New Historicist scholarship has left a major impact on the study of mid-19th century notions of gender and nationhood. It has effectively challenged an all but consensual reliance on the paradigm of separate spheres as appropriate interpretive framework for this pivotal period in US history—a period in which the geographical as well as discursive boundaries of the nation were subject to intense debate and conflict. ...

This work approaches the phenomenon called voseo from two different points of view: synchronic and diachronic. At the beginning, the work compares verbal and pronominal systems in Spain and Hispanic America, then analyses the evolution of voseo with the help of writings from given periods (from Cid to Classicism). In addition, it examines how different grammars (from the first grammar of Nebrija to the newest grammar of the Royal Spanish Academy) see this phenonomenon. In the part dedicated to the synchronic view, it describes voseo in different states with the help of the corpus of the Royal Spanish Academy.

This diploma thesis is focused on the question how the Maya from Tikal celebrated ends of the katun cycles of their calendar during the Classic period. To answer this question the tesis brings the analysis of all Tikal's katun period-ending steale and altars. The accent is put on katun period-ending rituals. This thesis is also concerned with twin-pyramid complexes which were developed at Tikal to host katun-ending commemoration. Keywords Pre-Columbian America, Mesoamerica, the Maya, the Maya calendar, katuns, rituals, stelae.

This diploma thesis called The Jesuit Arquitecture in South America focused on Andean area is treating the jesuit arquitecture in South America and it is focused on the arquitecture in towns in The Andean Area, now the states of Beru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia. My final work has an intention to provide a summary of this fascinating part of the colonial history of art of Latin America. I tried to deal with the part of the jesuit history from the arrival of members of the Society of Jesus in the end ot the XVI. century to their expulsion in the year 1767. The content of this thesis is to present the jesuit arquitecture and to present their caracteristics and diferences from the european baroque arquitecture. I wanted to speak about the forms and technologies of the jesuit works and to compare them, to compare the jesuit buildings, which I am dealing with, between them and they are comparated with the itailan jesuit church called Il Gesù. At the end, I included the actual situation of the jesuit building in The Andean Area.

The thesis lays emphasis on the establishment and exercise of English colonial policy and authority in Virginia during the 17th century. The thesis deals with the political bodies, administrative structure and framework of political system. Primarily is focused on the character, activity, the causes of conflicts and their resolutions. The thesis concentrates on the relations among the leading institutions in Virginia; e.g. Governor, Council of State, General Assembly, but also between Virginia and England. Further, tries to get hold of the ways of appointment of the governors, councillors and election of the burgesses. The thesis also describes the origin and development of the county and local system. Keywords: England, colonies, colonial administration, North America, the Stuarts, 17th century,

Josef Colloredo-Mannsfelds Travels Travels to North America (1904 - 1906) Řešitel Anežka Jiráková Školitel Doc. PhDr. Irena Štěpánová, CSc. Abstract Between years 1904 and 1906 realised Josef Colloredo-Mannsfeld (1866 - 1957) two travels to North America. He was accompanied by his wife Yvonne. Both several months lasting travels took place in winter. Their accurate reconstruction is impossible due to the lack of archive materials. Most information has been preserved in Joseph's itinerary, where he wrote about visiting Alaska and Yukon in 1904. Josef brought back a number of animal trophies and valuable ethnographic material, which now can be seen in Opočno castle or in Náprstek museum in Prague. The author of this diploma thesis focuses mainly on the reconstruction and describing of the travels, she also discusses the personality of Josef Colloredo- Mannsfeld and writes about hunting, travelling and understanding of ethnicity in the contemporary context.

Although Bernard Malamud's fiction has been frequently regarded as allegorical and symbolic, Malamud did not avoid the period's social issues in his works, such as the racial question and the changing nature of relationship between American Jews and African Americans. The present thesis aims to discuss Malamud's selected fiction dealing with Black- Jewish relations, namely short stories "Angel Levine," (1955) "Black Is My Favorite Color" (1963) and the novel The Tenants, (1971) and to place them into the context of Black-Jewish relations in the United States and of Black-Jewish literary dialogues and the tensions they express. It thus seeks to evaluate Malamud's role in the discourse of Black-Jewish relations in America. Calling upon a theoretical framework, outlined in chapter 2, based on philosophical and sociological findings of Judith Butler, John Searle, and Michael Omi with Howard Winant, the study examines the role of language and literature in constructing the Self and the Other (understood both as individual and collective identities, including categories of race and ethnicity), suggesting thus that literary texts, such as Malamud's selected fiction, are a part of discursive dialogue through and against which American Jews and Blacks construct their identities. Apart from the approaches to...

The Diploma Thesis deals with the character and formation of the regime of the controversial president Alberto Fujimori in 1990s in Peru and his followers' expectances in this Latin American country in the future. The main aim is to evaluate the influence of the president Fujimori's policy on progress in Peru. The main aim will be achieved through several partial aims (theoretical definition of democratic and undemocratic regimes, analysis of the most important turning-points, analysis of several aspects of president's policy and its influence in Peru, analysis of contemporary situation of fujimorism followers in Peru). There is used a historical logical method in the Thesis. This method is applied in chronological sequence on several events. These events are evaluated through the use of the analysis and fujimorism is characterized through an inductive method on the basis of particular findings. The comprehension of the period of the 1990s helps perceive not only a contemporary situation in the country in a better way, but also social changes which have happened and are happening right now.

Denna uppsats behandlar en del av historien med ett nytt perspektiv. Den handlar om hur kvinnor i Amerika/USA skildras utifrån reseskildringar av Fredrika Bremer och Lovisa Mathilda Nettelbladt. Detta skede genom att undersöka dem genom att analysera reseskildringarna utifrån genusperspektiv och den svenska kulturmötens-perspektiv som innebar att svenskarna var mer tillvägagående i möten med andra kulturer. Genom att lyfta ut de amerikanska kvinnornas situation, författarnas attityder om kvinnorna och egenskaper kunde denna analys ske och dessutom även se vilka skillnader det fanns mellan amerikanska kvinnor och europeiska. Även en jämförelse sker mellan författarnas reseskildringar.      Syftet var att utveckla och fördjupa den svenska synen på 1800-talets Amerika och genom de tre frågeställningarna uttyda beskrivningen av kvinnor i Amerika på 1850-talet samt en jämförande fråga mellan materialet för att svara på syftet. Metoden som användes under läsningen och som strukturerade undersökningen var en kvalitativ analysläsning med hjälp av Eva Blocks bild-begrepp. Teorierna som används är en konstruerad utifrån tidigare forskningens Kenneth Nybergs och Björn Moens arbeten samt ett genusteoretiskt utifrån Joan Scott.      I den tidigare forskningen har det studerats svenska folkets åsikter om Amerika med stora undersökning som tidningsstudier och emigrationsstudier i formen av platsspecifika undersökningar. Två arbeten i den tidigare forskningen, Kenneth Nybergs Bilder av Mittens rike och Eva Blocks Amerikabilden i svensk dagspress 1948–1968, var extra betydande då de gav analysverktyget med bild-begreppet och en grund för hur tidigare studier av andra kulturer utförts. I slutändan saknades det tidigare forskning som undersökt kvinnan i Amerika utöver vad Bremer skrivit om dem och ingen använde någon teori kopplad till kulturmöten och genus.      Efter att undersökningen var utförd var resultatet en mycket positiv bild av kvinnan i Amerika. Hennes situation tillät henne ha stora friheter, som att bli undervisad i alla skolämnen, vänta med giftermål till senare i livet och kunna resa ensam utan en make eller far som skydd. Kvinnan hade också stor respekt i många städer, däribland Columbia där om man endast sa det minsta illa om en kvinna fick man vara bered på att stå för orden i dueller eller slagsmål. Bremers och Nettelbladts attityder mot kvinnorna var mycket positiva, vanligen på grund av egenskaperna de besatt och deras utbildning. Det fanns flera exempel på när de båda ogillade kvinnorna, men överlag var dessa tillfällen små och obetydliga jämfört med den stora bilden. Egenskaperna som de amerikanska kvinnorna besatte var kopplat både till det yttre och inre, däribland att de alla tycks vara vackra, trevliga, arbetsamma och självständiga. Bremer som träffade indianer i Amerika beskriver även dessa kvinnor med positiva attribut inom de tre kategorierna, men att de ändå hade svårare än resten utav de amerikanska kvinnorna.      Slutligen avslutas uppsatsen och arbetet med en diskussion mot den tidigare forskningen och en del andra tankar. Bland dessa bekräftar uppsatsen att författarna till reseskildringarna var mer tillmötesgående mot kvinnorna och i slutänden mot kulturen som de mötte i Amerika. Bremer och Nettelbladt uttrycker att kvinnorna i Amerika har flera inre och yttre attribut som är positiva. De vanligaste var bland annat att kvinnan var självständig gentemot mannen och inte hade kravet på att gifta sig ung eller att göra sig fin för mannens skull. Ett andra uttryck var att kvinnor innehade generellt stor respekt, vilket gav uttrycktes genom olika berättelser där mannen skyddade kvinnans värdighet ifall hon fick höra onda ord om henne eller att kvinnan kunde utan problematik studera flera områden som fysik och medicin. Mot teorin om kulturmöten bryter detta inte mönstret, Bremers och Nettelbladts beskrivningar visar på att svenskar var mycket tillmötesgående.      Genusteoretiskt tycks kvinnorna i Amerika haft en starkare ställning att bryta maktförhållandet mellan man och kvinna samt i Scotts fyra aspekter påverkar dessa på ett eller annat sätt. Undersökningen visar att kvinnan i Amerika tycks bryta maktförordningen enklare än i Europa då Bremer och Nettelbladt ger uttryck för detta genom deras observationer. Ett exempel är att kvinnan studerar många ämnen enligt Bremer och Nettelbladt, Bremer anmärker på att lärarinnor får lära ut till även pojkar i de högre skolorna. Utifrån de fyra aspekterna fanns ändå hindren för att fullt utveckla jämställdheten, som att kvinnor inte hade lika lön inom visa yrken (ett uttryck för Scotts institutionella aspekt), kvinnan blev lärd att vara ”en lyxartikel” för mannen och inte någon arbetande kvinna (ett uttryck för Scotts reproducerande aspekt).      Om den amerikanska ursprungsbefolkningen uttrycks inte för mycket på grund utav bristen i att endast ett material skriver om dem. Genusteoretiskt dock kan man uttrycka att kvinnornas levda världar var skilda likt natt och dag. Amerikanska kvinnan levde fritt och var väl respekterad medan ursprungsbefolkningens kvinna liknades av Bremer med slaven, där kvinnan gjorde allt arbete och mannen styrde över henne. Scotts teori uttrycker detta som att de institutioner och den uppfostran som de olika samhällena bygger på skiljer sig mycket ifrån varandra. De två andra aspekterna kommer inte i uttryck här, då de är språkliga och Bremers beskrivningar inte tillåter dessa tolkningsaspekter.      Slutligen föreslås i en didaktisk reflexion att elever kan utveckla sina kunskaper med denna uppsats, fördjupa dem om kvinnors ställning och om det förflutna. Författaren till uppsatsen föreslår att flera uppsatser kring ämnet ”Bilden av Amerika” utförs för att skapa en fullständig bild av 1800-talets Amerika och om andra kulturer för att utvinna mer om dåtidens förståelse av den andre och des kultur. / The following essay works to achieve a deeper understanding of how Swedish bourgeois women saw on the status of women in America (USA). Therefore, in the process creating more knowledge about Swedish 19th century thought pattern about America with focus on women. This was done by analysing the travel accounts of two authors’, Fredrika Bremer and Lovisa Mathilda Nettelbladt, travels though America.  The main questions addressed in the essay were how the two authors Bremer and Nettelbladt described the American women’s situation, attributes and lastly to understand their stance toward the women they meet. This was achieved with the help of a method from Eva Block and Kenneth Nyberg called “image-concept” (“bild-begreppet”) in which an image is produced according to several factors; facts, opinion of X and proposal of action. The theories that were used for analysing the descriptions and overall results was a synthesis of Nyberg’s thesis- and Björn Moen’s essay results that the Swedish people were more accommodating towards foreign cultures then other Europeans. And lastly, Joan Scott’s theory about gender was used in the study.      The results showed that Bremer and Nettelbladt had a very opened mind towards the women of America. Almost everything about women’s situation in America were positive; their attitude towards women, while affected by small personal inconveniences, was also positive to a large degree. Lastly the attributes of the women of America were of both inner and outer qualities, with attractive, gracious/cheerful, diligent and independent being most significant. Analysing the results, women of America were overwhelmingly described with positivity. The negative traits and opinions about the women were not significant, the only common opinion being that Americans in general could show too much hospitality. This showed that Bremer and Nettelbladt were following the pattern of Nyberg’s and Moen’s results, showing that Swedish people might have been more accommodating towards foreign cultures. Scott’s theory helped show that women of America had a more powerful position than in Europe, due to authors admiration about what women did and how respected they were, and secondly how women were breaking the power relationship between women and men. A short didactic reflection about how this work could move towards a deeper understanding about the social status of women for the pupils in history. Lastly the author of this work propose that more essays of history like this should be done to create a more complete image of the Swedish 19th century thought patterns about America; and of other cultures to expand the knowledge about the past individuals that we have been taught by.

The thesis surveys the formation, development and the present state of integration process in the three developing world regions -- Latin America, Africa and Asia and the Pacific -- as one of the most significant processes of the world economy since the end of the last century. The first part of the opening chapter presents the issues of regionalism, the second one presents the issues of the developing world. The objective of the thesis is to point out the differences in processes of the international economic integration in the three developing regions, in terms of both historical point of view and motives and factors influencing the integration initiatives in developing countries. In that case the individual chapters analyze motives for integration and disintegration, affecting the formation and development of integration processes in each developing region, and present the first attempts to integration in the area as well as the overall development of regional integration as a whole. Finally, the chapters list current regional groupings, focusing on the degree of integration achieved and the set, respectively achieved, objectives.