Os estudos que envolvem o sistema nervoso central (SNC) têm como premissa a necessidade do conhecimento das estruturas que o compõem e da maneira como elas estão organizadas. \"Um diagnóstico inteligente de uma doença do sistema nervoso é inteiramente dependente de um conhecimento sólido sobre anatomia, fisiologia e patologia desse sistema\" (DE LAHUNTA, 1983), e entre os métodos de auxílio na avaliação de problemas neurológicos, um dos mais utilizados é o de técnicas de imagem, entre eles a tomografia computadorizada que também faz parte de nosso estudo. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram verificar se há diferença na sintopia e topografia do encéfalo nos três tipos de cabeça (dolicocefáicos, braquicefálicos e mesaticefálicos) de cães por meio de cortes transversais e sagitais e a realização também de secções transversais na tomografia para correlacionar a imagem tomográfica com a da peça anatômica com o intuito de se identificar as estruturas com maior precisão. Para este estudo utilizamos vinte e sete cães, sendo 7 dolicocefálicos (25,9%), 14 mesaticefálicos (51,9%) e 6 braquicefálicos (22,2%), destes 16 eram machos (59,2%) e 11 eram fêmeas (40,8%). As secções transversais nas peças e nas tomografias foram feitas com intervalos de aproximadamente 1 centímetro e foram fotografadas para identificação e análise. Os cortes sagitais foram únicos, no plano mediano, em sentido rostro caudal, e uma linha vermelha em direção vertical fora traçada no limite caudal do palato duro para registrarmos sobre qual estrutura encefálica ela passaria para assim verificarmos possíveis alterações na posição do encéfalo. Conclusão: Há diferenças na sintopia e topografia do encéfalo quando se compara a posição dele nos três tipos de cabeça existentes (dolicocefálicos, mesaticefálicos e braquicefálicos). A diferença encontrase mais exatamente na relação entre a posição do lobo frontal e sua proximidade com o bulbo do olho. / The studies that are related to the central nervous system (CNS) have premise, the knowledge of the structures that make part of it and the way that they are organized. \"A smart diagnoses of a nervous system disease is whole dependent of a solid knowledge about anatomy, physiology and pathology of this system\" (DE LAHUNTA, 1983), and between the auxiliary methods in the valuation of neurologic problems one of the most used is the image techniques, between them, the computed tomography, that is part of our study. The aims of this research were verify if there is or not difference in the sintopia and topography of the encephalon in the types of dog\'s heads (dolicocephalics, mesaticephalics and brachcephalics), using transversal and sagital sections and make too tomographic transversal sections to correlate the tomographic image with the anatomy with the objective in the identify the structures with more precision. To this study we used twenty seven dogs, 7 were dolicocefálicos (25,9%), 14 (51,9%) were mesaticephalics and 6 were brachcephalics (22,2%), of them, 16 were males (59,2%) and 11 were females (40,8%). The crosssections and the tomograms was make with about 1 centimeter and was photographic to label and analysis. We made only one sagital section in the median plane, in rostral - caudal course and a vertical red line was traced on the caudal margus of horizontal plate of the hard palate to record on what encephalic structure it will pass, to verify possible alterations on the encephalon position. Conclusion: there is difference in the sintopia and topography of the encephalon when his position is compared in the three types of heads (dolicocephalics, mesaticephalics and brachcephalics dogs). The difference is present more exactly in the relation between the position of the frontal lobe and his proximity with the eye bulb.

