No description available.

Amylin, or islet amyloid polypeptide is a 37-amino acid member of the calcitonin peptide family. Amylin role in the brainstem and its function in regulating heart rates is unknown. The diving reflex is a powerful autonomic reflex, however no neuropeptides have been described to modulate its function. In this thesis study, amylin expression in the brainstem involving pathways between the trigeminal ganglion and the nucleus ambiguus was visualized and characterized using immunohistochemistry. Its functional role in slowing heart rate and also its involvement in the diving reflex were elucidated using stereotaxic microinjection, whole-cel patch-clamp, and a rat diving model. Immunohistochemical and tract tracing studies in rats revealed amylin expression in trigeminal ganglion cells, which also contained vesicular glutamate transporter 2 positive. With respect to the brainstem, amylin containing fibers were discovered in spinal trigeminal tracts. These fibers curved dorsally toward choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive neurons of the nucleus ambiguus, suggesting that amylin may synapse to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the nucleus ambiguus. Microinjection of fluorogold to the nucleus ambiguus retrogradely labeled a population of trigeminal ganglion neurons; some of which also contained amylin. In urethane-anesthetized rats, stereotaxic microinjections of amylin to the nucleus ambiguus caused a dose-dependent bradycardia that was reversibly attenuated by microinjections of the selective amylin receptor antagonist, salmon calcitonin (8-32) (sCT (8-32)) or AC187, and abolished by bilateral vagotomy. In an anesthetized rat diving model, diving bradycardia was attenuated by glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and AP5, and was further suppressed by AC187. Whole-cel patch-clamp recordings from cardiac preganglionic vagal neurons revealed that amylin depolarizes neurons while decreasing conductance. Amylin also resulted in a reduction in whole cell currents, consistent with the decrease in conductance. Amylin is also found to increase excitability of neurons. In the presence of TTX, spontaneous currents in cardiac preganglionic vagal neurons were observed to decrease in frequency in response to amylin while amplitude remained constant, signifying that amylin reduces presynaptic activity at cardiac preganglionic vagal neurons. Finally, evoked synaptic currents revealed that amylin decreases evoked currents, further demonstrating that amylin depolarization and increase in excitability of cardiac preganglionic vagal neurons is also associated with simultaneous inhibition of presynaptic transmission. Our study has demonstrated for the first time that the bradycardia elicited by the diving reflex is mediated by amylin from trigeminal ganglion cells projecting to cardiac preganglionic neurons in the nucleus ambiguus. Additionally, amylin results in the depolarization and increased excitability of cardiac preganglionic vagal neurons while inhibiting presynaptic transmission. / Pharmacology

O Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2) é uma doença crônica na qual os pacientes apresentam capacidade secretória de insulina inadequada para suplantar a resistência insulínica concomitante e, como resultado, advém a hiperglicemia. Os mecanismos que explicam a diminuição da secreção insulínica não são completamente conhecidos e acredita-se que o depósito de amilina, um achado histopatológico freqüente nesses pacientes, esteja envolvido. A amilina humana é uma proteína co-secretada com a insulina capaz de se agregar e se depositar nas ilhotas pancreáticas. Ainda não está totalmente estabelecido se a toxicidade da amilina humana é mediada pelas fibrilas maduras, conforme demonstrado em trabalhos mais antigos, ou por oligômeros de tamanho intermediário, como tem sido aventado nos trabalhos mais recentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de genes modulados por oligômeros, bem como por fibrilas maduras de amilina, em ilhotas pancreáticas de rato. As ilhotas foram isoladas a partir de ratos Wistar, mantidas em cultura por 24 horas e a seguir tratadas com 10 M de oligômeros ou de fibrilas maduras de amilina por 24 horas adicionais em concentração fisiológica ou suprafisiológica de glicose. O RNA total foi extraído e utilizado para análise da expressão gênica por microarranjos