Reform Judaism is based precisely on the intellectual heritage of the Enlightenment (Haskalah) and its origins is dated back to the late 18th century. This movement was born in Germany, but the real boom and reform in the true sense of the word occurred in the first half of the 19th century in America with the arrival of European immigrants who brought with them new ideas influenced by European reform movement. The extraordinary success of the reform movement, that quickly spread across North America, resulted mainly from the religious tolerance. This dissertation deals with the issue of the impact of European Reform Judaism on American Reform Judaism in the 19th century in the context of cultural history, focusing on the characteristics, trying to describe different religious, ideological, political and socio- economic challenges affecting the Jewish community in the United States. Keywords Reform Judaism, USA, Europe, religion, state, tradition, woman, 19th century

<p>Denna undersökning syftar till att undersöka nationella skillnader i moralutveckling och innehåll i moraliskt resonemang. Studien omfattar 445 svenska och 148 amerikanska ungdomar i åldern 14-19 år. De svenska fpp är hämtade från högstadium och gymnasium i Stockholmsområdet, och de amerikanska från två katolska privatskolor i New York. Dessa tog del av ett moralfrågeformulär av Gibbs (Gibbs & Widaman, 1982; Socio-moral Reflection Measure; SRM) som är en reviderad version av Kohlbergs intervjumetod för bedömning av en individs moralutveckling och kvalitativa, moraliska synsätt i frågor rörande moral. Vid analysen förelåg inga nationella skillnader i moralutvecklingsnivå. Resultaten visade ej heller på skillnader mellan svenska och amerikanska ungdomars sätt att resonera kring moraliska frågor, utom i två fall, som kan tänkas visa på ett typiskt svenskt och ett typiskt amerikanskt sätt att tänka och försvara etiska ställningstaganden. Resultatet diskuteras utifrån (nämnda) teorier inom ämnesområdet.</p> / <p>The aim of this study is to investigate whether there are National differences in moral development and content of moral reasoning. The study includes 445 Swedish and 148 North American youths in the age of 14-19 years. The Swedish subjects of the study come from an upper level of compulsory school in the area around Stockholm, and the North American subjects of the study come from two private Catholic schools in New York. The subjects answered Gibbs’ Moral questionnaire (Gibbs & Widaman, 1982; Socio-moral Reflections Measure; SRM), which is a revised version of Kohlberg’s survey method for estimating individual moral development and qualitative moral viewpoints. The analysis showed no Nation-bound differences concerning moral development level between the youths. Neither could any differences between Swedish and North American young peoples’ way of reasoning on moral issues be traced, except in two cases, which possibly show a typical Swedish and a typical North American way of thinking and defending ethical standpoints. The result is discussed in relation to mentioned theories of the subject area.</p>

Denna undersökning syftar till att undersöka nationella skillnader i moralutveckling och innehåll i moraliskt resonemang. Studien omfattar 445 svenska och 148 amerikanska ungdomar i åldern 14-19 år. De svenska fpp är hämtade från högstadium och gymnasium i Stockholmsområdet, och de amerikanska från två katolska privatskolor i New York. Dessa tog del av ett moralfrågeformulär av Gibbs (Gibbs &amp; Widaman, 1982; Socio-moral Reflection Measure; SRM) som är en reviderad version av Kohlbergs intervjumetod för bedömning av en individs moralutveckling och kvalitativa, moraliska synsätt i frågor rörande moral. Vid analysen förelåg inga nationella skillnader i moralutvecklingsnivå. Resultaten visade ej heller på skillnader mellan svenska och amerikanska ungdomars sätt att resonera kring moraliska frågor, utom i två fall, som kan tänkas visa på ett typiskt svenskt och ett typiskt amerikanskt sätt att tänka och försvara etiska ställningstaganden. Resultatet diskuteras utifrån (nämnda) teorier inom ämnesområdet. / The aim of this study is to investigate whether there are National differences in moral development and content of moral reasoning. The study includes 445 Swedish and 148 North American youths in the age of 14-19 years. The Swedish subjects of the study come from an upper level of compulsory school in the area around Stockholm, and the North American subjects of the study come from two private Catholic schools in New York. The subjects answered Gibbs’ Moral questionnaire (Gibbs &amp; Widaman, 1982; Socio-moral Reflections Measure; SRM), which is a revised version of Kohlberg’s survey method for estimating individual moral development and qualitative moral viewpoints. The analysis showed no Nation-bound differences concerning moral development level between the youths. Neither could any differences between Swedish and North American young peoples’ way of reasoning on moral issues be traced, except in two cases, which possibly show a typical Swedish and a typical North American way of thinking and defending ethical standpoints. The result is discussed in relation to mentioned theories of the subject area.