Les buts de cette thèse sont les suivants :préciser les critères de datation d’une lésion ligamentaire scapho-lunaire instable ;analyser l’apport de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) dans le diagnostic lésionnel des ligaments extrinsèques du carpe ;étudier l’apport de l’arthroscopie en particulier dans la classification de l’instabilité prédynamique scapho-lunaire et dans le testing des ligaments extrinsèques ;isoler une éventuelle nouvelle structure anatomique stabilisatrice du carpe ;et enfin évaluer à court terme les résultats de la capsulodèse à l’intercarpien dorsal selon Viegas. Trois critères arthroscopiques sont décrits et analysés statistiquement sur 100 arthroscopies, pour dater le traumatisme responsable d’une lésion ligamentaire instable du carpe. La turbidité du liquide synovial (T0 à T4), l’infiltration synoviale hémorragique (S0 à S2) et l’état du cartilage (C0 à C4) sont corrélés au délai post-traumatique. La turbidité et l’infiltration synoviale hémorragique sont les plus significatives (p < 0.001). La corrélation entre le grade de chondropathie et le délai post-traumatique est également significative (p < 0.01). L’infiltration synoviale est le caractère prédictif le plus puissant. La combinaison des trois critères renforce la prédictibilité. Il est dès lors possible de confirmer l’anamnèse, de préciser s’il s’agit d’une lésion instable aiguë ou subaiguë (moins de six semaines), ou chronique récente (six semaines à trois mois) ou chronique ancienne (plus de trois mois), ou encore de documenter un état antérieur inconnu du patient. Les ligaments extrinsèques du poignet peuvent être examinés de façon précise par IRM. Deux études, l’une sur poignets indemnes, l’autre rétrospective sur poignets pathologiques, ont permis de préciser le système d’imagerie et le mode d’utilisation les plus efficaces dans l’examen de ces ligaments. L’analyse de ces structures anatomiques fines aux directions obliques et courbes est optimalisée par l’utilisation d’un appareil de résonance magnétique à haute résolution, et par des séquences spécifiques permettant l’obtention de coupes infra-millimétriques. La reconnaissance des ligaments extrinsèques est améliorée par l’injection intra-articulaire ou intraveineuse de produit de contraste. Les découvertes de l’IRM sont corrélées aux informations cliniques et à l’arthroscopie. Les deux études montrent l’intérêt de l’IRM à haute résolution pour déterminer précisément la localisation, la dimension et l’étendue des lésions des ligaments extrinsèques dorsaux et palmaires radio-carpiens et ulno-carpiens impliqués dans le carpe. L’expérience future et des corrélations IRM/arthroscopie sont nécessaires pour définir la place de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique dans la mise au point des patients présentant des lésions traumatiques du poignet. La classification de l’European Wrist Arthrosocpy Society (EWAS) ordonne l’instabilité arthroscopique scapho-lunaire en quatre stades selon l’importance de l’ouverture de l’interligne scapho-lunaire. Elle précise le stade III de la classification de Geissler en distinguant l’élargissement du côté palmaire (IIIa), celui du côté dorsal (IIIb) ou l’élargissement complet (IIIc). Une étude arthroscopique cadavérique a précisé l’implication lésionnelle des ligaments extrinsèques sur le type d’instabilité scapho-lunaire. Quatre séries de coupes séquentielles ont été réalisées, distinguant deux groupes (selon des sections de ligaments palmaires ou dorsaux). La série est courte et l’analyse statistique n’est pas significative, mais il existe des tendances :la section des parties palmaire et intermédiaire du ligament interosseux scapho-lunaire (SLIOL) et des ligaments extrinsèques palmaires (radio-scapho-capitatum RSC) et radio-lunaire long (LRL)) cause un élargissement arthroscopique palmaire ( stade IIIa) ;la section supplémentaire de la partie dorsale du SLIOL aggrave l’instabilité arthroscopique (stade IIIc) sans aucune modification radiologique. La section combinée de la partie dorsale du SLIOL et du ligament intercarpien dorsal (DIC) produit un élargissement arthroscopique dorsal (stade IIIb) ;la section supplémentaire de la partie palmaire du SLIOL aggrave l’instabilité arthroscopique ( stade IIIc ) sans modification radiologique. La section combinée de tout le SLIOL, des extrinsèques palmaires et du DIC induit une instabilité arthroscopique (stade IV) et des modifi cations radiologiques. Lorsque tout le SLIOL est sectionné, il est nécessaire de sectionner au moins