Sleep disruption has been implicated in morbidity after major surgery since 1974. Sleep-related upper airway obstruction has been associated with death after upper airway surgery and profound episodic hypoxaemia in the early postoperative period. There is also evidence for a rebound in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep that might be contributing to an increase in episodic sleep-related hypoxaemic events later in the first postoperative week. Speculation regarding the role of REM sleep rebound in the generation of late postoperative morbidity and mortality has evolved into dogma without any direct evidence to support it. The research presented in this thesis involved two main areas: a search for evidence of a clinically important contribution of REM sleep rebound to postoperative morbidity, and a re-examination of the role of sleep in the causation of postoperative episodic hypoxaemic events. To assess the latter, a relationship between airway obstruction under anaesthesia and the severity of sleep-disordered breathing was sought. In 148 consecutive sleep clinic patients, 49% of those with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) had a number of events in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) that was greater than or equal to that in REM and 51% had saturation nadirs in NREM that were equal to or worse than their nadirs in REM. This suggests SDB is not a REM-predominant phenomenon for most patients. Of 1338 postoperative deaths occurring over 6.5 years in one hospital only 37 were unexpected, most of which were one or two days after surgery with no circadian variation in the time of death, casting further doubt on the potential role of REM rebound. Five of nine subjects studied preoperatively had moderately severe SDB. Unrecognised and significant SDB is common in middle-aged and elderly patients presenting for surgery suggesting overall perioperative risk of important adverse events from SDB is probably small. In 17 postoperative patients, sleep macro-architecture was variably altered with decreases in REM and slow wave sleep while stage 1 sleep and a state of pre-sleep onset drowsiness, both associated with marked ventilatory instability, were increased. Sleep micro-architecture was also changed with an increase in power in the alpha-beta electroencephalogram range. These micro-architectural changes result in ambiguity in the staging of postoperative sleep that may have affected the findings of this and other studies. Twenty-four subjects with airway management difficulty under anaesthesia were all found to have some degree of SDB. Those with the most obstruction-prone airways while anaesthetised had a very high incidence of severe SDB. Such patients warrant referral to a sleep clinic.

Abstract Syftet med denna studie var att påvisa effekter av ofrivillig hypotermi samt beskriva anestesisjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder för att belysa vilka förebyggande faktorer som bibehåller normotermi i den perioperativa vården. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt. Artiklarna har sökts via Cinahl och Medline. Studiens resultat baserades på sjutton vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ ansats, dessa grupperades under olika teman. Resultatet redovisas i följande huvudteman fysiologiska effekter, komplikationer, perioperativa teamet, aktiv uppvärmning, administrering av intravenösa vätskor, miljön i operationssalen samt riktlinjer för bibehållande av normotermi. Ofrivillig hypotermi i samband med ett kirurgiskt ingrepp ökade risken för komplikationer i form av ökad infektionsbenägenhet, påverkan på koagulationen med ökad blödningsrisk och hjärtpåverkan med risk för myocardischemi. Hypotermi påverkade också läkemedelsmetabolismen. Dessa effekter av ofrivillig hypotermi under den perioperativa vården orsakade patienten onödigt lidande, förlängd sjukhus vistelse och ökade kostnader för samhället.Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskans mest framgångsrika omvårdnadsåtgärder i den perioperativa fasen för att bibehålla normotermi var att använda aktiv uppvärmning, (värmetäcke) vätskevärmare och förhöjd rumstemperatur i operationssalen. Därigenom minskade värmeförlusten via strålning från patientens hud till omgivande miljö. Dessa omvårdnadsåtgärder förutsätter gott samarbete och ska vara självklara i det perioperativa teamet.

Sleep disruption has been implicated in morbidity after major surgery since 1974. Sleep-related upper airway obstruction has been associated with death after upper airway surgery and profound episodic hypoxaemia in the early postoperative period. There is also evidence for a rebound in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep that might be contributing to an increase in episodic sleep-related hypoxaemic events later in the first postoperative week. Speculation regarding the role of REM sleep rebound in the generation of late postoperative morbidity and mortality has evolved into dogma without any direct evidence to support it. The research presented in this thesis involved two main areas: a search for evidence of a clinically important contribution of REM sleep rebound to postoperative morbidity, and a re-examination of the role of sleep in the causation of postoperative episodic hypoxaemic events. To assess the latter, a relationship between airway obstruction under anaesthesia and the severity of sleep-disordered breathing was sought. In 148 consecutive sleep clinic patients, 49% of those with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) had a number of events in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) that was greater than or equal to that in REM and 51% had saturation nadirs in NREM that were equal to or worse than their nadirs in REM. This suggests SDB is not a REM-predominant phenomenon for most patients. Of 1338 postoperative deaths occurring over 6.5 years in one hospital only 37 were unexpected, most of which were one or two days after surgery with no circadian variation in the time of death, casting further doubt on the potential role of REM rebound. Five of nine subjects studied preoperatively had moderately severe SDB. Unrecognised and significant SDB is common in middle-aged and elderly patients presenting for surgery suggesting overall perioperative risk of important adverse events from SDB is probably small. In 17 postoperative patients, sleep macro-architecture was variably altered with decreases in REM and slow wave sleep while stage 1 sleep and a state of pre-sleep onset drowsiness, both associated with marked ventilatory instability, were increased. Sleep micro-architecture was also changed with an increase in power in the alpha-beta electroencephalogram range. These micro-architectural changes result in ambiguity in the staging of postoperative sleep that may have affected the findings of this and other studies. Twenty-four subjects with airway management difficulty under anaesthesia were all found to have some degree of SDB. Those with the most obstruction-prone airways while anaesthetised had a very high incidence of severe SDB. Such patients warrant referral to a sleep clinic.