Thesis (doctoral)--Freie Universität, Berlin, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis focuses on fairytales from exotic countries (and continents), specifically African, American, Australian, Japanese, Chinese, Indian and Inuit. Selected fairytales are introduced, analyzed and compared between each other. This work also focuses on finding similarities between these exotic fairytales and Czech fairytale background. General theoretical information about fairytales can also be found in the first part of this work. One of the goals of this thesis is also to get acquainted with new sources. The empirical part of this work examins the knowledge of sixth grade basic school pupils of international fairytales. Part of this research is also a survey about Czech language teachers from selected schools, focusing specifically on finding out practical use of fairytales during school lessons.

This thesis analyzes Brazilian Foreign Policy in the second half of twentieth century. The case study on relations between Czechoslovakia and Brazil during the Cold War is the core of the dissertation. The study is based on unpublished materials from Czech archives. The case study is preceded by two sections: first one deals with tradition and development of Brazilian foreign policy, describes the forming of Brazil-US special relationship and the positions of Brazil in the international politics. Second chapter defines key milestones of the Brazilian Foreign Policy in the second half of 20th century for the purposes of the case study and for better understanding of the context. It focuses on relationship with Eastern Bloc, United States and Western Europe. The chapter is divided into six periods. Same periodization is then used for the case study. A chapter on the tradition of relations between Czechoslovakia and Brazil before 1945 and a chapter on the Czechoslovak intelligence service activities in Brazil are added to the case study. The case study primarily deals with political and trade relations. The case study shows us that the trade was crucial for upholding the relations. Both countries not only stood against each other in the Cold War setting, but Czechoslovakia actively supported the opposition...

After years of boom, Brazil will experience a recession this year. There was a significant imbalance in recent years from a budgetary point of view, inflation and foreign exchange. Protectionist Brazilian policy don't support foreign trade. Therefore consumers in the current recessive market environment are more willing to work with so-called collaborative consumption, even though Brazil is a country with one of the highest crime rate and the level of trust of consumers is lower than in other countries. Sharing economy pioneer offering short-term accommodation Airbnb used FIFA World Cup to bring sharing economy to Brazil and before the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro the company is booming. The collaborative economy projects spread the values and culture of sharing and collaboration in other Brazilian cities. At the same time worldwide service, Uber (mobile-app-based transportation network) was banned from the country. This Master's thesis aims to analyze the cultural and legal environment in the frame of sharing economy in Brazil, in the field of gastronomy. Could the concept of home restaurants, so called "meal sharing", which is currently spreading in developed countries, work in Brazil?

The content of this diploma thesis is the analysis of the systems of consumption taxes in the European Union and in South America. The main aim of this thesis is to test the hypothesis that the proportion of consumption taxes in the total tax revenue is higher in the less developed countries - specifically in South America, than in the European Union member states. The hypothesis is verified by the comparison of the structure of the total tax revenues and consumption taxes in the EU and in South America. The thesis describes the consumption taxes and the harmonisation of it in both areas and the ways of combating tax evasion used in these two areas.

The content of this thesis is an analysis of North-South regionalism within the American continent. Specifically, the approach of the United States as a representative of developed countries and Latin American countries as representative of developing countries to the liberalization of mutual economic relations. Chapter one deals with the issue of North-South regionalism and approaches of the most developed countries to this type of liberalization. Chapter two analyses the attitude of the U.S. and Latin American to the liberalization of their relations. Chapter three describes the approaches of concrete Latin American countries (Chile, Venezuela, Brazil) with respect to their different economic and business strategies applied in their foreign policy.