un ligament palmaire et un ligament dorsal extrinsèque pour obtenir un stade IV. Une méthode systématique de testing arthroscopique des ligaments extrinsèques du carpe est décrite. La plupart des ligaments extrinsèques du carpe sont accessibles à la palpation de leur portion endoarticulaire (RSC, LRL, radio-lunaire court (SRL), ulno-lunaire (UL), ulno-triquetral (UL), radiocarpien dorsal (RCD), triquétro-capitatum (TC), scapho-trapézien (ST), DIC). Une majorité d’entre eux peut être examinée en vision directe par portes arthroscopiques dorsales ou ulnaire. Une gradation lésionnelle de ces ligaments extrinsèques est décrite en fonction de la tension et de la continuité de leurs fibres. Le septum capsulo-scapho-lunaire dorsal (DCSS) est un épaississement capsulaire dorsal qui relie le rebord dorsal de la crête articulaire carpienne du radius, se dirige distalement et s’insère sur la partie dorsale du ligament interosseux scapho-lunaire, sur le scaphoïde et sur le lunatum. Une étude athroscopique cadavérique a montré que la section sélective du DCSS produisait une dissociation arthroscopique scapho-lunaire constante mais aucune modification radiologique du carpe. Elle a permis de conclure que le DCSS joue un rôle de stabilisateur scapho-lunaire dont la lésion entraîne une instabilité prédynamique. L’étude clinique présentée compare les données préopératoires et postopératoires de vingt-cinq poignets opérés de capsulodèse à l’intercarpien dorsal selon Viegas entre 2006 et 2010. Il s’agit d’une capsulodèse réalisée à ciel ouvert qui semble respecter l’isométrie ligamentaire du poignet. Tous les patients ont été évalués arthroscopiquement avant de bénéficier du geste. La laxité scapho-lunaire correspondait dans trois cas à une laxité grade 2 de Geissler, dans seize cas à une laxité grade 3 et dans six cas à une laxité grade 4. Le recul moyen était de 20 mois (13 – 45 mois). L’évaluation clinique au dernier recul a noté une mobilité en arc de flexion extension de 109° et en inclinaison radio-ulnaire de 66°. La force de poigne était de 27,9 kgf. La douleur à l’EVA était à 2,7 et le score PRWE de 43,8. Radiographiquement, le diastasis scapho-lunaire de face a été mesuré à 1,88mm, l’angle scapho-lunaire à 54°. Le recul est évidemment trop court pour estimer la pérennité de l’efficacité de cette capsulodèse. A la revue, le patient avait repris toutes ses activités sans symptomatologie dans onze cas, avec inconfort dans neuf ou présentait une certaine incapacité dans trois cas. Sur ces trois mauvais résultats, deux ont évolué vers l’arthrose et ont été repris. L’instabilité scapho-lunaire, qu’elle soit aiguë ou chronique, reste une problématique difficile. Il faut informer les soignants de première ligne mais aussi la population sur l’évolution sournoise de certaines entorses :retour à l’indolence en quelques mois mais décompensation silencieuse et arthrose invalidante et handicapante après quelques années ou décennies. Le patient victime d’une entorse du poignet est en droit d’obtenir en urgence un traitement adapté qui peut éviter plus tard une catastrophe professionnelle et/ou sociale. Des critères diagnostiques sont désormais disponibles pour dater le traumatisme responsable de l’entorse et donner l’âge de l’instabilité. L’embrochage articulaire en période traumatique aiguë (ou subaiguë) permet d’obtenir une cicatrisation anatomique et stable des lésions ligamentaires. La stabilité scapho-lunaire paraît donc dépendre de l’intégrité non seulement du ligament interosseux (SLIOL) mais également des ligaments extrinsèques palmaires et dorsaux et des attaches capsulaires dont certaines comme le DCSS peuvent être différenciées en véritables structures anatomiques. Il s’agit là d’un véritable complexe scapho-lunaire (CSL) dont l’atteinte des composants peut être documentée par l’imagerie et le caractère instable précisé par l’arthroscopie. L’imagerie progresse. L’arthroscanner reste le golden standard de l’évaluation radiologique des ligaments interosseux. L’arthro IRM permet d’investiguer les ligaments extrinsèques du carpe et de documenter leurs lésions. L’arthroscopie donne une approche différente des structures stabilisatrices du carpe et en particulier des composantes du CSL par rapport aux méthodes diagnostiques conventionnelles d’imagerie. L’étude morphologique des ligaments interosseux et extrinsèques reste limitée à la surface des portions strictement intra-articulaires, mais l’analyse peut se compléter par un testing précis et spécifique de chaque ligament. Une nouvelle classification