de DNA. O conteúdo de RNA de alguns genes modulados nas condições experimentais estudadas também foi avaliado por RT-qPCR, a fim de validar os resultados obtidos pela análise de microarranjos. A análise das vias significativamente afetadas pelas preparações de amilina demonstrou que, em ilhotas mantidas em concentração fisiológica de glicose, os oligômeros de amilina modularam, entre outros, processos relacionados à Resposta ao Estresse e à Apoptose, processos não modulados pelas fibrilas maduras de amilina. Em concentração suprafisiológica de glicose, o tratamento com oligômeros de amilina deixou de modular as vias relacionadas a Estresse e Apoptose, surgindo como moduladas vias relacionadas aos processos de Regulação da endocitose e Biossíntese de óxido nítrico. Os resultados do RT-qPCR sugeriram que somente os oligômeros (e não as fibrilas maduras) de amilina modulam genes relacionados a apoptose (Anxa1, Rab5a) e ao estresse oxidativo (Nos2 e Xdh), o que vai ao encontro dos estudos mais recentes que atribuem às fibrilas intermediárias um papel na citotoxicidade das células . Um achado novo do presente estudo foi a identificação do mRNA do Gipr (receptor de polipeptídeo inibitório gástrico) como alvo de regulação negativa pelos oligômeros de amilina, o que sugere que esse possa ser um mecanismo adicional pelo qual essas fibrilas intermediárias de amilina sejam deletérias para a célula pancreática. / Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which there is inability of pancreatic cells to secrete sufficient insulin to overcome the insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues with resultant hyperglycemia. Mechanisms leading to diminished insulin secretion are not completely known and the amyloid deposit, a frequent histopathological finding in patients with type 2 diabetes, is believed to be involved. Human amylin, a protein co-secreted with insulin, is capable of aggregating and forming deposits in the pancreatic islets. It is not fully established whether amylin cytotoxicity is mediated by mature amylin fibrils or by soluble oligomers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gene profiling modulated by oligomers as well as by mature amylin fibrils in rat pancreatic islets. The islets were isolated from Wistar rats, maintained in culture for 24 hours and then treated with 10 M of oligomers or mature amylin fibrils for additional 24 hour in physiologic and supraphysiologic glucose concentrations. Total RNA was extracted and used for gene expression analysis by microarray. RNA content of some modulated genes was evaluated by RT-qPCR in order to validate the results obtained from the microarray analysis. The analysis of the pathways significantly affected by the two amylin preparations demonstrated that, in islets maintained in physiological glucose concentration, amylin oligomers modulated, among others, processes related to Response to stress and to Apoptosis, which were not modulated by mature amylin fibrils. In supraphysiological glucose concentration, treatment with oligomers did not modulate the pathways related to Stress and Apoptosis, which were replaced by processes related to Endocytosis regulation and Nitric oxide biosynthesis. RT-qPCR results suggested that only amylin oligomers modulate genes related to apoptosis (Anxa1, Rab5a) and oxidative stress (Nos2 e Xdh), which is in agreement with studies indicating a role for oligomers in the cytotoxicity of cells. A new finding of the present study was the identification of the Gipr (gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor) mRNA as a target for downregulation by amylin oligomers, which suggests that this might be an additional mechanism by which these oligomers are deleterious to the pancreatic cells.

O Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2) é uma doença crônica na qual os pacientes apresentam capacidade secretória de insulina inadequada para suplantar a resistência insulínica concomitante e, como resultado, advém a hiperglicemia. Os mecanismos que explicam a diminuição da secreção insulínica não são completamente conhecidos e acredita-se que o depósito de amilina, um achado histopatológico freqüente nesses pacientes, esteja envolvido. A amilina humana é uma proteína co-secretada com a insulina capaz de se agregar e se depositar nas ilhotas pancreáticas. Ainda não está totalmente estabelecido se a toxicidade da amilina humana é mediada pelas fibrilas maduras, conforme demonstrado em trabalhos mais antigos, ou por oligômeros de tamanho intermediário, como tem sido aventado nos trabalhos mais recentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de genes modulados por oligômeros, bem como por fibrilas maduras de amilina, em ilhotas pancreáticas de rato. As ilhotas foram isoladas a partir de ratos Wistar, mantidas em cultura por 24 horas e a seguir tratadas com 10 M de oligômeros ou de fibrilas maduras de amilina por 24 horas adicionais em concentração fisiológica ou suprafisiológica de glicose. O RNA total foi extraído e utilizado para análise da expressão gênica por microarranjos de DNA. O conteúdo de RNA de alguns genes modulados nas condições experimentais estudadas também foi avaliado por RT-qPCR, a fim de validar os resultados obtidos pela análise de microarranjos. A análise das vias significativamente afetadas pelas preparações de amilina demonstrou que, em ilhotas mantidas em concentração fisiológica de glicose, os oligômeros de amilina modularam, entre outros, processos relacionados à Resposta ao Estresse e à Apoptose, processos não modulados pelas fibrilas maduras de amilina. Em concentração suprafisiológica de glicose, o tratamento com oligômeros de amilina deixou de modular as vias relacionadas a Estresse e Apoptose, surgindo como moduladas vias relacionadas aos processos de Regulação da endocitose e Biossíntese de óxido nítrico. Os resultados do RT-qPCR sugeriram que somente os oligômeros (e não as fibrilas maduras) de amilina modulam genes relacionados a apoptose (Anxa1, Rab5a) e ao estresse oxidativo (Nos2 e Xdh), o que vai ao encontro dos estudos mais recentes que atribuem às fibrilas intermediárias um papel na citotoxicidade das células . Um achado novo do presente estudo foi a identificação do mRNA do Gipr (receptor de polipeptídeo inibitório gástrico) como alvo de regulação negativa pelos oligômeros de amilina, o que sugere que esse possa ser um mecanismo adicional pelo qual essas fibrilas intermediárias de amilina sejam deletérias para a célula pancreática. / Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which there is inability of pancreatic cells to secrete sufficient insulin to overcome the insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues with resultant hyperglycemia. Mechanisms leading to diminished insulin secretion are not completely known and the amyloid deposit, a frequent histopathological finding in patients with type 2 diabetes, is believed to be involved. Human amylin, a protein co-secreted with insulin, is capable of aggregating and forming deposits in the pancreatic islets. It is not fully established whether amylin cytotoxicity is mediated by mature amylin fibrils or by soluble oligomers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gene profiling modulated by oligomers as well as by mature amylin fibrils in rat pancreatic islets. The islets were isolated from Wistar rats, maintained in culture for 24 hours and then treated with 10 M of oligomers or mature amylin fibrils for additional 24 hour in physiologic and supraphysiologic glucose concentrations. Total RNA was extracted and used for gene expression analysis by microarray. RNA content of some modulated genes was evaluated by RT-qPCR in order to validate the results obtained from the microarray analysis. The analysis of the pathways significantly affected by the two amylin preparations demonstrated that, in islets maintained in physiological glucose concentration, amylin oligomers modulated, among others, processes related to Response to stress and to Apoptosis, which were not modulated by mature amylin fibrils. In supraphysiological glucose concentration, treatment with oligomers did not modulate the pathways related to Stress and Apoptosis, which were replaced by processes related to Endocytosis regulation and Nitric oxide biosynthesis. RT-qPCR results suggested that only amylin oligomers modulate genes related to apoptosis (Anxa1, Rab5a) and oxidative stress (Nos2 e Xdh), which is in agreement with studies indicating a role for oligomers in the cytotoxicity of cells. A new finding of the present study was the identification of the Gipr (gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor) mRNA as a target for downregulation by amylin oligomers, which suggests that this might be an additional mechanism by which these oligomers are deleterious to the pancreatic cells.

Les chaperonines sont des machines moléculaires impliquées dans la protection des protéines contre le mauvais repliement et l’agrégation. Ces macromolécules de tailleimportante (environ 1 MDa) sont présentes dans tous les domaines du vivant et sontorganisées en deux anneaux concentriques et empilés l’un sur l’autre, possèdent chacun une cavité en leur centre. Les chaperonines sont particulièrement intéressantes car peu caractérisées par rapport aux autres chaperones, notamment dû à leur grande taille et à leur complexité intrinsèque. Leur mécanisme d’action reste donc assez flou.Ce travail de thèse est centré sur l’étude de PhCPN, la chaperonine de Pyrococcushorikoshii, et son interaction avec différentes protéines substrats, grâce à une combinaison d’outils biochimiques et biophysiques tels que la RMN. En effet, la spectroscopie RMN est un outil particulièrement adapté à l’étude des interactions moléculaires transitoires à l’échelle atomique. L’utilisation dans ce cadre du marquage isotopique spécifique des groupements méthyles permet d’étudier des ensembles protéiques de taille importante tels que PhCPN, tandis que la RMN plus classique reste limitée à des poidsmoléculaires inférieurs à 30 kDa. Afin d’étudier le repliement des protéines à l’intérieur des cavités de PhCPN, deux protéines substrats de taille hétérogène et d’activité différentes ont été sélectionnées.En particulier, l’un de ces deux substrats (laMalate Synthase G ou MSG), formedes agrégats amorphes lorsqu’elle elle chauffée tandis que la seconde (l’Amyline) est capable de s’auto associer de manière plus organisée, créant des fibres amyloïdes de haut poids moléculaire. J’ai observé lors de cette étude que PhCPN est capable d’empêcher l’agrégation de ces deux substrats.En effet, la Chaperonine PhCPN est capable de se lier de manière irreversible à laproteine MSG, dépliée par une augmentation de la temperature, dans un ratio stoechiométrique 1/1. Le complexMSG/PhCPN a été isolé et characterisé. En particulier, la surface d’interaction entre PhCPN et cette large protéine substrat a été déterminée grâce à la RMN et la mciroscopie électronique.De plus, l’inhibition de la formation de fibres amyloïdes issues de l’Amyline parla Chaperonine a été étudiée par RMN et fluorescence de la ThT. Il a été notammentmontré que la Chaperonine retarde l’apparition des fibres amyloïdes, quelque soit l’état oligomerique de PhCPN. Le rôle de la Chaperonine sur les méchanismes de nucléation et d’élongation des fibres amyloïdes de l’Amylin a également été étudié. / Chaperonins are molecular machineries involved in the prevention of protein misfolding. These large macromolecules (approximately 1 MDa) are present in all domains of life and globally organized in two stacked rings on top of one another, hosting a cavity in their respective centers. By hydrolyzing ATP within their cavities, these rings can switch between twomajor structural states, an open and a closed conformation, to trap and refold misfolded proteins. Among the different types of molecular chaperones, chaperonins are of particular interest because their mechanism of action is not yet totally understood.This thesis focused on the study of PhCPN, the Chaperonin fromPyrococcus horikoshii,and its interaction with substrate proteins by various biochemical and biophysical techniques including NMR. In fact, NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool to probe transient interactions in solution, at atomic resolution. Especially, specific isotope labeling of methyl groups is a technique of choice to study huge protein assemblies such as PhCPN chaperonin because they overcome the liquid-state NMR size limitation. To study the protein folding within the cavities of PhCPN, two different model substrate of various sizes and biological functions were selected. Particularly, one of these substrates (Malate Synthase G /MSG) forms amorphous aggregates when submitted to heat while the other (Amylin) is able to self-associate into amyloid fibrils. During this thesis, I have demonstrated that the Chaperonin PhCPN can prevent the aggregation of the chosen substrates.In fact, the PhCPN Chaperonin is able to irreversibly bind thermally unfoldedMSGin a 1/1 ratio. TheMSG/PhCPN complex was isolated and characterized. Especially, theinteraction surface between PhCPN and this large substrate protein was investigated using a combination of NMR and EM.In addition, the inhibition of the Amylin fibrillation by the Chaperonin was investigated using NMR and ThT fluorescence assays. It was shown that the Chaperonin delays the fibrils formation, no matter its oligomeric state. The role of the Chaperonin on the Amylin nucleation and fibril elongation mechanisms was investigated.