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No description available.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common breathing disorder with numerous health consequences, including greater risk of complications perioperatively. Undiagnosed OSA is known to place surgical patients at a higher risk of serious adverse events, including stroke and death. Polysomnography (PSG) assessment is the current gold standard test for diagnosing OSA. However, due to the significant time commitment and cost associated with PSG, a substantial number of OSA patients go undiagnosed before the perioperative period. Although the STOP-Bang questionnaire screening tool is currently used to help detect OSA patients, the low specificity to screen people without the disease is considered a major limitation. There is a clear need to develop a quick and effective prediction rule with higher overall accuracy to help streamline OSA diagnosis. Tracheal breathing sound analysis in awake patients at the bedside has shown potential to screen OSA patients with higher specificity compared to the STOP-Bang questionnaire. To date, no screening tools exist to detect OSA patients that combine the results of breathing sound analysis and STOP-Bang. Objectives: The present study aimed to develop a prediction rule, using both breathing sound analysis and variables in the STOP-Bang questionnaire, to better streamline the diagnosis of OSA. Methods: This prospective cohort study recruited patients referred for PSG at the Ottawa Hospital Sleep Centre from November 2016 to May 2017. The study conduct was approved by the Ottawa Health Science Network Research Ethics Board (#20160494-01H). After obtaining informed consent, anthropomorphic, breathing sound recordings, and STOP-Bang questionnaire data was collected from over 400 consenting patients. All patients that met the eligibility criteria were included. The breathing sound analysis and STOP-Bang results were utilized to design a prediction rule using logistic regression. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio were used to compare the diagnostic performance of the final model. Results: Of the 439 consenting study participants, 280 study participants data were eligible for inclusion in the logistic regression analysis. Physician sleep specialists diagnosed 114 participants (41%) with moderate-to-severe OSA and 166 participants (59%) with normal-to-mild OSA. At a predicted probability of moderate-to-severe OSA greater than or equal to 0.5, breathing sound analysis had a similar sensitivity of 75.9 (95%CI; 65.4, 82.0) and higher specificity of 74.5% (95%CI; 68.5, 82.0) when compared to STOP-Bang with a sensitivity and specificity of 68.4% (95%CI; 58.9, 76.6) and 63.2% (95%CI: 55.0, 70.1), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the Safe-OSA rule, obtained by combining breathing sound analysis and STOP-Bang variables, were determined to be 75.4% (95%CI; 65.4, 82.0) and 74.5% (95%CI; 68.5, 82.0), respectively. A sensitivity analysis using a likelihood ratio test showed that breathing sound analysis contributed significantly to the performance of the Safe-OSA rule. The Safe-OSA rule was determined to be reasonably discriminative and well calibrated. The five-fold cross-validation showed similar results for the final model in the derivation and testing subsamples, which provides support for the internal validity of the Safe-OSA rule in our study population. Conclusion: The present study lends further support for the future testing of tracheal breathing sound analysis as a potential method to screen for moderate-to-severe OSA to help streamline patient care in the perioperative setting. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02987283.

Forty to sixty percent of all children having surgery experience preoperative anxiety. Preoperative anxiety is a risk factor for negative behavioural changes postoperative. It is of importance to find strategies in the interaction with the child to reduce anxiety. The overall aim was to describe CRNA's interaction with the child in relation to anxiety during anaesthesia induction and to describe the translation process of m-YPAS into Swedish and the testing of the psychometric properties in a Swedish context. In paper I an explorative qualitative approach with CIT was used and 32 CRNAs were interviewed. Experiences described were about the organisation which included effect of information, teamwork and time. Other experiences were grouped around interrelations such as, communication, meeting both anxious and calm children and experiences of use of physical restraint. Actions taken to reduce anxiety were optimizing the situation, as acting according to the situation, it could mean altering routines, though always without jeopardizing the safety of the child, preparing ahead and using distraction. Creating interpersonal interaction such as, creating contact, participation and using collaboration with the child, parents and colleagues. In paper II m-YPAS was translated into Swedish using cross cultural back translation. The psychometric properties of m-YPAS were tested in two phases. In phase I 52 children were assessed in real time by two SRNAs and one CRNA using m-YPAS and NAS. In phase II 98 video films of children were assessed by experienced CRNAs in the same way as in phase I. The psychometric properties of m-YPAS were good. Conclusion: In the interaction between CRNAs and the child, being flexible and sensitive to the child, taking the role of the child, and acting according to the need of the child were cornerstones in reducing preoperative anxiety and avoiding use of physical restraint. The m-YPAS can be used as an educational tool to enhance the anaesthetist's ability to interpret the child's anxiety. The m-YPAS is a valid and reliable assessment instrument to examine the efficiency of interventions and compare the result of research between cultures.

Submitted by ROZANA WENDLER DA ROCHA null (rozana_wendler@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-04T14:38:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Rozana_Wendler_da_Rocha.pdf: 1573323 bytes, checksum: 6a37403f1c98b1ddce3c6930587f5742 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-05T19:46:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_rw_me_jabo.pdf: 1573323 bytes, checksum: 6a37403f1c98b1ddce3c6930587f5742 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-05T19:46:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_rw_me_jabo.pdf: 1573323 bytes, checksum: 6a37403f1c98b1ddce3c6930587f5742 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Objetivou-se determinar o efeito do fentanil sobre a concentração anestésica mínima (CAM) do isofluorano em função do tempo em galinhas e avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios causados por essa associação. A CAM individual de dezessete galinhas foi previamente determinada pelo método bracketing. Os animais foram anestesiados com isofluorano e mantidos sob ventilação controlada para a avaliação do efeito da administração intravenosa única de 10 ou 30 μg/kg de fentanil sobre a CAM do isofluorano. Na etapa seguinte, foram avaliados os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios decorrentes da associação de 30 μg/kg de fentanil em sete galinhas anestesiadas com isofluorano sob ventilação espontânea, por meio do método up-and-down. A redução da CAM do isofluorano em cada intervalo de tempo foi estimada por meio de regressão logística e o intervalo de confiança de Wald de 95 % foi calculado. Os dados das variáveis fisiológicas foram analisados pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk e ANOVA de uma única via com repetições múltiplas, seguido pelo teste de Tukey. Os resultados foram considerados significativos quando p < 0,05. Aos cinco e 15 minutos após a administração de 10 μg/kg de fentanil a redução da CAM foi de 18 % (6,1 a 29,1) e 6 % (-0,6 a 12,9), respectivamente. A aplicação de 30 μg/kg de fentanil reduziu a CAM em 43 % (13,3 a 71,9) e 13 % (-0,9 a 27,3) aos cinco e 15 minutos, respectivamente. As variáveis cardiorrespiratórias das aves anestesiadas com isofluorano isoladamente ou associado à administração de 30 μg/kg de fentanil não diferiram significativamente. O fentanil reduziu de forma dose-dependente a CAM do isofluorano após 5 minutos da administração e não promoveu depressão cardiorrespiratória significativa em galinhas anestesiadas sob ventilação espontânea. Sua aplicabilidade na rotina clínica torna-se limitada, já que a duração do efeito foi curta. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fentanyl on the isoflurane MAC over time and to evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects caused by this association in chickens. The individual isoflurane MAC of seventeen chickens was previously determined using the bracketing method. Hens were anesthetized with isoflurane under controlled ventilation to evaluate the effects of intravenous administration of 10 or 30 μg kg-1 of fentanyl over isoflurane MAC. In the next stage, cardiorespiratory effects of intravenous administration of 30 μg kg-1 of fentanyl were evaluated in seven chickens anesthetized with isoflurane under spontaneous ventilation through up-and-down method. Reduction of MAC was determined using logistic regression in each time interval and the 95 % Wald confidence interval was calculated. Data from physiological variables was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and RM one way ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s test. Results were considered significant when p < 0.05. At five and 15 minutes after administration of 10 μg kg-1 IV of fentanyl, isoflurane MAC was reduced by 18 % (6.1 to 29.1) e 6 % (-0.6 to 12.9), respectively. Administration of 30 μg kg-1 IV of fentanyl reduced isoflurane MAC by 43 % (13.3 to 71.9) e 13 % (-0.9 to 27.3) at five and 15 minutes, respectively. Cardiorespiratory data of birds anesthetized with isoflurane alone or associated with fentanyl did not differ. Fentanyl reduced dose-dependent the isoflurane MAC after 5 minutes of administration and did not cause significant cardiorespiratory depression in chickens anesthetized under spontaneous ventilation. Its applicability in clinical practice becomes limited since the duration of effect was short. / CNPq: 475127/2012-9