de l’instabilité scapho-lunaire prédynamique permet d’orienter le diagnostic des lésions ligamentaires extrinsèques associées. Des études de corrélations clinico-radio-arthroscopiques pourraient participer à l’évaluation de tests cliniques spécifi ques des éléments constitutifs du complexe scapho-lunaire. La capsulodèse dorsale selon Viegas qui renforce la partie dorsale du ligament interosseux scapho-lunaire reconstruit également le septum capsuloligamentaire dorsal. Elle améliore à court terme l’instabilité scapho-lunaire. <p><p><p>The goals of this thesis are to determine the criteria for dating an unstable scapholunate ligament tear; to assess the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of lesions of the extrinsic ligaments; to study the use of arthroscopy particularly for predynamic scapholunate instability and the testing of extrinsic ligaments; to possibly describe a new anatomical structure of carpal stabilisation; and finally, to evaluate with short follow-up the results of Viegas’s capsulodesis. Three arthroscopic criteria for dating wrist trauma causing unstable carpal ligament lesion are described and recorded in 100 arthroscopies, then subjected to statistical analysis. The turbidity of synovial fluid (T0 to T4), the hemorrhagic synovial infiltration (S0 to S2) and the state of the cartilage (C0 to C4) are correlated to the duration post trauma. The turbidity and the haemorrhagic synovial infi ltration are the most significant predictive criteria (p < 0.001). The correlation between the degree of chondropathy and posttraumatic delay is also significant (p < 0.01). The synovial infiltration has the most predictive value. The combination of three criteria increases predictivity. It is then possible to confirm the history, to determine whether it is an acute or subacute (less than 6 weeks) unstable lesion, recent chronic (6 weeks to 3 months) or old chronic (more than 3 months), or to record a pre-existing lesion. The extrinsic ligaments of the wrist can be accurately assessed by MRI scan. Two retrospective studies specified the image system and the most efficient procedure to investigate these ligaments. Imaging of these thin structures with an oblique and curved course is better performed using a three-dimensional MRI with high resolution and specific sequences with infra-millimetric cuts. The visualisation of pathologic extrinsic ligaments is improved with MRI arthrography or use of contrast. The MRI findings are correlated to clinical and arthroscopic findings. Both studies showed the benefit of high-resolution MRI to determine the site, dimensions and extent of the extrinsic ligamentous lesions of the carpus. Further study and correlations of MRI with arthroscopy are necessary to determine the exact place of MRI in the management of wrist sprains. The European Wrist Arthroscopy Society (EWAS) sequence classifies the arthroscopic scapholunate instability in four stages according to the scapholunate gap.It divides the stage III of Geissler’s classification into volar widening (IIIa), dorsal widening (IIIb) and complete widening (IIIc). An arthroscopic cadaveric study was done to describe the impact of extrinsic ligament lesions on the type of scapholunate instability. Four sequential series of cuts were performed, distinguishing two different groups: volar ligament cuts and dorsal cuts. The series is small and the statistical analysis is not significant, however, a pattern emerged: cutting the volar and proximal scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIOL) with the radioscapholunate ligament (RSL) and long radiolunate ligament (LRL) provoked a stage IIIA instability. The additional sectioning of the dorsal SLIOL increased the arthroscopic instability (stage IIIC) with no radiological change. Cutting the dorsal SLIOL with dorsal intercarpal ligament (DIC) provoked a dorsal arthroscopic scapholunate gap (stage IIIb); the additional sectioning of all SLIOL, volar extrinsic ligament and DIC caused an arthroscopic instability (stage IV) as well as radiologic changes. In addition to complete SLIOL sectioning, the section of at least one volar ligament and one dorsal ligament was required to cause a stage IV. A systematic method of arthroscopic testing of extrinsic carpal ligaments is described. Most extrinsic ligaments are accessible to the palpation of their intraarticular part (RSC, LRL, short radiolunate (SRL), ulnolunate (UL), ulnotriquetral (UL), dorsal radiocarpal (RCD), triquetrocapitate (TC), scaphotrapezial (ST), and DIC)). They can be almost all be directly viewed through dorsal or ulnar portals. A classification of extrinsic ligament lesions is described according to the tension and the continuity of the fibres. The dorsal capsuloligamentous scapholunate septum (DCSS) is a thickening of the dorsal capsule, the dorsal intercarpal ligament (DIC), and the scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIOL) with attachments to scaphoid and lunate. An arthroscopic and fluoroscopic study has shown that the selective cutting of DCSS provoked a constant arthroscopic scapholunate change but no radiologic change. This structure appears to play a role in the stability of the scapholunate joint. The preoperative and postoperative findings of 25 patients operated using the open Viegas’ capsulodesis between 2006 and 2010 were compared. Before the procedure, the Geissler’s laxity grade was determined using arthroscopy for all patients: three cases had a grade 2, 16 cases with a grade 3 and six cases a grade 4. The mean follow-up was 20 months (13 to 45). The last clinical evaluation showed a flexion-extension range of 109° and a range of inclination of 66°. The grip strength was 27.9kgf on average; the EVA 2.7 and the PRWE score 43.8. On X-ray, the scapholunate gap was 1.88 mm on average and the scapho-lunate angle, 54°. The follow up is obviously too short to appreciate the radiological improvement following this capsulodesis. At final review, the patients returned to all activities without symptom in 11 cases, with disconfort in nine cases, difficulties in two cases and with disability in three cases. Among these three bad results, two were re-operated fore degenerative arthritis. Scapholunate instability whether acute or chronic remains a difficult problem. Firstline carers and the general population should be informed about the progressive deterioration of some tears: return to a pain free status after a few months but silent collapse and disabling osteoarthritis after a few decades. The patient suffering from a wrist sprain is entitled to appropriate emergency treatment, which can avoid later professional and/or social disability. Diagnostic criteria are now available to date the causative trauma and to determine the age of the instable lesion. K-wire fixation in the acute or subacute phase can achieve anatomic and stable scarring of a ligament injury. Scapholunate stability depends not only on the integrity of the interosseous ligament (SLIOL) but also on extrinsic volar and dorsal ligaments and capsular attachments. Some of them, like the DCSS, are real anatomical structures. They constitute a true scapholunate complex (SLC). A lesion of any of its components can be documented using X-ray and the resulting instability with the arthroscopy. Imaging technology is in continuous progress. CT Arthrography remains the golden standard for assessment of the interosseous ligaments. MRI arthrography can show lesions of the extrinsic carpal ligaments. Arthroscopy offers a different approach to stabilizers of the carpus and particularly to the components of SLC compared to conventional imaging methods. Morphological study of the extrinsic and interosseous ligaments is limited to the surface of their intraarticular portions, but the analysis can be enhanced by accurate and specific assessment of each ligament. A new classification of predynamic arthroscopic scapholunate instability can help diagnose associated extrinsic ligament injuries. Clinical, radiological and arthroscopic correlations can help to develop clinical tests for SLC components. Symptomatic reducible chronic scapholunate instability can be improved by dorsal capsulodesis. Strengthening the dorsal part of SLIOL according. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

An experiment was performed to evaluate the relations between active range of motion (ROM) and upper limb anthropometric dimensions. Eight anthropometric dimensions, forearm length, distal and proximal forearm circumferences, wrist breadth, wrist thickness, wrist circumference, hand breadth, and hand length in combination with gender, wrist position, and direction of motion or exertion were evaluated to determine their effects on instant center of rotation (ICOR) and the magnitude of force exertion. The knowledge gained from analysis of the study data will be the first step in the formulation of a biomechanical model of wrist flexion and extension. Such a model would predict forces and torques at specific wrist postures and be employed to reduce cumulative trauma disorders of the wrist. Sixty right-hand dominant subjects (30 male, 30 female) between 20 and 30 years of age all reporting no prior wrist injury and good to excellent overall physical condition, were employed in this study. The upper limb anthropometric dimensions and ROM were measured and recorded for each subject. The anthropometric dimensions were compared to tabulated data. The measured active ROM values were compared with values in the literature. Correlation coefficients between pairs of anthropometric variables (by gender) were calculated. The mean active ROM measures, 164.0 deg for females and 151.8 deg for males, were significantly different (<i>Z</i> = 2.193, <i>p</i> = 0.014). The relationships between the anthropometric variables and active ROM were analyzed by three methods: correlation between ROM and each anthropometric dimension, prediction (regression) equations, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). No correlation coefficient between ROM and any anthropometric dimension was greater than 0.7. No prediction equation, based upon linear and quadratic combinations of anthropometric dimensions variables, was above the threshold of acceptability (<i>R²</i> ≥ 0.5). The results of the ANOVA showed a significant effect for gender. The ICOR had been hypothesized to be either in the head or neck of the capitate. The Method of Reuleaux was employed to locate the leOR points for flexion and extension (over the ROM) of the wrist with three load conditions, i.e., no-load, palmar resistance, and dorsal resistance. Analysis of the data, using ANOYA, showed that wrist position was the only significant variable. Thus, in future wrist models, the assumption cannot be made that the wrist is a pin-centered joint for flexion and extension. The static maximal voluntary contractile forces that can be generated by recruiting only the six wrist-dedicated muscles in various wrist positions were measured. There was a significant gender difference for the mean flexion force (<i>Z</i> = 4.00, <i>p</i> = 0.0001) and for the mean extension force (<i>Z</i> = 4.58, <i>p</i> = 0.0001). Females averaged 76.3 percent of the mean male flexion force and 72.4 percent for extension. The force data, categorized by gender, were then analyzed using three methods: correlation of variable pairs, regression equations, and ANOVA. None of the eight anthropometric dimensions and ROM was correlated with flexion or with extension force at an acceptable level. The prediction equations, linear and quadratic combinations of all possible subsets of anthropometric dimension values, ROM, and wrist position did not meet the minimum acceptable level of <i>R²</i> ≥ 0.5. The ANOVA procedure showed gender, wrist position, direction of force exertion, and the wrist position interaction with direction to have significant effects upon maximal force exertion. / Ph. D.

Os colubrídeos tem sido responsáveis por diversos acidentes graves, inclusive fatais, em seres humanos por todo o mundo. No Hospital Vital Brazil do Instituto Butantan, em São Paulo, 40% dos acidentes ofídicos registrados são causados por serpentes consideradas não-peçonhentas. Dentre estas, 97,3% pertencem à família Colubridae, onde 54,5% apresentam dentição áglifa e 42,8% dentição opistóglifa. Contudo, alguns acidentes envolvendo os colubrídeos opistóglifos podem desencadear manifestações clínicas semelhante ao acidente botrópico. Este fato tem causado muitas discussões, pois devido a um diagnóstico errôneo ou pela gravidade do acidente, muitas vezes é administrado o soro anti-botrópico, que em muitos casos pode ser ineficaz ou até prejudicial ao paciente. Vale ressaltar que raros são os estudos relacionados ao aparelho de \"veneno\" dos colubrídeos. Deste modo, tivemos como objetivo estudar as características anatômicas, morfológicas e ultra-estruturais da glândula de Duvernoy de seis espécies de colubrídeos opistóglifos. São eles, Philodryas olfersii e Philodryas patagoniensis da Tribo Philodryadini, Oxyrhopus guibei e Phimophis guerrini da Tribo Pseudoboini e Thamnodynastes strigatus e Tomodon dorsatus da Tribo Tachymenini. As glândulas de Duvernoy das espécies em questão foram analisadas macroscopicamente para descrição das características anatômicas. Foram então, fixadas em líquido de Bouin para posterior processamento histológico para análise morfológica e histoquímica. Para o estudo ultra-estrutural, as glândulas de Duvernoy foram fixadas em glutaraldeído 2,0% em tampão cacodilato 1,0M (pH 7,3) para posterior preparação de acordo com o protocolo pré-estabelecido. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a referida glândula apresenta duas porções bem distintas, sendo a glândula supra-labial e a glândula de Duvernoy propriamente dita, as quais variam de forma e tamanho segundo a espécie. A glândula de Duvernoy é constituída basicamente por túbulos secretores e ductos excretores. As células dos túbulos secretores podem produzir substâncias de diferentes composições químicas, dependendo da espécie. Os resultados histoquímicos mostraram que a maioria das espécies analisadas apresenta uma glândula de natureza seromucosa, e apenas uma espécie teve a glândula de Duvernoy classificada como mucoserosa. Os grânulos de secreção presentes no citoplasma das células secretoras, observados nas eletromicrografias, corroboram os resultados histoquímicos, já que a eletrondensidade dos mesmos caracteriza a natureza das células. A função da glândula de Duvernoy está diretamente relacionada ao hábito alimentar destas serpentes e ao modo pelo qual subjugam as suas presas. As serpentes que apresentam a glândula de Duvernoy com características mucoserosas subjugam as suas presas por constricção. Já as espécies que possuem a glândula de Duvernoy com natureza seromucosa utilizam o processo de envenenamento das presas para se alimentarem. Deste modo, as serpentes garantem o sucesso na imobilização das presas, impedindo que estas utilizem táticas defensivas perigosas à serpente, independente do uso da constricção. / The colubrids have often been responsible for severe accidents, sometimes fatal for humans, all over the world. In the Hospital Vital Brazil of the Institute Butantan, in São Paulo, 40% of the snakebite registered is caused by serpents that are considered no poisonous. Among these, 97.3% belong to Colubridae family with 54.5% presenting aglyphous dentition and 42.8%, opisthoglyphous dentition. However, some accidents that involve the opisthoglyphous colubrids can break out clinic manifestation similar to the botropic accident. This fact has caused many debates, because due to an erroneous diagnosis or to the gravity of the accident, very often it is administered the anti-botropic serum, which in many cases may be ineffective or even harmful for the patient. It is important to mention that rare are the studies related to the venon-delivery-system of the colubrids. Thus, we propose to study the anatomical, morphological, histochemical and ultra structural characteristics of the Duvernoy´s gland of six species of opisthoglyphous colubrids. They are Philodryas olfersii and Philodryas patagoniensis of Tribe Philodryadini, Oxyrhopus guibei and Phimophis guerrini of Tribe Pseudoboini and Thamnodynastes strigatus and Tomodon dorsatus of Tribe Tachymenini. The Duvernoy´s glands of the species in question were analyzed macroscopically for description of the anatomical characteristics. They were then fixed in Bouin´s liquid for posterior histological procedures for morphologic and histochemical analysis. For the ultra structural study, the Duvernoy´s glands were fixed in glutaraldehyde 2.0% in buffer cacodylate 1.0 M (pH 7.3) for further preparation according to the established protocol. The results showed that the above-mentioned gland presents two well distinct portions, the salivary supralabial gland and the Duvernoy´s gland itself, with diversified form and size according to the species. The Duvernoy´s gland is formed by secretory tubules and excretory ducts. The secretory tubules cells may produce substances of different chemical compositions according to the specie. The histochemical results showed that the majority of the analyzed species present a gland of seromucous type, and only one species has the Duvernoy´s gland classified as mucoserous. The secretion granules present in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells observed in the eletronmicrographics corroborate the histochemical results, since the electron density itself characterizes the cells. The function of the Duvernoy´s gland is directly related to the feeding habit of these serpents and to the way they subjugate preys. The serpents that present the Duvernoy´s gland with mucoserous characteristics subjugate their preys by constriction. On the other hand, the species that have the Duvernoy´s gland of seromucous type use the prey poisoning for feeding. Therefore, the serpents guarantee the success of the immobilization of preys, impeding them to use dangerous defensive tactics against the snake, independently of the use of the constriction.

