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Bakgrund För att uppnå en god prestationsförmåga är det viktigt att tillföra energi och näring före, under och efter träning. Det finns ett flertal rekommendationer som beskriver hur detta kostintag bör se ut.Syfte Att jämföra svenska elitinnebandyspelares och motionärers kunskap gällande etablerade kostrekommendationer i samband med träning, samt att undersöka om deltagarna anser sig ha kunskap gällande kost för att optimera sin prestationsförmåga, var den eventuella kunskapen förvärvats och om det finns intresse för mer kunskap.Metod En kvantitativ metod, i form av en enkät, användes. Till databearbetningen utformades en rättningsmall, som baseras på rekommendationer från American Dietetics Association and Dietitians of Canada, Sveriges Olympiska Kommitté och Uppladdningen - Ladda för Innebandy. Vid statistiska test sattes en signifikansnivå till p<0,05.Resultat I studien deltog 79 elitinnebandyspelare och 101 motionärer. Ingen skillnad kunde noteras mellan grupperna vad gäller kunskap om kostrekommendationer i samband med träning. Båda grupperna uppvisade sämre kunskaper om kostrekommendationerna gällande före träning, jämfört med under och efter träning. De flesta av deltagarna, 96 % (n=76) av innebandyspelarna och 83 % (n=84) av motionärerna, ansåg sig ha kunskap om hur de ska äta för att optimera sin prestationsförmåga, samtidigt som många ville ha mer kunskap inom området.Slutsats Elitinnebandyspelarna ansåg sig i högre grad besitta kunskap om kost vid träning, men gruppen uppvisade i stort sett samma kunskap som motionärsgruppen. Kostrekommendationerna som finns för uppladdning inför träning behöver i större utsträckning förmedlas till svenska elitinnebandyspelare och motionärer, vilka även visar ett intresse för ökad kunskap inom ämnet. / Background It is important to add energy and nutrients before, during and after a workout session to perform on a high level. Several guidelines which describe this nutritional intake exist.Objective To compare the knowledge among Swedish elite floorball players and amateur athletes regarding nutritional guidelines before, during and after training sessions. Also to investigate their knowledge of how to optimize their performance with the correct nutrition, where this knowledge has been found and their interest in learning more about recommended nutrition.Method A quantitative study, based on a questionnaire which examines the parameters suited to the objective. A correction template was formulated for processing the data. The template is based on recommendations from the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada, the Swedish Olympic Committee and Uppladdningen – Ladda för Innebandy. The significance level was chosen to be p<0.05.Results The study involved 79 Swedish elite floorball players and 101 amateur athletes. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of their knowledge of the recommendations regarding nutrition in conjunction with training. Both groups seemed more knowledgeable of the recommendations regarding nutrition during and after workouts compared to their knowledge of how to prepare for a workout. Most participants wanted to learn more about performance optimization with nutrition, at the same time 96 % of the floorball players and 83 % of the amateurs considered their knowledge to be sufficient.Conclusion Generally the elite floorball players estimated their knowledge about nutrition for exercising to be higher, but their exhibited knowledge were similar to the knowledge shown by the amateur athletes. Guidelines regarding nutrition before workouts should be focused on when informing Swedish floorball players and amateur athletes, and the interest to learn more exists.

A study on the influence of nutrition education experiences was conducted in the Child Development Preschool Laboratory at Southern Utah State College in Cedar City, Utah, with thirty-two preschool children. Sixteen of the children were exposed to nutrition experiences through food activities and stories. It was found that the sixteen children who were involved in the fifteen nutrition experiences significantly increased their knowledge of nutrition concepts and further modified their own personal food choices. The control group, which was not exposed to nutrition activities, made no significant change in knowledge of nutrition concepts and no modification of personal food choices. The findings also indicated that there was no significant difference between girls and boys in their ability to learn nutrition concepts. However, there appeared to be some slight sex differences in the modification of personal food choices.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-169). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wyoming, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 8, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-160).

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Very little data exists regarding the nutritional status of adolescent soccer players and there is no national data regarding this population. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary intake and anthropometric profile of N=39 male, high-performance, adolescent soccer players who are of mixed race (14 -18 years of age), during the competitive season. Methods: The study design was a descriptive, observational study with an analytical component. A quantified food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ), which has been validated for athletes, was used to characterise their nutritional intake in terms of energy (kCal), macronutrient as well as micronutrient intake. Interpretation of anthropometric data included plotting and interpreting growth indicators such as height-for-age, body mass index (BMI)-for-age, tricep skinfold-for-age, subscapular skinfold-for-age, sum of skinfolds-for-age, arm muscle area (AMA)–for-age, arm muscle circumference (AMC)-for-age, arm fat area (AFA)-for-age and percentage body fat. Results: The anthropometric data showed that most of the players had an adequate height-for-age (100%, N=39) and BMI-for-age (87.2%, N=34). The mean percentage body fat was 10.9±3.5%. The majority of players’ skinfold thickness measurements were above the 85th percentile for triceps (56.4%, N=22), subscapular (59.0%, N=23) as well as the sum of two skinfolds (triceps and subscapular), (72.0%, N=28), AMA (82.1%, N=32), AMC (56.4%, N=22) and AFA (56.4%, N=22). Daily minimum and maximum mean energy expenditure was between 3146.9±213.4 and 3686.4±250.0 kcal while daily mean energy intake was 4374.0±1462.4 kcal. Protein (156±53 g/day), carbohydrate (CHO) (557±172 g/day), total fat (149±67.8 g/day) and cholesterol (546±230 mg/day) intake were all above levels recommended for athletes. The mean micronutrient intake met the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI) for all nutrients. Players who were more physically active displayed more favourable anthropometric indices which included body weight, BMI, body fat indices as well as muscle mass indices, despite having a greater total energy intake (TEI). This difference did however not reach statistical significance. Supper was the most regularly consumed meal (97.4%, N=38). The majority of players (61.5%, N=24) ate breakfast daily with only 5.1% (N=2) who never ate breakfast. However, 20.5% (N=8) of the players only ate breakfast 3 days a week. Conclusion: Although most of the players had a normal body weight and BMI, they were predominantly categorised as above average according to indices of body fat. Body muscle indices was categorised as above average for most players suggesting a beneficial finding in terms of sporting performance. The mean TEI, CHO, protein intake and fat intake were all above the recommended levels for athletes. The mean intake of all vitamins and minerals met the EAR/AI. Players who were more physically active displayed more favourable anthropometric indices, despite having a higher TEI. Although this study population exhibited no evidence of stunting, indicating that the players were well nourished (in terms of sufficient macronutrients and micronutrients), they are at risk of being over-nourished which may negatively impact sporting performance as well as overall health. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Daar is baie min studies wat die dieetinname van adolosent-sokkerspelers ondersoek het en daar is sover die navorser se kennis strek, geen nasionale data rakende dieetinname in hierdie studie populasie nie. Doel: Die doel van die studie was om die dieetinname en antropometriese profiel van N=39 manlike hoë-prestasie adolosent-sokkerspelers van gemengde ras (14-18 jaar) gedurende die kompeterende seisoen te bepaal. Metodes: ‘n Kwantitatiewe voedselfrekwensie vraelys was gebruik om die totale energie (kcal), makronutriënt- en mikronutrientinname te bepaal. Die antropometriese data was geïnterpreteer met behulp van die volgende groei indikatore; lengte-vir-ouderdom, liggaamsmassa indeks (LMI)-vir-ouderdom, trisep velvou-vir-ouderdom, subskapulêre velvou-vir-ouderdom, som van velvoue-vir-ouderdom, arm spier area (ASA)-vir-ouderdom, arm spier omtrek (ASO)-vir-ouderdom, arm vet area (AVA)-vir-ouderdom en persentasie liggaamsvet. Resultate: Die antropometriese data het getoon dat meeste van die spelers toepaslike lengte-vir ouderdom (100%, N=39) en LMI-vir-ouderdom (87.2%, N=34) het. Die gemiddelde persentasie liggaamsvet was 10.9±3.5%. Die meerderheid van die spelers se velvou metings was bo die 85ste persentiel vir die trisep (56.4%, N=22), subskapulêr (59.0%, N=23) sowel as die som van twee velvoue (trisep en subscapulêr), (72.0%, N=28), ASA (82.1%, N=32), ASO (56.4%, N=22) en AVA (56.4%, N=22). Die daaglikse maksimum en minimum gemiddelde energie verbruik was 3146.9±213.4 tot 3686.4±250.0 kcal en daaglikse energie inname was 4757.9±2121.2 kcal. Proteïen (155.6±53.3 g/day), koolhidraat (556.8±172.1 g/day), totale vet (148.8±67.8 g/day) en cholesterol (545.5±230.1 mg/day) inname was bo die aanbevelings. Die gemiddelde mikronutriënt inname was binne die geskatte gemiddelde aanbeveling of toereikende inname vir al die mikronutriënte. Die gemiddelde vloeistof inname gedurende ‘n sokker wedstryd en ‘n twee uur oefen sessie was 479.1±163 ml en 597.7±281 ml, onderskeidelik. Die meer aktief spelers het ‘n meer geskikte antropometriese profiel, soos laer gewig, LMI en liggaamsvet waardes en hoër spiermassa waardes beskik, ten spite van ‘n hoër energie inname. Die maal wat die mees gereeld geëet was is aandeete (97.4%, N=38). Meeste (61.5%, N=24) van die spelers het ontbyt daagliks geëet met net 5.1% (N=2) wat nooit ontbyt geëet. Alhoevel daar nogsteeds 20.5% (N=8) van spelers was wat net ontbyt 3 keer per week geëet het. Die maaltyd wat die minste ingeneem was, was ontbyt, met net 20.5% (N=8) wat onybyt 3 dae per week eet. Slot: Alhoewel meeste van die spelers ‘n normale gewig en LMI getoon het, is die meeste spelers gekatogoriseerd as bo gemiddeld in terme van liggaamlike vet waarde. Die meeste van die spelers kan ook gekatogoriseer word as bo gemiddeld in term van spiermassa, wat voordelig is vir sport prestasie. Die gemiddlede energie, koolhidraat, proteïen, en vet innames was bo die aanbevole reikwydtes. Die gemiddelde mikronutriënt inname was binne die geskatte gemiddelde aanbeveling of toereikende inname vir al die mikronutriënte. Meer aktief spelers het ‘n meer geskikte antropometriese profiel getoon, ten spite van ‘n hoër energie inname. Alhoewel hierdie populasie wel gevoed is, in terme van makronutriënt en micronutrient, draar hulle ‘n risiko om oor gevoed to wees. Dit mag hulle sport prestasie en algehele gesondheid negatief beïnvloed.

The purpose of this study was to determine if a short-term nutrition education program could significantly improve the nutrition knowledge (as assessed by the .Nutrition Achievement Test (NAT)) and body composition (as measured by the weight-for-length index (WLI) and body mass index (BMI)) of female cheerleaders aged 7 to 13. Nutrition lessons were presented to the experimental group during a two month treatment period. Using a pre-test, post-test, control group design, and performing two-sample t tests on mean differences (post-test minus pre-test) in BMI, WLI and mean percent correct on the Nutrition Achievement Test (NAT), it was discovered that the experimental group (teams A,C; N=34) did not differ significantly from the control group (teams B,D; N=31) with respect to mean differences (post-test minus pre-test) in WLI (p=0.10), and BMI (p=0.49). However, the experimental and control groups differed significantly with respect to mean difference percent correct NAT scores (p=0.042), with the experimental group improving more than the control. Closer examination revealed the older experimental team (C) improved significantly (p=0.0017), while the younger experimental team (A), did not (p=0.64). Neither of the control groups improved significantly. ANCOVA was performed on the post-test percent correct on the NAT, using the pretest as a covariate, for the 15 experimental and 14 control subjects taking NAT Test 4. ANCOVA revealed that the experimental group’s adjusted post-test mean score was higher than the control's (p<.01). These results suggest that nutrition education may result in significant improvements in the nutrition knowledge of adolescent females enrolled in an extra-curricular cheerleading league and/or program.

The proximate composition of juvenile spotted grunter, Pomadasys commersonnii and their major prey items were analyzed to test the hypothesis that the dietary protein requirements would approximate the composition of the natural diet. The amino acid profile of juvenile P. commersonnii was analyzed to establish the pattern of limiting amino acids for this species. Juvenile P. commersonnii feed primarily on the mysid, Mesopodopsis slabberi, which has a protein content of 58.27±0.04% and a calorific value of 19.2kJ/g. The first-limiting essential amino acid for this fish was found to be lysine and it was predicted that the optimal dietary protein requirement would be between 50 and 60%. The optimal dietary protein inclusion level was investigated by feeding semi-purified diets containing graded levels of protein, ranging from 37-62%. Maximum growth was found to occur at dietary protein levels ranging from 40-51%. The best food conversion ratio was achieved at 56% dietary protein and the best protein efficiency ratio was obtained at a dietary protein inclusion level of 37-40%. The protein to energy ratio was defined by feeding 3 different protein levels at 3 different P:E levels. These semi-purified diets contained 35, 45 or 55% protein and 6, 8 or 12% dietary lipid, resulting in protein to energy ratios ranging from 21.1 to 42.3mg/kJ. The optimal P:E ratio for this species was found to be 26.7mg/kJ. This diet effected a low food conversion ratio (1.72±0.19), a low hepatosomatic index (4.01±0.23) and a high specific growth rate (5.96±0.36). The essential amino acid requirements of juvenile P. commersonnii were investigated. Semi-purified diets were formulated to contain graded levels of crystalline lysine based on the amino acid profile of the whole body and fed to the fish for a period of 60 days. Fish fed the "ideal protein" diet had significantly higher (p<0.05) specific growth rates (2.95±0.18), protein efficiency ratios (0.41±0.05) and significantly lower (p<0.05) food conversion ratios (3.02±0.29). Lysine levels in the whole body increased with increasing levels of supplemented lysine. The dietary requirement of lysine was found to be 4.30% of dietary protein. The crude protein digestibility of six protein sources was investigated. Diets were prepared with 1% chromic oxide as an internal marker. The tested protein sources included low temperature Danish fishmeal, steam dried Chilean fishmeal, blood meal, carcass meal, defatted soyabean meal and Spirulina meal. These potential fishmeal substitutes were selected due to their favourable amino acid profiles, and in particular their high levels of lysine, and their high protein content. Both the animal and the plant protein sources were highly digestible. Digestibility co-efficients ranged from 66.09% for Spirulina meal to 73.38% for low temperature Danish fishmeal. The results have shown that juvenile spotted grunter require a minimum of 40% crude protein in their diet, a P:E ratio of 26.7mg/kJ and a lysine concentration of 4.30% of the dietary protein. Long term growth trials are needed to confirm these results. The hypothesis that the proximate composition of the natural diet, and the proximate composition of the animal under investigation, provides a reliable indication of the animals' nutritional requirements was shown to be valid. Differences between the predicted, and the empirically determined optimal protein and protein:energy ratios were slight.

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