, from the darkness of the sixth to the ninth hour. Jesus' cross is also theology's cross. Any possible light in theology shall have the form of sparks through the cross's darkness. The desperation of the Cross's scandal, taken to completeness, may turn in it's opposite. This is the only hope for theology as genuine interpretative theology, with no hold on claims of absolute truth, with no secure hermeneutical key.

This project seeks to analyze the philosophies of the African American theologian and philosopher, Howard Thurman, via Afrocentricity, to determine whether Thurman was Afrocentric in his philosophies. To examine Thurman's philosophies, a content analysis was completed using the following books by Howard Thurman: Jesus and the Disinherited, The Luminous Darkness, The Search for Common Ground, The Inward Journey, and The Temptations of Jesus. Two collections containing sermons by Thurman were used: Sermons on the Parables and Moral Struggle and the Prophets. These works were analyzed via a content analysis method while using Afrocentricity as the lens by which these works were analyzed. Additionally, Thurman's autobiography, With Head and Heart: The Autobiography of Howard Thurman was used within this discussion to examine what, if any impact, his life experiences had on his philosophies. This project found that, while there are numerous examples of similar streams of thought between Howard Thurman's philosophies and various aspects of Afrocentricity, ultimately, he cannot be labeled as an Afrocentric philosopher due to his centering and location. / African American Studies

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Introdução: A teologia da libertação assinalou o comprometimento teórico com a prática comunitária da desprivatização da fé cristã na América Latina, subsidiando a ideia de libertação e suas implicações holísticas. Em consequência, a noção de libertação correspondeu ao equivalente oposto de dependência dentro do quadro metodológico de abordagem bíblico-teológica. Dessa forma, consiste em apresentar, a pesquisa agora submetida à avaliação, a relação conceitual existente entre a teologia latino-americana e a crítica à estrutura teórica do subdesenvolvimento, qual seja, a teoria da dependência. Objetivo: Compreender o significado da correlação oposta da libertação à dependência desde suas especificidades de acordo com a visão dos intelectuais da libertação, e identificar a forma pela qual a dependência foi apropriada para responder ao quadro teórico responsivo socioanalítico destes intelectuais, bem como perceber até que ponto representou essa maneira de labor teológico um tipo epifenomênico identitário. Métodos: Pesquisa históricosistemática, de caráter exploratório, com orientação analítico-descritiva, organizada a partir de esquemas classificatórios cuja disposição busca indicar a evolução no nível de interação social dos intelectuais latino-americanos de disputa pelos bens simbólicos dentro do campo religioso, a bem dizer, a interpretação teológica. A interpretação dos textos reunidos seguiu um esquema hermenêutico compreensivo pressuposto no pensamento fraco e na antilogia teológica latino-americana. Resultados: É partindo da constatação da refração teórica da dependência pela libertação que se poderá ver claramente tanto a concepção epifenomênica de uma intelligentsia teológica latinoamericana, quanto à recepção da crítica ao subdesenvolvimento, à da dependência enquanto unidade hermenêutica correlativa ao labor teológico sobre a libertação, que deve ser aprendida por um critério dialético-conflitivo. O conceito de libertação aparece assim como a interpretação teológica de todo um campo teórico tomado indistintamente, a saber, a teoria da dependência. Conclusão: Nada mais errôneo, então, do que tomar a correlação oposta entre dependência e libertação como constatação de semelhança entre o real teorizado (dependência) e a conceitualização hipotética de máximas de ação (libertação), uma vez que a opção pela tese de uma teoria geral (a do antiimperialismo) foi recebida dentro do fazer teológico em nome da interdisciplinaridade. O resultado implícito foi prescindir da empiria interpretada de forma autônoma em favor do móvel moral humano sob a recuperação da tradição profética. / Introduction: Liberation theology signaled a theoretical commitment to the community practice of de-privatizing the Christian faith in Latin America, supported by the Idea of liberation and its holistic implications. Consequently, the notion of liberation corresponded to the opposite equivalent of dependence within the methodological framework of the Biblical-theological approach. Thus we present in the research now submitted to evaluation, the conceptual relation that exists between Latin American theology and the criticism of the theoretical structure of underdevelopment, that is, the theory of dependence. Goal: To comprehend the meaning of the opposite correlation of liberation with regard to dependence from its specificities according to the perspective of the liberation intellectuals, and identify the way in which dependence was appropriated to respond to the socio-analytical responsive theoretical framework of these intellectuals, as well as perceive up to what point this manner of theological labor represented an epiphenomenal identity type. Methods: Historicalsystematic research of an exploratory type with a descriptive-analytical orientation, organized on classificatory patterns the layout of which seeks to indicate the evolution within the level of social interaction of the Latin American intellectuals who are disputing for the symbolic goods within the religious field, which is to say, the theological interpretation. The interpretation of the texts gathered here followed a comprehensive hermeneutical pattern presupposed within the weak thought and in the Latin American theological antilogy. Results: Stemming from the observation of the theoretical refraction of dependence toward liberation one can clearly see the epiphenomenological. concept of a Latin American theological intelligentsia as well the reception of the criticism of underdevelopment, of dependence as a hermeneutical unit correlating with the theological work on liberation, which should be learned through a dialecticalconflictual criterion. The concept of liberation thus appears as the theological interpretation of a whole theoretical field assumed indistinctly, that is, the theory of dependence. Conclusion: There is nothing more wrong, therefore, than to assume the opposite correlation between dependence and liberation as an affirmation of similarity between the theorized real (dependence) and the hypothetical conceptualization of the action maxims (liberation) since the option for a general theory (that of anti-imperialism) was received within the theological work in the name of interdisciplinarity. The implicit result was to dispense with the interpreted empiricism in an autonomous way in favor of the mobile human moral in order to recover the prophetic tradition.

[pt] Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo conhecer o surgimento das afro-pastorais no Brasil a partir do desenvolvimento das Teologia(s) Negra(s). A partir do Vaticano II, o mundo caminhou em direção a novos caminhos para diversas áreas de conhecimento, dentre elas a Teologia. Devido às viragens epistêmicas ocorridas no século XX, percebe-se o surgimento de novidades teológicas, a contar da ambientação contextual em que o ser humano está inserido. Este impacto antropológico se encontra com a estrutura racial que o mundo ocidental cunhou para dominação de povos ditos primitivos e inferiores, gerando a narrativa racial e, consequentemente, o racismo. Ainda que seja negado, o racismo perpassa as comunidades religiosas e a Igreja não está imune a ele. Urgiu a necessidade de uma teologia, nascida em contexto diaspórico, que afetasse essas marcas seculares de opressão. A Teologia Negra encontra-se nesse lugar e percebe-se teologias negras emergentes em diversos solos continentais, que influenciam umas às outras, como um grande quilombo mundial. Este cuidado coletivo nasce pela gestação de pastorais que, numa perspectiva cristológica, compreendem a Revelação pelo rosto do Cristo negro. Seja nos séculos das colônias, seja no pós-abolição, as afro-pastorais são lugar de acolhida e entendimento das (inter)subjetividades negras, que se dá no encontro da pessoa negra com a sua própria negritude perpassada pela fé cristã. Conclui-se que o nascimento da Teologia Negra sistematizada verbalizou o que já era vivido há épocas anteriores no Brasil no que tange a afro-pastoral, potencializou o que foi criado após a sua organização sistemática e afetará a Igreja de forma futura, trazendo um novo olhar para o objeto da Revelação e produzindo uma pastoral cada vez mais horizontalizada e descentralizada da figura sacerdotal. / [en] This research aims to understand the emergence of Afro-pastoralists in Brazil from the development of Black Theology(ies). Since Vatican II, the world has moved towards new paths for different areas of knowledge, among them theology. Due to the epistemic changes that took place in the 20th century, the emergence of theological novelties can be seen, based on the contextual setting in which the human being is inserted. This anthropological impact meets the racial structure that the Western world coined for the domination of so-called primitive and inferior peoples, generating the racial narrative and, consequently, racism. Although it is denied, racism permeates religious communities and the Church is not immune to it. There was an urgent need for a theology, born in a diasporic context, that would affect these secular marks of oppression. Black Theology is in this place and it is possible to see black theologies emerging in several continental soils, which influence each other, like a great world quilombo. This collective care is born from the gestation of pastorals that, from a Christological perspective, understand the Revelation through the face of the black Christ. Whether in the centuries of the colonies or in the post-abolition period, Afro-pastorals are a place of acceptance and understanding of black (inter) subjectivities, which takes place in the encounter of the black person with his own blackness permeated by the Christian faith. It is concluded that the birth of systematized Black Theology verbalized what was already experienced in previous times in Brazil with regard to Afro-pastoralism, enhanced what was created after its systematic organization and will affect the Church in the future, bringing a new looking at the object of Revelation and producing an increasingly horizontalized and decentralized pastoral care of the priestly figure.

The author strongly holds- in the thesis- that the Theology of liberation can inspi re the poor of South Africa to uproot the post-1994 socio-economic and political evil structures which continue unabated to impoverish them. The introductory chapter studies the reasons which motivated the author to write the thesis. It further discusses the method, the format and the limitations of the thesis. Chapter one focuses on the author's understanding of the Theology of liberation, and its historical background. Chapter two discusses the relationship between the Theology of Liberation and black theology, while chapter three contemplates on the possibility of the creation of what the author calls, An African Theology of Liberation. Chapter four studies the relationship between the Theology of liberation and the Social Teachings of the Catholic Church as taught by the pope and his council. The study of this relationship is extremely difficult because of the on-going, and seemingly insurmountable ideological differences between the two parties. The author suggests, as a solutio n, that each party seriously considers and recognizes the contextual limitations of its theology. Chapter five focuses on the implementation of the Theology of Liberat ion into the South African situation. The author highly recommends the inclusion of the veneration of the ancestors of Africa, as a perfect instrument by means of which the Theology of Liberation can succeed in achieving one of its major aims, which is to convert the poor to be leaders of their own liberation. The concluding chapter suggests concrete ways through which the Theology of Liberation can be kept alive and relevant within the South African situation. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Theological Ethics)

Kamil Vystavěl: T. C. Oden's Concept of Pneumatology. Its Presentation and its Comparison with Pneumatologies in Four Dogmatics of the Contemporary Anglo- american Theologians. Summary The thesis deals with five pneumatologies written by angloameric systematic teologians. The aim of the thesis is to present and evaluate T. C. Oden's concept of pneumatology. In the first chapter, there are basic information about Oden and characterization of his theologic approach, called postmodern paleo-orthodoxy. The second chapter introduces to the content of his pneumatology. The following four chapters deal with the pneumatologies written by: James L. Garrett, Shirley C. Guthrie, Robert W. Jenson and Geoffrey Wainwright. The purpose of the chapters is to find specific features of these alternative concepts of pneumatology and to evaluate them by comparison with the Oden's concept. In the end of the thesis, Oden's concept of pneumatology is discussed and evaluated. Keywords Protestant theology of 20th/21th century, anglo-american theology, systematic theology, dogmatics, pneumatology, Holy Spirit, Thomas C. Oden.

The author strongly holds- in the thesis- that the Theology of liberation can inspi re the poor of South Africa to uproot the post-1994 socio-economic and political evil structures which continue unabated to impoverish them. The introductory chapter studies the reasons which motivated the author to write the thesis. It further discusses the method, the format and the limitations of the thesis. Chapter one focuses on the author's understanding of the Theology of liberation, and its historical background. Chapter two discusses the relationship between the Theology of Liberation and black theology, while chapter three contemplates on the possibility of the creation of what the author calls, An African Theology of Liberation. Chapter four studies the relationship between the Theology of liberation and the Social Teachings of the Catholic Church as taught by the pope and his council. The study of this relationship is extremely difficult because of the on-going, and seemingly insurmountable ideological differences between the two parties. The author suggests, as a solutio n, that each party seriously considers and recognizes the contextual limitations of its theology. Chapter five focuses on the implementation of the Theology of Liberat ion into the South African situation. The author highly recommends the inclusion of the veneration of the ancestors of Africa, as a perfect instrument by means of which the Theology of Liberation can succeed in achieving one of its major aims, which is to convert the poor to be leaders of their own liberation. The concluding chapter suggests concrete ways through which the Theology of Liberation can be kept alive and relevant within the South African situation. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Theological Ethics)

One of the distinguishing marks of American Evangelicalism is a commitment to the Bible as the only authority for faith and practice. A question often debated is whether the Bible should be viewed as inerrant, and if so, how the concept of inerrancy should be understood. This study suggests that the concept of inerrancy should be maintained, but that the concept must be understood in accordance with the way in which the biblical materials present the concepts of truth and its opposite. The value of the doctrine of inerrancy must be found in a better understanding not only of the didactic portions but also of the phenomena ofthe biblical materials. The first chapter of this study looks at nature American Evangelicalism and considers the historical development of the doctrine of the inerrancy of the Bible. The next three chapters consider in turn each of three divisions within American Evangelicalism about the understanding and usage of the doctrine of inerrancy: Complete Inerrancy, Conditional Inerrancy, and Limited Inerrancy. Complete Inerrancy is the most rigid of the three, maintaining that in the original writings of the Bible there were no errors, neither in spiritual nor in secular matters. Conditional Inerrancy conditions the understanding of inerrancy by the intent and purpose for the Bible as understood from the phenomena ofthe texts. The focus is shifted from the autographs of the Scripture to the texts which the contemporary person has to read and study. Limited Inerrancy limits the usage both of the term and of the concept inerrant in relation to the Bible, preferring the descriptor infallible, arguing that neither in the original writings nor in the present texts of the Bible is inerrancy to be found. There are errors in the texts, but they do not take away from the ability of the Bible to accomplish its divine purpose ofbringing people into contact with the Redeemer God. The last chapter draws from the analysis of the arguments within American Evangelicalism material needed to construct a redefined concept of inerrancy which maintains its importance. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

One of the distinguishing marks of American Evangelicalism is a commitment to the Bible as the only authority for faith and practice. A question often debated is whether the Bible should be viewed as inerrant, and if so, how the concept of inerrancy should be understood. This study suggests that the concept of inerrancy should be maintained, but that the concept must be understood in accordance with the way in which the biblical materials present the concepts of truth and its opposite. The value of the doctrine of inerrancy must be found in a better understanding not only of the didactic portions but also of the phenomena ofthe biblical materials. The first chapter of this study looks at nature American Evangelicalism and considers the historical development of the doctrine of the inerrancy of the Bible. The next three chapters consider in turn each of three divisions within American Evangelicalism about the understanding and usage of the doctrine of inerrancy: Complete Inerrancy, Conditional Inerrancy, and Limited Inerrancy. Complete Inerrancy is the most rigid of the three, maintaining that in the original writings of the Bible there were no errors, neither in spiritual nor in secular matters. Conditional Inerrancy conditions the understanding of inerrancy by the intent and purpose for the Bible as understood from the phenomena ofthe texts. The focus is shifted from the autographs of the Scripture to the texts which the contemporary person has to read and study. Limited Inerrancy limits the usage both of the term and of the concept inerrant in relation to the Bible, preferring the descriptor infallible, arguing that neither in the original writings nor in the present texts of the Bible is inerrancy to be found. There are errors in the texts, but they do not take away from the ability of the Bible to accomplish its divine purpose ofbringing people into contact with the Redeemer God. The last chapter draws from the analysis of the arguments within American Evangelicalism material needed to construct a redefined concept of inerrancy which maintains its importance. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)