A quarter of the labour force in South Africa is currently unemployed. The majority of the unemployed are between the ages of 18 and 29 years. The causes of these poor employment statistics has been widely debated, however, the cost of unskilled South African labour is a common thread. One of the solutions to improve the statistics is to implement tax incentives to reduce the cost of labour, which would theoretically increase the demand of the labour. Countries such as the United States of America have implemented some form of tax incentive to promote job creation over the years. South Africa has, however, not used this alternative to deal with unemployment. The problem had escalated to such a state that the Government announced in 2011 that it would spend R5 billion on job creation and announced that the funds would be spent through the implementation of a youth wage subsidy. Current studies on policy choices to promote job creation in South Africa discuss the possible tax incentives which could be implemented. However, these studies have not evaluated the successes of these incentives in other countries and whether it would be possible to apply them to a South African context. The proposed youth wage subsidy has not been analysed in terms of the incentives implemented in other countries to determine whether or not they would be successful in South Africa. The aim of the study was to determine if there was a gap in the tax legislation with regard to motivating job creation and how this gap could best be filled. This was achieved by firstly, analysing the key causes of unemployment in South Africa, and secondly, determining whether any of the current tax legislation measures deal with those causes. Two tax incentives implemented in the United States of America were analysed for their successes and failures in order to determine what South Africa needs to do if it was to implement any similar incentives. Finally, the National Treasury’s discussion paper on its proposed youth wage subsidy was analysed against the findings identified above to determine whether the subsidy is viable in the South African labour market. AFRIKAANS : ’n Kwart van die arbeidsmag in Suid-Afrika is tans werkloos met die meeste werkloses tussen die ouderdom van 18 en 29 jaar. Daar word reeds geruime tyd geredeneer oor die oorsaak van die swak arbeidstatistieke, tog is daar ooreenstemming dat die koste van ongeskoolde arbeid in Suid-Afrika ’n bydraende faktor is. Belastingaansporings wat die koste van arbeid verminder en dus teoreties die vraag na arbeid verhoog, kan moontlik die swak arbeidstatistieke verbeter. Lande soos die Verenigde State van Amerika het met verloop van jare sekere belastingaansporings ingestel om werkskepping te bevorder. Suid-Afrika het egter nog nie dié alternatief gebruik om die probleem van werkloosheid aan te pak nie. Die probleem het sulke afmetings aangeneem dat die regering in 2011 bekend gemaak het dat hy R5 biljoen aan werkskepping sal bestee in die vorm van die implementering van ’n jeugloonsubsidie. Huidige navorsing oor beleidskeuses om werkskepping in Suid-Afrika te bevorder, handel oor die moontlike belastingaansporings wat ingestel kan word. Dié navorsing evalueer egter nie die sukses van hierdie aansporings in ander lande of die moontlikheid van die toepassing daarvan op Suid-Afrikaanse omstandighede nie. Die huidige navorsing ontleed ook nie die voorgestelde jeugloonsubsidie aan die hand van die aansporings wat in ander lande ingestel is om sodoende te bepaal of dit hier sal slaag nie. Die doel van die navorsing was om te bepaal of daar ’n gaping in die wetgewing oor belasting is ten opsigte van die aanmoediging van werkskepping en hoe sodanige gaping ten beste gevul kan word. Dié navorsing het in sy doel geslaag deur eerstens die sleuteloorsake van werkloosheid in Suid-Afrika te ontleed en tweedens te bepaal of enige van die huidige belastingwetgewingsmaatreëls daardie oorsake aanspreek. Die sukses én mislukking van twee belastingaansporings wat in die Verenigde State van Amerika ingestel is, te ontleed ten einde te bepaal wat Suid-Afrika moet doen indien hy enige soortgelyke aansporings sou implementeer. Ten laaste is die besprekingsdokument oor die voorgestelde jeugloonsubsidie van die Nasionale Tesourie ontleed aan die hand van bogenoemde bevindings om te bepaal of die subsidie in die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark lewensvatbaar sou wees. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted