The Financial Supervisory Authority has introduced the amortization requirement in an attempt to reduce household indebtedness and prevent a speculative economy. However, the introduction of the requirement may lead to the emergence of a new banking market due to the developed rules. Its impact on banks has been in the spotlight in recent years, sparking debate over whether it poses a risk to financial stability. In such an uncertain process of change, banks' behavior and market competition can be questioned as higher demands are placed on banks. The requirement can cause recessions and a deterioration in the condition of the banks. Banks are also more vulnerable to bankruptcy. Such regulation can thus lead to less flexibility and efficiency in the banking market due to the challenges and uncertainties it creates. The reason why it became of interest to conduct a study in the subject is because of the growing criticism of the amortization requirement and the high level of indebtedness among Swedes that has gained momentum in the recent period. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine possible changes in the behavior of selected mortgage banks and whether higher demands are placed on risk management after the acquisition of the amortization requirement. The research is based on an abductive approach and was conducted by using a qualitative method including telephone interviews with qualified respondents. The interviews concluded that the requirement has not negatively impacted banks' financial positions, while making it more difficult for them to manage risk in order to prevent problems and future complications. This is mostly done internally using new workflows to ensure bank compliance.

Studien undersöker om införandet av amorteringskravet och det skärpta amorteringskravet har påverkat hushållens allokering från finansiellt sparande till ett sparande i reala tillgångar, i detta fall bostäder. Studien använder sig av sekundärdata och har genom kvantitativa metoder analyserat fondflöden från 2013–2023. Tre regressionsmodeller framställs för att bedöma effekterna av amorteringskraven, dessa kompletteras även med tester för multikollinearitet och heteroskedasticitet för att säkerställa robusta resultat. Liknande studier skiljer sig åt i sina slutsatser där en studie konstaterar att amorteringskraven har minskat svenskars fondsparande. Samtidigt konstaterar en annan studie att ett amorteringskrav lett till en förmögenhetsökning. Livscykelhypotesen och mental bokföring är de centrala teorierna som används för att adekvat analysera resultaten av studien. Resultaten visar att det inte skett någon signifikant förändring i hushållens allokering av sparformer till följd av amorteringskraven. Det finns däremot indikationer som tyder på en ökning av totalt sparande. / The study examines how the introduction of the initial amortization requirement and the stricter amortization requirement have affected households’ allocation from financial savings to savings in real assets, in this case housing. The study uses secondary data and has analyzed fund flows from 2013–2023 through quantitative methods. Three regression models are produced to assess the effects of the amortization requirements, these are also complemented with tests for multicollinearity and heteroskedasticity to ensure robust results. Similar studies differ in their conclusion, where an earlier study states that the amortization requirements have reduced Swedes’ fund savings. At the same time another study state that the amortization requirements led to an increase in wealth. Central theories such as the life cycle hypothesis and mental accounting are used to adequately analyze the results of the study. The results show that there was no significant change in the households' allocation of saving forms as a result of the amortization requirements. However, there are indications of a potential increase in total savings.