Background. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP, also known as amylin) is a 37-amino acid peptide principally co-secreted with insulin from the beta-cells of the pancreatic islets. Some of the physiological actions of human amylin (hIAPP) include glucose regulation, suppression of appetite and stimulation of renal sodium and water reabsorption. Amylin deficiency and diminished post-prandial amylin response have been reported in advanced stages of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In autopsy specimens of type 2 diabetes, amyloid is found in 40--90% of cases. During the characterization of islet morphology of aged hIAPP transgenic mice, I observed pathological features suggestive of immune dysregulation. Review of literature also suggested possible immuno-modulating functions of human amylin in in vitro experiments. Since autoimmunity and innate immunity are implicated in aging and diabetes, I explored the immunological role of amylin with particular focus on CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells and toll-like receptors (TLR) which are known mediators of autoimmunity and innate immunity respectively. / Conclusions. Human amylin may play an important role in modulating immunity mainly through stimulating CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, decreasing PLN and altering expression of TLR-4 and cytokines. If these findings are confirmed in in vivo model, human amylin has the potential to become a novel and promising therapy to prevent and reverse autoimmune disease such as autoimmune type 1 diabetes. / Hypothesis. Human amylin may have immunomodulating effects which may have implications on pathogenesis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. / Materials and methods. Male hemizygous hIAPP transgenic mice (n=32) and their nontransgenic littermates (n=20) were fed with normal chow and studied longitudinally up to 18 months of age with measurement of plasma insulin, glucose and amylin at regular intervals. Detailed oral glucose tolerance test, intra-peritoneal insulin tolerance test, insulin and amylin protein expression were examined at 3, 7, 12 and 18 months of age. Histological changes of pancreas and spleen including changes in CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells and cytokines were examined at 12 and 18 months. / Objectives. (1) I systemically characterized the morphological, functional and immune regulatory role of human amylin in aged hIAPP transgenic mice which include metabolic profiles, plasma levels of amylin and insulin as well as morphological changes of pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN). (2) I then examined splenic expression of TLR-4 associated changes in cytokines (TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and IL-6). (3) I also examined the expression level of receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) in pancreas and spleen. (4) I finished by investigating the role of human amylin on stimulating CD4+CD25+ T regulatory (Treg) cells in hIAPP transgenic mice and peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) from healthy subjects. / Results. (1) With aging, the hIAPP transgenic mice demonstrated increased plasma amylin, decreased plasma insulin, reduced insulin to amylin ratio and improved insulin sensitivity (p<0.05). (2) The aged hIAPP transgenic mice showed changes in immune function as indicated by: (a) Reduced number and size of PLN (p<0.05). (b) Decreased expression level of TLR-4 in splenocytes (p<0.05). (c) Increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) protein but decreased level of IL-6 in splenocytes (p<0.05). (3) The changes in the levels of immune cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, interferon-gamma and GM-CSF were similar between hIAPP transgenic and nontransgenic mice (p>0.05). (4) The levels of RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3 were higher in the spleen of hIAPP transgenic mice than nontransgenic mice (p<0.05). (5) The hIAPP transgenic mice showed higher percentage of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells compared with nontransgenic littermates. Treatment with human amylin, but not rat amylin, increased the percentage of FoxP3+CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in both splenic T lymphocytes of hIAPP transgenic mice and PBMCs of healthy subjects ex vivo (p<0.05). / He, Lan / Adviser: Juliana C.N. Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-01, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-199). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

