O cultivo de fisális (Physalis peruviana L.) é uma alternativa promissora para os agricultores que se dedicam à produção de frutíferas exóticas, do segmento de \"pequenas frutas\", em decorrrência da valorização do fruto, que possue diversas qualidades organolépticas e funcionais. Entretanto, ainda são escassas as informações sobre a cultura nas condições edafoclimáticas brasileiras, especialmente em relaçao aos processos de maturação dos frutos e das sementes, de modo que possa ser indicado o momento adequado para a colheita, considerando a qualidade dos frutos e das sementes e, não menos importante, o estudo das condições ideais para o teste de germinação das sementes, uma vez que, este teste, além de ser empregado para auxiliar na identificação da maturidade fisiológica das sementes, seus resultados são parâmetro para comparação da qualidade das sementes dos lotes e para a comercialização das sementes. Portanto, a presente pesquisa foi realizada com os objetivos de avaliar as necessidades de luz, temperatura e substrato para o teste de germinação; estudar a maturação dos frutos e das sementes e, a incidência de fungos nas sementes de Physalis peruviana L., segundo o momento do florescimento da planta e a idade dos frutos. Desta forma, a pesquisa foi conduzida entre fevereiro de 2016 e novembro de 2017, nos Laboratórios Análise de Sementes (LAS), de Análise de Imagens (LAI), de Pós-Colheita de Produtos Hortícolas (LPCPH) e de Patologia de Sementes (LPS), pertencentes aos Departamentos de Produção Vegetal e de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo (USP, ESALQ), em Piracicaba, São Paulo. Para os estudos do teste de germinação das sementes, primeirameite foram avaliados diferentes suprimentos de luz e temperatura, sendo utilizada uma mesa termogradiente regulada com nove intervalos de temperatura (variação de 15 °C a 35 °C) e duas alternadas 20-30 °C e 15-35 °C, com oito horas de fotoperíodo e na ausência total de luz. Após estabelecidos os requerimentos de luz e temperatura, foram estudados os substratos para germinação das sementes: papel mata-borrão (sobre papel), areia (entre areia) e vermiculita (entre vermiculita). Quanto aos estudos da maturação e análise sanitária, foram distinguidos dois momentos de florescimento das plantas, 55 e 105 dias após o transplante (DAT) e, em cada um destes momentos, as flores foram marcadas por ocasião da antese e os respectivos frutos e sementes avaliados aos 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias após (DAA). A germinação das sementes de Physalis peruviana L. ocorre em intervalo amplo de temperatura (15 a 30,2 °C), sendo ideais as temperaturas 25 °C constante e 20-30 °C alternada, com oito horas de luz. O substrato areia (entre areia) é mais adequado e, como alternativa, podem ser utilizados o papel (sobre papel) e a vermiculita (entre vermiculita). As avaliações do teste de germinação podem ser realizadas no 7º dia (primeira contagem) e no 14º dia (contagem final) após a instalação do teste. O momento do florescimento e o estádio de desenvolvimento do fruto têm influência sobre as características qualitativas deste e sobre a maturação das sementes. A idade (em dias após a antese) e as modificações da cor, da massa, do tamanho e do sabor que ocorrem durante o desenvolvimento são parâmetros indicativos da maturidade fisiológica tanto do fruto quanto das sementes, as quais ocorrem aos 75 DAA (55 DAT) e aos 60 DAA (105 DAT). Além disso, os frutos produzidos em Piracicaba, São Paulo, têm padrão para a comercialização e qualidade similar a dos frutos produzidos em outras regiões de cultivo. Os gêneros fúngicos constatados em sementes de Physalis peruviana L. são Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora e Penicillium, sendo a menor incidência em sementes de 75 DAA. A presença dos fungos não afeta o componente fisiológico das sementes. / The cultivation of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is a promising alternative for the farmers who are dedicated to the production of exotic fruit, the \"small fruits\" segment, due to the valorization of the fruit, which has several organoleptic and functional qualities. However, information about the crop under Brazilian soil and climate conditions is still scarce, especially in relation to the fruit and seed maturation processes, so that the appropriate time for harvest can be indicated, considering the quality of the fruits and seeds and, not least, the study of the ideal conditions for the seed germination test, since this test, besides being used to help in the identification of the physiological maturity of the seeds, yours results are parameter for comparison the seed quality of the lots and for seed marketing. Therefore, the present research was developed out with the objective of evaluating the light, temperature and substrate requirements for the germination test and to study the maturation of fruits and seeds, and the incidence of fungi on seed of Physalis peruviana L., according to the moment of flowering of the plant and fruit age. The research was conducted between february 2016 and november 2017, in the Laboratories of Seeds Analysis (LAS), Analysis of Images (LAI), Post-Harvesting of Horticultural Plants (LPCPH) and Pathology Seeds (LPS), belonging to the Departments of Crop Science and Phytopathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), in Piracicaba, São Paulo. For the seed germination test, different light and temperature supplies were evaluated first, using a termo-gradient table regulated with nine temperature ranges (ranging from 15 °C to 35 °C) and two alternate 20-30 °C and 15-35 °C, with eight hours of photoperiod and in the total absence of light. After the light and temperature requirements were established, the substrates for seed germination were studied: blotter paper sheets (upon paper), sand (between sand) and vermiculite (between vermiculite). In the maturation and seed health studies, two flowering moments were considered, at 55 and 105 days after transplanting (DAT) of the plants, and in each of these moments, the flowers were marked in the anthesis and the respective fruits and seeds evaluated at 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after anthesis (DAA).The germination of the seeds of Physalis peruviana L. occurs in a wide temperature range (15 to 30,2 °C), with temperatures 25 °C constant and 20-30 °C alternating, with eight hours of light. The sand substrate (between sand) is more suitable and, alternatively, paper and vermiculite may be used. The germination test evaluations can be performed on the 7th day (first count) and on the 14th day (final count) after the test installation. The moment of flowering and the development stage of the fruit influence the qualitative characteristics of the fruit and the maturation of the seeds. The age (in days after anthesis) and changes in color, mass, size and flavor that occur during the development, are indicative parameters of the physiological maturity of both fruit and seeds, which occur at 75 DAA (55 DAT) and at 60 DAA (105 DAT). In addition, fruits produced in Piracicaba, São Paulo, has a commercial pattern and quality similar to the fruits produced in other regions. The fungal genus found in seeds of Physalis peruviana L. are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora and Penicillium, the lowest incidence occurring in seeds of 75 DAA. The presence of fungi does not affect the physiological component of the seeds.

Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) ionization/mass spectrometry allows for the high throughput analysis of a wide range of materials including but not limited to: solids, liquids, powders, tablets, and plant materials. The ability to detect cocaine was established in a reproducible manner with the use of a DART ionization source (IonSense Inc., Saugus, MA) interfaced to a modified single quadrupole mass spectrometer. Development of a methodology for the detection of cocaine within contrived street quality drug mixtures involved the optimization of the ionization source, sample introduction mechanism, ion guide, and mass analysis parameters. An analytical method was created that utilized ionized helium carrier gas heated to 300°C and an automated sample introduction apparatus consisting of a Linear Rail Enclosure that holds consumable QuickStrip^TM sample cards. Ionized molecules were then fragmented by manipulation of voltage levels within the ion guide to gain more structural information prior to detection by a single quadrupole mass spectrometer. Cocaine was detected by the modified DART/MS analytical platform and gave two peaks within the mass spectrum at m/z 304 and 182. Optimization of in-source fragmentation by manual adjustment of the skimmer focus voltage allowed for the reproducible fragmentation of cocaine and the ability to increase or decrease the amount of fragmentation seen between the two peaks detected for cocaine. With the use of fragmentation, this analytical platform can be classified as a Category A technique as defined by the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs. The robust detection of cocaine was demonstrated for reference samples at concentrations as low as 10 ng/μL (50 ng) with high signal abundance greater than ten times the signal to noise ratio. Furthermore, the detection of cocaine at 10 ng/μL was demonstrated for multi component mixtures of up to 14 additional components containing common adulterants and diluents found within street quality samples. In total, 25 common excipients were tested using the same method parameters as optimized for cocaine analysis. Of these 25 excipients tested, five were not detected in positive ion mode (one could be detected in negative ion mode). Of the twenty excipients that could be detected by mass spectrometry, two pairs of excipients (levamisole/tetramisole and creatine/creatinine) could not be differentiated from each other. There were no excipients tested that had equivalent m/z values as those of cocaine. Experimentation into the effects of various excipients at multiple concentrations on the abundance of the two cocaine peaks was performed. Regardless of excipient amount (up to 10 times more concentrated than cocaine) and the number of components (up to 15 total components) the ratio of abundance between the m/z 304 to 182 peaks did not vary greater than 22% relative standard deviation. A match criteria protocol was developed for the ability of an analyst to confirm the presence of cocaine within unknown forensic case samples that have previously tested positive for the presumptive identification of cocaine. The identification of cocaine was based on various factors such as the signal to noise ratio at m/z 304 and 182, the ratio of abundance between those two peaks as well as positive and negative controls. This match criteria protocol was utilized for 25 double blind mock forensic casework samples was performed. Determination for the presence of cocaine within these unknown samples gave an analyst error rate of 0%, with no false positives or false negatives predicted. To further aid human interpretation and identification of compounds within mixtures, the advanced chemometric software, Analyze IQ, was utilized. Development of predictive classification models using a combination of pre-processing steps, principle component analysis and machine learning techniques was achieved. Models were built using 381 unique samples for the purposes of identifying the presence of cocaine within unknown samples. Of all methods available within the Analyze IQ software, the optimization of a model using principle component analysis with support vector machine regression with a radial basis function kernel yielded an initial error rate of 0% for 72 samples tested. Furthermore, of the samples tested against the model, 20 samples were comprised of excipients that were not incorporated into the initial model development process. The inclusion of these samples (10 spiked with cocaine, 10 absent of cocaine), shows that predictive modeling based software can provide an accurate, robust, and evolving approach to the identification of cocaine within sample compositions that have not previously been tested and stored in a database of known reference samples. Predictive modeling has advantages over current mass spectral libraries, which are limited to the identification of pure compounds. To further test the abilities of predictive models, optimized machine learning models were applied to 25 double blind mock forensic casework samples. The predictive modeling error rate was identical to the human interpretation rate for the double blind mock casework samples with a 0% error rate. Using the DART/MS analytical platform, 25 mock forensic casework samples along with positive and negative controls were analyzed and identified for the presence of cocaine within 30 minutes. On the order of 15 to 30 times faster than modern GC/MS and LC/MS methods, the ability to analyze and identify samples faster would allow for an increase in samples being processed on a daily basis and allow for the reduction of case backlogs that currently plague controlled substances sections of forensic science laboratories throughout the United States.

O cultivo de fisális (Physalis peruviana L.) é uma alternativa promissora para os agricultores que se dedicam à produção de frutíferas exóticas, do segmento de \"pequenas frutas\", em decorrrência da valorização do fruto, que possue diversas qualidades organolépticas e funcionais. Entretanto, ainda são escassas as informações sobre a cultura nas condições edafoclimáticas brasileiras, especialmente em relaçao aos processos de maturação dos frutos e das sementes, de modo que possa ser indicado o momento adequado para a colheita, considerando a qualidade dos frutos e das sementes e, não menos importante, o estudo das condições ideais para o teste de germinação das sementes, uma vez que, este teste, além de ser empregado para auxiliar na identificação da maturidade fisiológica das sementes, seus resultados são parâmetro para comparação da qualidade das sementes dos lotes e para a comercialização das sementes. Portanto, a presente pesquisa foi realizada com os objetivos de avaliar as necessidades de luz, temperatura e substrato para o teste de germinação; estudar a maturação dos frutos e das sementes e, a incidência de fungos nas sementes de Physalis peruviana L., segundo o momento do florescimento da planta e a idade dos frutos. Desta forma, a pesquisa foi conduzida entre fevereiro de 2016 e novembro de 2017, nos Laboratórios Análise de Sementes (LAS), de Análise de Imagens (LAI), de Pós-Colheita de Produtos Hortícolas (LPCPH) e de Patologia de Sementes (LPS), pertencentes aos Departamentos de Produção Vegetal e de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo (USP, ESALQ), em Piracicaba, São Paulo. Para os estudos do teste de germinação das sementes, primeirameite foram avaliados diferentes suprimentos de luz e temperatura, sendo utilizada uma mesa termogradiente regulada com nove intervalos de temperatura (variação de 15 °C a 35 °C) e duas alternadas 20-30 °C e 15-35 °C, com oito horas de fotoperíodo e na ausência total de luz. Após estabelecidos os requerimentos de luz e temperatura, foram estudados os substratos para germinação das sementes: papel mata-borrão (sobre papel), areia (entre areia) e vermiculita (entre vermiculita). Quanto aos estudos da maturação e análise sanitária, foram distinguidos dois momentos de florescimento das plantas, 55 e 105 dias após o transplante (DAT) e, em cada um destes momentos, as flores foram marcadas por ocasião da antese e os respectivos frutos e sementes avaliados aos 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias após (DAA). A germinação das sementes de Physalis peruviana L. ocorre em intervalo amplo de temperatura (15 a 30,2 °C), sendo ideais as temperaturas 25 °C constante e 20-30 °C alternada, com oito horas de luz. O substrato areia (entre areia) é mais adequado e, como alternativa, podem ser utilizados o papel (sobre papel) e a vermiculita (entre vermiculita). As avaliações do teste de germinação podem ser realizadas no 7º dia (primeira contagem) e no 14º dia (contagem final) após a instalação do teste. O momento do florescimento e o estádio de desenvolvimento do fruto têm influência sobre as características qualitativas deste e sobre a maturação das sementes. A idade (em dias após a antese) e as modificações da cor, da massa, do tamanho e do sabor que ocorrem durante o desenvolvimento são parâmetros indicativos da maturidade fisiológica tanto do fruto quanto das sementes, as quais ocorrem aos 75 DAA (55 DAT) e aos 60 DAA (105 DAT). Além disso, os frutos produzidos em Piracicaba, São Paulo, têm padrão para a comercialização e qualidade similar a dos frutos produzidos em outras regiões de cultivo. Os gêneros fúngicos constatados em sementes de Physalis peruviana L. são Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora e Penicillium, sendo a menor incidência em sementes de 75 DAA. A presença dos fungos não afeta o componente fisiológico das sementes. / The cultivation of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is a promising alternative for the farmers who are dedicated to the production of exotic fruit, the \"small fruits\" segment, due to the valorization of the fruit, which has several organoleptic and functional qualities. However, information about the crop under Brazilian soil and climate conditions is still scarce, especially in relation to the fruit and seed maturation processes, so that the appropriate time for harvest can be indicated, considering the quality of the fruits and seeds and, not least, the study of the ideal conditions for the seed germination test, since this test, besides being used to help in the identification of the physiological maturity of the seeds, yours results are parameter for comparison the seed quality of the lots and for seed marketing. Therefore, the present research was developed out with the objective of evaluating the light, temperature and substrate requirements for the germination test and to study the maturation of fruits and seeds, and the incidence of fungi on seed of Physalis peruviana L., according to the moment of flowering of the plant and fruit age. The research was conducted between february 2016 and november 2017, in the Laboratories of Seeds Analysis (LAS), Analysis of Images (LAI), Post-Harvesting of Horticultural Plants (LPCPH) and Pathology Seeds (LPS), belonging to the Departments of Crop Science and Phytopathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), in Piracicaba, São Paulo. For the seed germination test, different light and temperature supplies were evaluated first, using a termo-gradient table regulated with nine temperature ranges (ranging from 15 °C to 35 °C) and two alternate 20-30 °C and 15-35 °C, with eight hours of photoperiod and in the total absence of light. After the light and temperature requirements were established, the substrates for seed germination were studied: blotter paper sheets (upon paper), sand (between sand) and vermiculite (between vermiculite). In the maturation and seed health studies, two flowering moments were considered, at 55 and 105 days after transplanting (DAT) of the plants, and in each of these moments, the flowers were marked in the anthesis and the respective fruits and seeds evaluated at 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after anthesis (DAA).The germination of the seeds of Physalis peruviana L. occurs in a wide temperature range (15 to 30,2 °C), with temperatures 25 °C constant and 20-30 °C alternating, with eight hours of light. The sand substrate (between sand) is more suitable and, alternatively, paper and vermiculite may be used. The germination test evaluations can be performed on the 7th day (first count) and on the 14th day (final count) after the test installation. The moment of flowering and the development stage of the fruit influence the qualitative characteristics of the fruit and the maturation of the seeds. The age (in days after anthesis) and changes in color, mass, size and flavor that occur during the development, are indicative parameters of the physiological maturity of both fruit and seeds, which occur at 75 DAA (55 DAT) and at 60 DAA (105 DAT). In addition, fruits produced in Piracicaba, São Paulo, has a commercial pattern and quality similar to the fruits produced in other regions. The fungal genus found in seeds of Physalis peruviana L. are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora and Penicillium, the lowest incidence occurring in seeds of 75 DAA. The presence of fungi does not affect the physiological component of the seeds.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-07T18:00:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eva Maria Rodrigues Costa.pdf: 711267 bytes, checksum: a86bd11ae168a3d37f4a02c1f445907c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T18:00:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eva Maria Rodrigues Costa.pdf: 711267 bytes, checksum: a86bd11ae168a3d37f4a02c1f445907c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The genetic divergence assessement provides important information for breeding programs. In the present study, the genetic diversity among lines from Embrapa Mid-North’s Cowpea Germoplasm Active Bank (BAG) was evaluated morphoagronomically 57 cowpea lines. The experiment was carried out in august/2009. Field plots were arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates containing 57 of cowpea lines. The lines The behaviour of accessions was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses, with dissimilarities obtained by the generalized distance of Mahalanobis (D2) and the grouping technique by the UPGMA method. The genetic distances between pairs of lines ranged from 1.21 to 221.35. The lines IT89KD-245 indicated as the most divergent should through quantitative characteristics be included as parental in intercross programs. Were formed four groups by UPGMA method. The characteristics which most contributed to genetic divergence were total weight of a hundred grain (49.7 %), length of the pod (16.7 %), length of the grain (12.0 %) and number of grains per pod (9.7 %). The lines were studied to verify the efficiency of dissimilarity measures and to discriminate genotypes, based on 26 multicategoric variables. The lines IT98K-491-4 e IT00K- 898-5; IT99K-494-6 e IT98K-131-2; IT99K-718-6 e IT89KD-245; IT99K-494-6 e IT97K-568-14 e IT98K-128-3 e IT99K-718-6 confirming these genotypes as the most similar among the evaluated for quality characteristics. Based in these characteristics the lines formed eleven groups by Tocher method. Through analyzing morphoagronomical traits were possible identify genetic divergence among lines studies. Were evaluated by SSR marker 32 african lines cowpea using 10 SSR locos that generating 24 polymorphic bands. The data matrix was analyzed by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group using mathematical averages) using NTSYs 2.1 program. The accessions were distributed in eight clusters, and the lines IT00K-1217-2 e IT00K-718-6; IT99K-316-2, IT98K-205-8 e IT98K-506-1; IT98K-1111-1, IT00K-491-7, IT93K-625 e IT96D-610; IT97K-568-18 e T89KD-260; IT99K-1060, IT00K-1263-2 e IT00K-1263-1, presented high similarity to each other. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.2552, in the range of 0.0587 - 0.4188 for VM36 and VM39 locos. The lines IT87D-1627 was confirmed as the most divergent of all, could be use as parental in crosses for purposes. The SSR results of the underscore their potential in elucidating patterns of germplasm diversity of cowpea from Embrapa Mid- North’s BAG. / A avaliação da divergência genética fornece informações importantes aos programas de melhoramento. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a diversidade genética entre linhagens de feijão-caupi do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG), da Embrapa Meio-Norte, foram caracterizados morfoagronomicamente 57 linhagens. O plantio foi realizado em agosto de 2009. O experimento foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, contendo 57 linhagens. As linhagens foram avaliadas por meio de análise univariada e multivariada, com dissimilaridade obtida por meio da distância de Mahalanobis (D2), e utilizando o método de agrupamento UPGMA. As distâncias entre os pares formados pelas linhagens, oscilou entre 1,21 a 221,35. A linhagem IT89KD-245 foi considerada a mais divergente entre os genótipos estudados por meio das características quantitativas, podendo ser indicado como parental em programas que envolvem cruzamentos. Foram formados quatro grupos pelo método UPGMA. As características que mais contribuíram para a divergência foram: peso de cem grãos (49,7 %), comprimento da vagem (16,7 %), comprimento do grão (12,0 %) e número de grãos por vagem (9,7 %). As linhagens foram avaliadas através das medidas de dissimilaridade com base em 26 variáveis multicategóricas. As linhagens IT98K-491-4 e IT00K-898-5; IT99K-494-6 e IT98K-131-2; IT99K-718-6 e IT89KD-245; IT99K-494-6 e IT97K-568-14 e IT98K-128-3 e IT99K-718-6 foram as mais similares através dos caracteres qualitativos. Baseado nestas características foram formados onze grupos entre as linhagens estudadas pelo método de Tocher. Através da caracterização morfoagronômica foi possível quantificar a divergência genética presente nas linhagens estudadas. Foram caracterizadas por meio de marcadores SSR 32 linhagens africanas de feijão-caupi, que geraram 24 bandas polimórficas, a partir de 10 locos de microssatélites. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados pelo método UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmatic Mean) com o auxílio do programa NTSYs versão 2.1. O dendrograma gerado apresentou oito grupos de linhagens. As linhagens IT00K-1217-2 e IT00K-718-6; IT99K-316-2, IT98K-205-8 e IT98K-506-1; IT98K-1111-1, IT00K-491-7, IT93K-625 e IT96D-610; IT97K-568-18 e T89KD-260; IT99K-1060, IT00K-1263-2 e IT00K-1263-1 apresentaram alta similaridade entre si. O conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC) médio para os dez marcadores microssatélites foi de 0,2552, com valores variando entre 0,0587 para o loco VM36 e 0,4188 para o loco VM39. A linhagem IT87D-1627 foi considerada a mais divergente, devendo assim, ser indicada para programas de hibridação para a obtenção de populações segregantes e, possivelmente, de genótipos superiores. Os resultados dos marcadores SSR, confirmam o seu potencial na caracterização da diversidade genética em germoplasma de feijão caupi.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-21T18:15:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvoklelo da Costa Silva.pdf: 1073501 bytes, checksum: 45a8440998a76cd876dc6505f469cdcc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T18:15:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvoklelo da Costa Silva.pdf: 1073501 bytes, checksum: 45a8440998a76cd876dc6505f469cdcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The genus Arachis have been mainly objective of several studies due to your importance in the feeding and as forage.Your wild species present high genetic variability and find contained in nine taxonomic sections. Of these, the Heteranthae section stands out for being endemic of Brazil, especially in the Northest area and in stats of Goiás and Minas Gerais. Although dont't have very spread use, many of your species present potential for use as forage.being considered the plasticity in this genus, efforts shold be addressed seeking to intensify the employment of native species and your respective conservation in situ and ex situ, especially the one of the Heteranthae section by your potentiality and representative regional, because your players can come to serve as alternative for employment as forage and/ou of genes of agronomic interest.This way, the present work had for objective to analyze species of the Heteranthae section of the cytogenetic and molecular, beyon morphologic analyzes.Besed in cytogenetics data, was verified that all the accesses present chromosome number 2n=20, with metacentric (in the majority of the chromosomes) the submetacentric morphology. Arachis dardani, A. pusilla and A.interrupta present 18m+2sm and satellite type 2, whereas A.sylvestris and A.giacomettii present 16m+4sm and satellite type 10.Divergences in relation to the heterocromatic regions CMA had been detected between the species.A pusilla present the biggest number of rich blocks in GC localized in all the chromosomes of the complement.In accordance with the gotten data, the species are suggested that A.dardani and A. interrupta are most primitive with base moderate asymmetry and satellite type.Data related to the type of satellite of the A.interrupta are different of literature. In A. pusilla, the constitutive heterocromatin perishes to have sufferd recent modifications in its constitution.The molecular data generatad way ISSR congregated the species in three groups, being the tho first ones consisting by species of the section Heteranthae, whereas third it was represented by species of the section Arachis. Such infformation in accordance with is given of found taxonômica classification in literature.Already the morphologic analyses, based in vegetative and reproductive describers, make possible to group the majority of the acesses of the section Heteranthae as taxonomic classification,except for the species A. pusilla that it possibly presented fenologic divergences attributed to the ambient factors or the genetic variability intrinseca of this genotype. / O gênero Arachis tem sido alvo de diversos estudos devido à sua importância principalmente na alimentação humana e como forragem. Suas espécies silvestres apresentam alta variabilidade genética e se encontram agrupadas em nove seções taxonômicas.Destas, a seção Heteranthae destaca-se por ser endêmica do Brasil,ocorrendo especialmente na região Nordeste e nos Estados de Goiás e Minas Gerais.Embora não tenha uso muito difundido, muitas de suas espécies apresentam potencial para uso forrageiro. Considerando-se a plasticidade encontrada neste gênero, esforços devem ser direcionados visando potencializar o emprego das espécies nativas e sua respectiva conservação in situ e ex situ, em especial as da seção Heteranthae mediante sua potencialidade e representatividade regional, visto que seus representantes poderão vir a servir como alternativa para emprego como forragem e/ou de genes de interesse agronômico.O presente trebalho teve por objetivo analisar espécies do gênero Arachis, enfatizando a seção Heteranthae, via técnicas citogenéticas e moleculares, além de añálise morfológica. Com base nos dados citogenéticos, verificou-se que todos os acessos apresentaram número cromossômico diplóide 2=20 com morfologia metacêntrica (maioria dos cromossomos) a submetacêntrica.Arachis dardani,A. pusilla e A. interrupta apresentam fórmula cariotípica 18m+2sm e satélite tipo 2, enquanto que A. sylvestris e A. giacomettii possuem 16m+4sm e satélite tipo 10.Divergências em relação às regiões heterocromáticas CMA foram detectadas entre as espécies.A. pusilla apresentou o amior número de blocos ricos em GC localizados em todos os cromossomos do complemento. De acordo com os dados obtidos, sugeriu-se que as espécies A.dardani e A. interrupta são as mais primitivas com base na assimetria moderada e tipo de satélite. Dados relacionados ao tipo de satélite de A. interrupta divergem da literatura. Ao menos em A. pusilla, a heterocromatina constitutiva parece ter sofrido modificações recentes na sua constituição que, ao contrário das demais espécies, apresentou-se formando blocos pericentroméricos CMA em todo o complemento cromossômico. Os dados moleculares gerados via ISSR reuniu as espécies em três grupos, sendo os dois primeiros constituídos por espécies da seção Heteranthae, enquanto que o terceiro foi representado por espécies da seção Arachis. Tais informações estão de acordo com os dados de classificação taxonômica encontrada na literatura. As análises morfológicas, baseadas em descritores vegetativos e reprodutivos, possibilitaram agrupar a maioria dos acessos da seção Heteranthae conforme classificação taxonômica, exceto para a espécie A. pusilla que apresentou divergências fenológicas possivelmente atribuídas a fatores ambientais locais ou a variabilidade genética intrinseca deste genótipo.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-07-03T17:09:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Katia Lucia da C A Ugulino.pdf: 5832202 bytes, checksum: 80dc87973043e14d4b57ed7af931bfba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-07-06T15:11:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Katia Lucia da C A Ugulino.pdf: 5832202 bytes, checksum: 80dc87973043e14d4b57ed7af931bfba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-06T15:11:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Katia Lucia da C A Ugulino.pdf: 5832202 bytes, checksum: 80dc87973043e14d4b57ed7af931bfba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-03 / Durante o ciclo de vida de uma instalação de produção de petróleo, estão presentes riscos relacionados à segurança operacional. Na fase de operação, devido à presença de substâncias perigosas (inflamáveis, tóxicas e ou asfixiantes) submetidas a severas condições de processo, os cenários de risco são mais críticos do que nas demais fases. Nesta etapa do ciclo de vida, a gestão inadequada dos riscos de processos favorece a ocorrência de acidentes com alto potencial de danos: elevado número de fatalidades, custos com indenizações, investimentos para a recuperação de áreas contaminadas, pagamentos de multas a órgãos reguladores, perdas de continuidade operacional e consequentemente elevação do custo de produção. Estes eventos, de forma individual ou coletiva, impactam fortemente a sustentabilidade do negócio. Sendo assim, a identificação, análise e gestão destes riscos representam um grande desafio para os gestores do setor de petroquímico. Neste contexto uma das maiores dificuldades é gerenciar os riscos de processo de forma dinâmica. A abordagem proposta neste trabalho baseia-se em um sistema dinâmico de suporte a decisão que adota conceitos da Metodologia Bow Tie e do Método de Análise Hierárquica de Processo (AHP). O modelo proposto foi aplicado na forma de estudo de caso para uma única plataforma e os resultados deste piloto serão analisados a fim de ajustar os limites para alcançar o melhor desempenho em segurança de processo das instalações. / There are many process risks during the lifecycle of an oil production facility. In the operating phase due to the presence of hazardous substances (flammable, toxic and / or asphyxiating) subjected to severe process conditions, the risk scenery are more critical than in other phases. On this phase of lifecycle the inadequate process risk management favors the occurrence of accidents with high potential for damage: high number of fatalities, severance costs, investment for the rehabilitation of contaminated sites, payment of fines to regulatory agent, loss of operational continuity and consequently increase the cost of production. These events, individually or collectively, have a strong impact on business´s sustainability. Thus, the identification, analysis and process risk management in oil and gas production represents a big challenge for the managers of the petrochemical industry. In this context, one of the biggest difficulties is to manage process risks dynamically. The approach proposed in this work based on a dynamic decision support system that adopts concepts of the Bow Tie Methodology and the Hierarchical Process Analysis Method (AHP). The proposed model has been applied in a case study in a single platform and the results of this pilot will be analyze to adjust the limits to achieve the best performance of the facility process safety.

The aim of the thesis is to analyze the current state of co-operatives in the Czech Republic and the role of co-operative enterprise in the market economy. This work describes the position of co-operatives in selected EU countries, the world and their influence in selected economies. It also describes the specifics of the cooperative enterprise and its possible prospects, especially in the social economy. The practical part outlines the status of the European co-operative (SCE), its legal framework and it presents a model for the establishment of a new European co-operative (SCE) based in the Czech Republic.

<p>This master's thesis deals with timing effects in complex on chip systems. It is written in cooperation with the research and development centre of Infineon Technologies. </p><p>One primary goal of all integrated circuit designers is to make the chips as small as possible. In deep sub micron designs timing effects like crosstalk have severe impact on the functionality of the chip. Therefore, accurate timing analyses must be made before the chip is ready for manufacturing. Otherwise the production yield can be reduced drastically. A case study on timing analysis with the 0.13 µm technology is made on the bus system of the device S-GOLD. </p><p>The computer-based program PrimeTime is used to carry out the timing analysis. During the evolution of 0.13 µm technology three design packages have been developed to characterize the timing. Two releases of SGOLD have been designed based on the first and the second design package. The different design packages were compared, with and without pin capacitance variations, on chip variations and crosstalk. Furthermore the two releases are compared. The result from the analysis tool may not correlate well with what you see on the manufactured chips. In order to investigate the correlation, some tests were finally performed on an evaluation board. </p><p>The results from the timing analysis are as expected. The second netlist version is better optimized than the first one. Design package three is most pessimistic among the three design packages. Design package one is most optimistic and does not match the real performance. Both design package two and three fit to the real performance well. Among the three design packages, design package three fits the real performance best.</p>

<p>Feminist initiative – an idea analysis.</p><p>On the fourth of April in the year 2005 Feministic initiative (Fi) was created, it was an main response to the slow changes in the Swedish society, which claimed to establish an equal society. Equality has become one of the major indicators of a contemporary democratic society. The Swedish government has long proclaimed to reach this goal, but even though Sweden currently lies in the front among the democratic societies, while you consider equality issues, especially between the sexes, there is still a lot that need to be done in the Swedish society. Feministic initiative began as an organization and established a political party and participated in the election during the year 2006, but failed to reach a place in the parliament. Recently Feministic initiative said that they will participate in the upcoming election in the year 2010.</p><p>It made me wonder which feministic ideals that Feministic initiative actually practices. Feminism is a broad ideology, and a reaction against the society that claims to be democratic but systematically oppresses women. This oppression created feminism; but there is different views of feminism, my main objective in this paper is to present a few different feministic directions. These are, radicalfeminism, marxistic feminism, liberalfeminism, socialistic feminism, post-modernfeminism and black (women’s) feminism. From these theories will I create a analyze frame and try to locate different kinds of feministic ideas within Feministic initiatives policy documents called <em>F! for a feministic policy, election manifest</em> and <em>platform for Feministic initiative </em></p><p>Thus, the main focus in this paper to do an idea analyze and focus on Feministic initiative, do they really use the different ideas expressed within the different types of feminism that I consider in this paper in a equal manner? The conclusion is that Feministic initiative is tendentious, Feministic initiative uses ideas, perspectives and expressions that are typical for radicalfeminism more than they use ideas, perspectives and expressions from other types of feminism.</p>

Today, the average computer user has undoubtedly encountered the PDF format while handling electronic documents. Due to its wide-spread popularity and feature richness, PDF documents are commonly utilized by attackers in order to infect systems with malware. This thesis will present The Extendable Guideline for Analysing Malicious PDF Documents. This work will establish the foundation of the guideline and populate it with a part of the analysis process. The guideline relies on earlier published material in the topic. It is a practical guideline that is followed by the use of a flowchart and can be utilized by an analyst in order to determine if a PDF document is malicious or not. It provides technical background information, suitable analysis techniques, and tools. The guideline structure was developed by using sequential thinking in combination with the divide and conquer paradigm. The thesis will also elucidate commonly applied techniques that are used by malicious PDF authors in order to infect systems, evade detection, and distribute their malicious documents. A commonly utilized function in PDF documents are the JavaScript feature. There are a wide range of other features that are targeted by malicious PDF authors, but they are more rarely encountered. PDF documents are often distributed by attackers by sending them as an attachment in an email, or storing the document on a web server.