O mundo transforma-se constantemente, assim como tudo o que nele está inserido. A evolução da economia possibilitou uma maior integração do mercado financeiro, tornando o ambiente de negócios único e global. É cada vez mais comum o ingresso de recursos estrangeiros nos mercados de capitais nacionais, bem como fusões e aquisições entre companhias de países distintos e com características próprias. Essas empresas, por sua vez, esforçam-se em adotar normas que atendam aos stakeholders, sem perder a obrigatoriedade de apresentar suas demonstrações contábeis em conformidade com as características do país em que estão sediadas. Com a unificação dos países da Europa em um único bloco econômico, vislumbrou-se a possibilidade de desenvolver normas que pudessem ser compreendidas e interpretadas pelos diversos usuários destas demonstrações contábeis, em qualquer lugar do globo. Assim criadas, as normas de IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards buscaram a redução de diferenças nas metodologias contábeis e na forma com que são divulgadas em cada país, permitindo a comparabilidade e evidenciação das informações ao mercado. O IFRS, atualmente, já é adotado por mais de 100 países no mundo. No Brasil, em 28 de dezembro de 2007, promulgou-se a Lei 11.638 eliminando barreiras regulatórias que impediam a inserção total das empresas brasileiras no processo de convergência contábil internacional e aproximando sua legislação referente às normas contábeis às do mundo globalizado. O objeto do presente estudo é apresentar as principais mudanças decorrentes dessa adoção e seus impactos na contabilidade das empresas brasileiras, tomando como exemplo a empresa Vale, multinacional brasileira com alto volume diário de negociações de suas ações em Bolsa de Valores, grande parte de investidores estrangeiros. Os assuntos controversos, definições e entendimentos que ainda serão deliberados até 2010, evidenciam que não houve tempo hábil para a discussão e preparação das empresas, do fisco, de profissionais do mundo empresarial e acadêmico, dos contadores e auditores, bem como dos órgãos reguladores. Apesar das aparentes dificuldades, o Brasil deu um grande salto na qualidade das informações prestadas e aproxima-se dos grandes investidores globais, capacitando-se para receber recursos que possibilitem o seu crescimento econômico e o seu papel no cenário mundial. / The world is in constant change, as well as all the thinks within. The evolution of economy has enabled a better integration of the business market, making the business environment single and global. It is more and more usual the income of foreign resources at the national capital markets as well as the fusion and acquisitions between companies from different countries and with its own characteristics. These companies, by their own initiative, try to adopt rules to attend their stakeholders demands, without missing the demands to present the financial statements in accordance with the demands of the countries where they are based. With the unification the European countries in a single economical organization, was identified the possibility to develop rules which could be interpreted and understood by all the countries of the financial statements anywhere in the globe. As a consequence, the IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards where created aiming the reduction of the differences of among the methodologies and the way the financial statements are issued on every country, allowing the comparability and evidence of the information among the markets. The IFRS is adopted on more of 100 countries of the world. On the 28th of December, 2008, Brazil has published the Law 11.638 eliminating the regulation barriers stopping brazilian companies to participate on the International process of account convergence and adapting the countrys legislation and rules to the account globalized world. The objective of the present study is to present the main changes resulting from the adoption of the IRFS and the impacts on Brazilian companies account, having the mining company Vale as an example. Vale is a Brazilian multinational company with high value of negotiation on stock marketing, in majority by foreigners funds. Besides the controversy generated, the definitions and agreements predicted for 2010, are an evidence of the lack of time for discussion and preparation of companies, government treasury department, general professionals, accountant and auditors as well as regulating agencies. Apart from all the difficulties, Brazil has given a large step to increase the quality of the financial information published and is closer to the large global enterprises, facilitating the income of resources to enable the internal economic growth and it world scenario relevance.

<p>Syfte: Huvudsyftet med denna uppsats är att utröna om komponentavskrivning ger en mer rättvisande bild av periodisering av kostnader.</p><p>För att uppfylla huvudsyftet har vi fyra delsyften, det första är att redogöra för vad regelverket och experterna anser om ämnet. Det andra är att undersöka om komponentavskrivning uppfyller de kvalitativa kriterierna genom en bättre kvalitet på redovisningen. Det tredje är att illustrera de för- och nackdelar som finns i och med komponentavskrivning. Det fjärde vill belysa hur det kommer sig att vissa företag väljer att tillämpa anskaffningsvärdemetoden med avskrivningar, komponentavskrivning, medan andra väljer att redovisa till verkligt värde.</p> / <p>Object: The main purpose with this thesis is to determine whether component depreciation gives a more true and fair view of amortization of costs.</p><p>To fulfil the main purpose we have four sub purposes, where the first is to state views from the accounting rules and the expertise regarding this topic. The second sub purpose is to investigate if component depreciation meets the qualitative criteria as a better quality in accounting. The third sub purpose is to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages with component depreciation. The fourth sub purpose will show how certain companies chose to use historic cost depreciation, component depreciation, while other chose to prepare their accounts according to the fair value method</p>

Syfte: Huvudsyftet med denna uppsats är att utröna om komponentavskrivning ger en mer rättvisande bild av periodisering av kostnader. För att uppfylla huvudsyftet har vi fyra delsyften, det första är att redogöra för vad regelverket och experterna anser om ämnet. Det andra är att undersöka om komponentavskrivning uppfyller de kvalitativa kriterierna genom en bättre kvalitet på redovisningen. Det tredje är att illustrera de för- och nackdelar som finns i och med komponentavskrivning. Det fjärde vill belysa hur det kommer sig att vissa företag väljer att tillämpa anskaffningsvärdemetoden med avskrivningar, komponentavskrivning, medan andra väljer att redovisa till verkligt värde. / Object: The main purpose with this thesis is to determine whether component depreciation gives a more true and fair view of amortization of costs. To fulfil the main purpose we have four sub purposes, where the first is to state views from the accounting rules and the expertise regarding this topic. The second sub purpose is to investigate if component depreciation meets the qualitative criteria as a better quality in accounting. The third sub purpose is to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages with component depreciation. The fourth sub purpose will show how certain companies chose to use historic cost depreciation, component depreciation, while other chose to prepare their accounts according to the fair value method

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera yngre vuxna i Stockholms sparbeteende inför inträdelsen på bostadsmarknaden utifrån livscykelhyoptesen. Teori: Den främsta teoritillämpningen för studien är livscykelhypotes om människans generella och rationella sparbeteende. Även Maslows behovshierarki behandlas då den angriper det social- psykologiska perspektivet angående behovet av att ha en bostad och Behavioral Finance angriper andra yttre faktorer som kan påverka huruvida en människa sparar eller inte. Metod: Studiens metodansats består av en metodkombination, detta innefattar en enkätundersökning med svarsalternativ som skedde inom Stockholmsområdet. Det innefattar även tre intervjuer med etablerade experter inom studiens område. Studien har en hermeneutisk vetenskapssyn och en abduktiv slutledningsform. Empiri: Presenterar den data som är mest relevant för studien från samtliga tre intervjuer och enkätundersökningen. Erhållen kvantitativ data presenteras i diagram. Slutsats: Studien påvisar att majoriteten av populationen anser att bostadsmarknaden är svår att inträda och att det är främst på grund av bostadsbrist och likvida skäl. Tendenser visar dock ett möjligt behov om att sparandet inför bostadsmarknadsinträdet bör läras ut och implementeras av individer i tidigare ålder, än vad livscykelhypotesen antyder. Föräldrar eller vårdnadshavare kan bli för ekonomiskt belastade på grund av delvis ökade bostadspriser. Därför bör barn samarbeta med deras föräldrar eller vårdnadshavare för att förebygga och bemöta bostadsmarknadsinträdet på ett optimalt sätt. Dock ska det tas i beaktning att alla hushåll eller privatpersoner inte har dessa ekonomiska förutsättningar för att efterfölja studiens generella och rationella sparbeteende.

The target of my thesis is to assess, whether the pension system of the Czech Republic reflect the possibility of accelerated amortization of human capital and human resources, due to excessive mental and physical strain. First of all, we look at the possibility of amortization. While using statistical tests detect whether there is a difference between the professions that focus on physical work and jobs where are needed rather mental abilities. Thanks to the historical view of the development of the pension system in the Czech Republic, we find that sooner were these differences taken into account, but it is different today. The big problem is the ageing of population that causes the extension of the age limit for retirement, which is unfair due to the professions of accelerated amortization. Finally, I suggest several options how this situation could be resolved to the more equitable system.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-11-04T12:26:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1817584 bytes, checksum: 1fc2338fcfbcb84a97b2aa64265456fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-11-04T14:32:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1817584 bytes, checksum: 1fc2338fcfbcb84a97b2aa64265456fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-04T14:32:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1817584 bytes, checksum: 1fc2338fcfbcb84a97b2aa64265456fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work we study the main topics about Mathematical Finance, seeking for immediate connection with our reality. We study some subjects discussed in High School in order to provide basic tools for decision making in our daily lives. We also studied an electronic tool that helps us to solve several problems that have extensive calculations. / Neste trabalho, estudamos os principais tópicos da Matemática Financeira, buscando sempre fazer ligação imediata com eventos de nossa realidade. Passamos por alguns assuntos não abordados no Ensino Médio com intuito de fornecer ferramentas básicas para a tomada de decisão em nosso cotidiano. Estudamos também uma ferramenta eletrônica que nos auxilia a resolver diversos problemas que possuem extensos cálculos.

O mundo transforma-se constantemente, assim como tudo o que nele está inserido. A evolução da economia possibilitou uma maior integração do mercado financeiro, tornando o ambiente de negócios único e global. É cada vez mais comum o ingresso de recursos estrangeiros nos mercados de capitais nacionais, bem como fusões e aquisições entre companhias de países distintos e com características próprias. Essas empresas, por sua vez, esforçam-se em adotar normas que atendam aos stakeholders, sem perder a obrigatoriedade de apresentar suas demonstrações contábeis em conformidade com as características do país em que estão sediadas. Com a unificação dos países da Europa em um único bloco econômico, vislumbrou-se a possibilidade de desenvolver normas que pudessem ser compreendidas e interpretadas pelos diversos usuários destas demonstrações contábeis, em qualquer lugar do globo. Assim criadas, as normas de IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards buscaram a redução de diferenças nas metodologias contábeis e na forma com que são divulgadas em cada país, permitindo a comparabilidade e evidenciação das informações ao mercado. O IFRS, atualmente, já é adotado por mais de 100 países no mundo. No Brasil, em 28 de dezembro de 2007, promulgou-se a Lei 11.638 eliminando barreiras regulatórias que impediam a inserção total das empresas brasileiras no processo de convergência contábil internacional e aproximando sua legislação referente às normas contábeis às do mundo globalizado. O objeto do presente estudo é apresentar as principais mudanças decorrentes dessa adoção e seus impactos na contabilidade das empresas brasileiras, tomando como exemplo a empresa Vale, multinacional brasileira com alto volume diário de negociações de suas ações em Bolsa de Valores, grande parte de investidores estrangeiros. Os assuntos controversos, definições e entendimentos que ainda serão deliberados até 2010, evidenciam que não houve tempo hábil para a discussão e preparação das empresas, do fisco, de profissionais do mundo empresarial e acadêmico, dos contadores e auditores, bem como dos órgãos reguladores. Apesar das aparentes dificuldades, o Brasil deu um grande salto na qualidade das informações prestadas e aproxima-se dos grandes investidores globais, capacitando-se para receber recursos que possibilitem o seu crescimento econômico e o seu papel no cenário mundial. / The world is in constant change, as well as all the thinks within. The evolution of economy has enabled a better integration of the business market, making the business environment single and global. It is more and more usual the income of foreign resources at the national capital markets as well as the fusion and acquisitions between companies from different countries and with its own characteristics. These companies, by their own initiative, try to adopt rules to attend their stakeholders demands, without missing the demands to present the financial statements in accordance with the demands of the countries where they are based. With the unification the European countries in a single economical organization, was identified the possibility to develop rules which could be interpreted and understood by all the countries of the financial statements anywhere in the globe. As a consequence, the IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards where created aiming the reduction of the differences of among the methodologies and the way the financial statements are issued on every country, allowing the comparability and evidence of the information among the markets. The IFRS is adopted on more of 100 countries of the world. On the 28th of December, 2008, Brazil has published the Law 11.638 eliminating the regulation barriers stopping brazilian companies to participate on the International process of account convergence and adapting the countrys legislation and rules to the account globalized world. The objective of the present study is to present the main changes resulting from the adoption of the IRFS and the impacts on Brazilian companies account, having the mining company Vale as an example. Vale is a Brazilian multinational company with high value of negotiation on stock marketing, in majority by foreigners funds. Besides the controversy generated, the definitions and agreements predicted for 2010, are an evidence of the lack of time for discussion and preparation of companies, government treasury department, general professionals, accountant and auditors as well as regulating agencies. Apart from all the difficulties, Brazil has given a large step to increase the quality of the financial information published and is closer to the large global enterprises, facilitating the income of resources to enable the internal economic growth and it world scenario relevance.

Thesis is mainly focused on the theme of tangible fixed assets and its renewal, it also offers options of financing of renewed assets. Theoretical part addresses tangible assets and its classification. Later on the focus is shifted towards tangible fixed assets under the circumstances of its appraisal and amortization. Next chapter of the theoretical part is about possible sources of financing, which include option of using own resources or those of outside origin. The thesis also contain a financial analysis point of view on the company and its assets. Last but not least the focus is moved to accounting reports and taxes, which affect purchases of tangible fixed assets. Practical part of the thesis is about introduction of the company, circumscribing of completely or significantly amortized assets, followed by a draft for renewal of specific part of company's fixed tangible assets which has been deteriorated over the time. Institutions addressing loans and leasing devised proposals of financing through loans or financial leasing. Among the possible means of financing was included even the option of using company own assets. Final assessment was compiled of summaries, which compared expenditures and tax-deductible costs of every abovementioned options of financing.