<p>The presence of protein amyloid in pancreas and its association to diabetes was first described 100 years ago in 1901, but was not identified as Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) until 1986. The aim of the present work was to determine the role of the beta cell hormone, IAPP, in normal pancreatic islet physiology and during early disturbances of islet function.</p><p>Intra-islet peptides, i.e. chromogranin peptides and an extra-islet peptide, i.e. leptin, were studied to identify possible endogenous regulators of IAPP and insulin secretion. Chromogranin-B, but not chromogranin-A or pancreastatin, had the ability to inhibit islet IAPP and insulin release, suggesting that chromogranin-B may serve as an autocrine regulator of IAPP and insulin secretion. </p><p>Leptin had a more potent effect on IAPP secretion than on insulin secretion, which was dissociated from effects on islet glucose metabolism. Glucose oxidation rates were increased at physiological leptin concentrations, whereas higher leptin concentrations showed an inhibitory effect and chronically high leptin concentrations had no effect.</p><p>Female NOD mice were studied to investigate the release of IAPP in the progression to type 1 diabetes. The release of IAPP was lower than that of insulin from immune cell infiltrated islets, indicating preferential insulin release during the early course of the disease. </p><p>IAPP is expressed at an early embryonic stage. The effect of IAPP on cell proliferation in neonatal rat islets was studied in the search for a physiological role of IAPP. IAPP concentrations of (1-1000) nM stimulated neonatal islet cell proliferation mostly in beta cells and to a lesser extent in alpha cells. IAPP did not have any marked effect on the islet cell death frequency. These data indicate a role for IAPP as a potential regulator of beta cell proliferation in neonatal pancreatic islet.</p><p>It is concluded that IAPP may be involved in regulation of pancreatic beta cell function both in fetal and adult life.</p>

The presence of protein amyloid in pancreas and its association to diabetes was first described 100 years ago in 1901, but was not identified as Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) until 1986. The aim of the present work was to determine the role of the beta cell hormone, IAPP, in normal pancreatic islet physiology and during early disturbances of islet function. Intra-islet peptides, i.e. chromogranin peptides and an extra-islet peptide, i.e. leptin, were studied to identify possible endogenous regulators of IAPP and insulin secretion. Chromogranin-B, but not chromogranin-A or pancreastatin, had the ability to inhibit islet IAPP and insulin release, suggesting that chromogranin-B may serve as an autocrine regulator of IAPP and insulin secretion. Leptin had a more potent effect on IAPP secretion than on insulin secretion, which was dissociated from effects on islet glucose metabolism. Glucose oxidation rates were increased at physiological leptin concentrations, whereas higher leptin concentrations showed an inhibitory effect and chronically high leptin concentrations had no effect. Female NOD mice were studied to investigate the release of IAPP in the progression to type 1 diabetes. The release of IAPP was lower than that of insulin from immune cell infiltrated islets, indicating preferential insulin release during the early course of the disease. IAPP is expressed at an early embryonic stage. The effect of IAPP on cell proliferation in neonatal rat islets was studied in the search for a physiological role of IAPP. IAPP concentrations of (1-1000) nM stimulated neonatal islet cell proliferation mostly in beta cells and to a lesser extent in alpha cells. IAPP did not have any marked effect on the islet cell death frequency. These data indicate a role for IAPP as a potential regulator of beta cell proliferation in neonatal pancreatic islet. It is concluded that IAPP may be involved in regulation of pancreatic beta cell function both in fetal and adult life.

O depósito de amilina é um achado histopatológico frequente em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2) e parece estar relacionado à disfunção da célula beta pancreática característica desta doença. Um estudo previamente desenvolvido em nosso laboratório verificou que oligômeros de amilina humana provocam diminuição na expressão do mRNA do gene que codifica o receptor do hormônio incretínico peptídeo insulinotrópico dependente de glicose (Gipr) e aumento do índice de apoptose em ilhotas pancreáticas de rato mantidas em cultura. Considerando o importante papel do depósito amilóide e das incretinas na fisiopatologia do DM 2, os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar (1) o efeito da amilina humana sobre a expressão dos receptores de incretinas e (2) a modulação de seu efeito tóxico por outras condições concomitantes presentes no DM, como a lipotoxicidade e os produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs). Para isto, foi realizada a avaliação da expressão do mRNA dos genes Gipr e Glp1r (receptor do peptídeo semelhante ao glucagon) por PCR em tempo real em ilhotas expostas apenas aos oligômeros de amilina humana (10 M) por 4 e 8 h e em ilhotas expostas aos oligômeros e ao palmitato (0,5 mM) por 24 e 48 h; avaliação da expressão das proteínas GIPR e GLP1R por Western blot em ilhotas tratadas com oligômeros de amilina por 12 h; e avaliação do índice de apoptose pela quantificação da atividade de caspase 3 em ilhotas tratadas com oligômeros de amilina isoladamente, ou na presença de palmitato (0,5mM) por 48 h ou 5 mg/ml de albumina glicada (AlbGAD) por 72 h. A amilina não provocou alteração na expressão dos genes Gipr e Glp1r após 4 h de exposição. Após 8 e 24 h de tratamento, os oligômeros modularam negativamente a expressão destes genes. Entretanto, o tratamento das ilhotas com amilina por 48 h resultou no aumento da expressão do mRNA dos receptores de incretinas. O tratamento simultâneo com palmitato não alterou o efeito modulatório da amilina sobre a expressão dos genes Gipr e Glp1r após 24 e 48 h. A exposição das ilhotas aos oligômeros de amilina por 12 h não causou alteração na expressão das proteínas GIPR e GLP1R. A lipotoxicidade e a albumina glicada não aumentaram o efeito pró-apoptótico da amilina sobre as ilhotas pancreáticas. Em conclusão, a redução na expressão gênica dos receptores de incretinas em ilhotas pancreáticas de rato expostas aos oligômeros de amilina, que poderia indicar um mecanismo adicional pelo qual a amilina exerceria seu efeito deletério sobre células beta, diminuindo o efeito insulinotrópico induzido pelas incretinas em pacientes com DM 2, não foi constatada em relação à expressão protéica de GIPR e GLP1R no período de tempo estudado. O aumento na expressão do mRNA destes receptores provocado pela amilina após 48 horas de incubação poderia ser um mecanismo de compensação das células frente aos efeitos tóxicos dos oligômeros de amilina. O efeito próapoptótico da amilina humana sobre as células beta não parece ser potencializado pela lipotoxicidade ou por AGEs / The amyloid deposit is a common histopathological feature in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and it seems to be related to the pancreatic beta cell dysfunction characteristic of this disease. A study previously developed in our laboratory found that human amylin oligomers decrease mRNA expression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (Gipr) and increase apoptosis rate in rat pancreatic islets maintained in culture. Considering the important role of the amyloid deposition and of incretins in the pathophysiology of T2DM, the aims of the present study were to investigate (1) the effect of human amylin on the expression of incretin receptors and (2) the modulation of amylin toxicity by other concomitant conditions present in T2DM, as lipotoxicity and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The evaluation of mRNA expression of Gipr and Glp1r (glucagonlike peptide -1 receptor) was performed by real time PCR in islets exposed only to human amylin oligomers (10 M) for 4 and 8 h, and in islets exposed to human amylin and palmitate (0,5 mM) for 24 and 48 h; GIPR and GLP1R protein expression was assessed by Western blot in islets treated with amylin oligomers by 12 h; apoptosis rate was evaluated by measuring caspase 3 activity in islets treated with amylin alone or combined to palmitate (0,5 mM) for 48 h or 5 mg/mL of glycated albumin (AlbGAD) for 72 h. Amylin did not affect the expression of Gipr and Glp1r mRNA following 4 h of exposure. Eight and 24 h after treatment, amylin negatively modulated the expression of these genes. However, treatment of the islets for 48 h with amylin elicited an increase in mRNA expression of both incretin receptors. The simultaneous treatment with palmitate did not change the effects of amylin on the expression of Gipr and Glp1r mRNA after 24 and 48 h. Exposure of islets to amylin for 12 h caused no change in GIPR and GLP1R protein expression. Lipotoxocity and glycated albumin did not increase the pro-apoptotic effect of amylin on pancreatic islets. In conclusion, the reduction in mRNA expression of the incretin receptors on rat pancreatic islets exposed to amylin, which could indicate an additional mechanism whereby amylin exert its deleterious effect on beta cells, reducing the insulinotropic effects of incretins in patients with T2DM was not confirm regarding GIPR and GLP1R protein expression at the time period studied. The increased mRNA expression of these receptors caused by amylin after 48 h of incubation could be a compensation mechanism against the toxic effects of amylin oligomers. The pro-apoptotic effect of amylin on human beta cells does not appear to be potentiated by lipotoxicity or by advanced glycation end products

O depósito de amilina é um achado histopatológico frequente em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2) e parece estar relacionado à disfunção da célula beta pancreática característica desta doença. Um estudo previamente desenvolvido em nosso laboratório verificou que oligômeros de amilina humana provocam diminuição na expressão do mRNA do gene que codifica o receptor do hormônio incretínico peptídeo insulinotrópico dependente de glicose (Gipr) e aumento do índice de apoptose em ilhotas pancreáticas de rato mantidas em cultura. Considerando o importante papel do depósito amilóide e das incretinas na fisiopatologia do DM 2, os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar (1) o efeito da amilina humana sobre a expressão dos receptores de incretinas e (2) a modulação de seu efeito tóxico por outras condições concomitantes presentes no DM, como a lipotoxicidade e os produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs). Para isto, foi realizada a avaliação da expressão do mRNA dos genes Gipr e Glp1r (receptor do peptídeo semelhante ao glucagon) por PCR em tempo real em ilhotas expostas apenas aos oligômeros de amilina humana (10 M) por 4 e 8 h e em ilhotas expostas aos oligômeros e ao palmitato (0,5 mM) por 24 e 48 h; avaliação da expressão das proteínas GIPR e GLP1R por Western blot em ilhotas tratadas com oligômeros de amilina por 12 h; e avaliação do índice de apoptose pela quantificação da atividade de caspase 3 em ilhotas tratadas com oligômeros de amilina isoladamente, ou na presença de palmitato (0,5mM) por 48 h ou 5 mg/ml de albumina glicada (AlbGAD) por 72 h. A amilina não provocou alteração na expressão dos genes Gipr e Glp1r após 4 h de exposição. Após 8 e 24 h de tratamento, os oligômeros modularam negativamente a expressão destes genes. Entretanto, o tratamento das ilhotas com amilina por 48 h resultou no aumento da expressão do mRNA dos receptores de incretinas. O tratamento simultâneo com palmitato não alterou o efeito modulatório da amilina sobre a expressão dos genes Gipr e Glp1r após 24 e 48 h. A exposição das ilhotas aos oligômeros de amilina por 12 h não causou alteração na expressão das proteínas GIPR e GLP1R. A lipotoxicidade e a albumina glicada não aumentaram o efeito pró-apoptótico da amilina sobre as ilhotas pancreáticas. Em conclusão, a redução na expressão gênica dos receptores de incretinas em ilhotas pancreáticas de rato expostas aos oligômeros de amilina, que poderia indicar um mecanismo adicional pelo qual a amilina exerceria seu efeito deletério sobre células beta, diminuindo o efeito insulinotrópico induzido pelas incretinas em pacientes com DM 2, não foi constatada em relação à expressão protéica de GIPR e GLP1R no período de tempo estudado. O aumento na expressão do mRNA destes receptores provocado pela amilina após 48 horas de incubação poderia ser um mecanismo de compensação das células frente aos efeitos tóxicos dos oligômeros de amilina. O efeito próapoptótico da amilina humana sobre as células beta não parece ser potencializado pela lipotoxicidade ou por AGEs / The amyloid deposit is a common histopathological feature in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and it seems to be related to the pancreatic beta cell dysfunction characteristic of this disease. A study previously developed in our laboratory found that human amylin oligomers decrease mRNA expression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (Gipr) and increase apoptosis rate in rat pancreatic islets maintained in culture. Considering the important role of the amyloid deposition and of incretins in the pathophysiology of T2DM, the aims of the present study were to investigate (1) the effect of human amylin on the expression of incretin receptors and (2) the modulation of amylin toxicity by other concomitant conditions present in T2DM, as lipotoxicity and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The evaluation of mRNA expression of Gipr and Glp1r (glucagonlike peptide -1 receptor) was performed by real time PCR in islets exposed only to human amylin oligomers (10 M) for 4 and 8 h, and in islets exposed to human amylin and palmitate (0,5 mM) for 24 and 48 h; GIPR and GLP1R protein expression was assessed by Western blot in islets treated with amylin oligomers by 12 h; apoptosis rate was evaluated by measuring caspase 3 activity in islets treated with amylin alone or combined to palmitate (0,5 mM) for 48 h or 5 mg/mL of glycated albumin (AlbGAD) for 72 h. Amylin did not affect the expression of Gipr and Glp1r mRNA following 4 h of exposure. Eight and 24 h after treatment, amylin negatively modulated the expression of these genes. However, treatment of the islets for 48 h with amylin elicited an increase in mRNA expression of both incretin receptors. The simultaneous treatment with palmitate did not change the effects of amylin on the expression of Gipr and Glp1r mRNA after 24 and 48 h. Exposure of islets to amylin for 12 h caused no change in GIPR and GLP1R protein expression. Lipotoxocity and glycated albumin did not increase the pro-apoptotic effect of amylin on pancreatic islets. In conclusion, the reduction in mRNA expression of the incretin receptors on rat pancreatic islets exposed to amylin, which could indicate an additional mechanism whereby amylin exert its deleterious effect on beta cells, reducing the insulinotropic effects of incretins in patients with T2DM was not confirm regarding GIPR and GLP1R protein expression at the time period studied. The increased mRNA expression of these receptors caused by amylin after 48 h of incubation could be a compensation mechanism against the toxic effects of amylin oligomers. The pro-apoptotic effect of amylin on human beta cells does not appear to be potentiated by lipotoxicity or by advanced glycation end products