Os colubrídeos tem sido responsáveis por diversos acidentes graves, inclusive fatais, em seres humanos por todo o mundo. No Hospital Vital Brazil do Instituto Butantan, em São Paulo, 40% dos acidentes ofídicos registrados são causados por serpentes consideradas não-peçonhentas. Dentre estas, 97,3% pertencem à família Colubridae, onde 54,5% apresentam dentição áglifa e 42,8% dentição opistóglifa. Contudo, alguns acidentes envolvendo os colubrídeos opistóglifos podem desencadear manifestações clínicas semelhante ao acidente botrópico. Este fato tem causado muitas discussões, pois devido a um diagnóstico errôneo ou pela gravidade do acidente, muitas vezes é administrado o soro anti-botrópico, que em muitos casos pode ser ineficaz ou até prejudicial ao paciente. Vale ressaltar que raros são os estudos relacionados ao aparelho de \"veneno\" dos colubrídeos. Deste modo, tivemos como objetivo estudar as características anatômicas, morfológicas e ultra-estruturais da glândula de Duvernoy de seis espécies de colubrídeos opistóglifos. São eles, Philodryas olfersii e Philodryas patagoniensis da Tribo Philodryadini, Oxyrhopus guibei e Phimophis guerrini da Tribo Pseudoboini e Thamnodynastes strigatus e Tomodon dorsatus da Tribo Tachymenini. As glândulas de Duvernoy das espécies em questão foram analisadas macroscopicamente para descrição das características anatômicas. Foram então, fixadas em líquido de Bouin para posterior processamento histológico para análise morfológica e histoquímica. Para o estudo ultra-estrutural, as glândulas de Duvernoy foram fixadas em glutaraldeído 2,0% em tampão cacodilato 1,0M (pH 7,3) para posterior preparação de acordo com o protocolo pré-estabelecido. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a referida glândula apresenta duas porções bem distintas, sendo a glândula supra-labial e a glândula de Duvernoy propriamente dita, as quais variam de forma e tamanho segundo a espécie. A glândula de Duvernoy é constituída basicamente por túbulos secretores e ductos excretores. As células dos túbulos secretores podem produzir substâncias de diferentes composições químicas, dependendo da espécie. Os resultados histoquímicos mostraram que a maioria das espécies analisadas apresenta uma glândula de natureza seromucosa, e apenas uma espécie teve a glândula de Duvernoy classificada como mucoserosa. Os grânulos de secreção presentes no citoplasma das células secretoras, observados nas eletromicrografias, corroboram os resultados histoquímicos, já que a eletrondensidade dos mesmos caracteriza a natureza das células. A função da glândula de Duvernoy está diretamente relacionada ao hábito alimentar destas serpentes e ao modo pelo qual subjugam as suas presas. As serpentes que apresentam a glândula de Duvernoy com características mucoserosas subjugam as suas presas por constricção. Já as espécies que possuem a glândula de Duvernoy com natureza seromucosa utilizam o processo de envenenamento das presas para se alimentarem. Deste modo, as serpentes garantem o sucesso na imobilização das presas, impedindo que estas utilizem táticas defensivas perigosas à serpente, independente do uso da constricção. / The colubrids have often been responsible for severe accidents, sometimes fatal for humans, all over the world. In the Hospital Vital Brazil of the Institute Butantan, in São Paulo, 40% of the snakebite registered is caused by serpents that are considered no poisonous. Among these, 97.3% belong to Colubridae family with 54.5% presenting aglyphous dentition and 42.8%, opisthoglyphous dentition. However, some accidents that involve the opisthoglyphous colubrids can break out clinic manifestation similar to the botropic accident. This fact has caused many debates, because due to an erroneous diagnosis or to the gravity of the accident, very often it is administered the anti-botropic serum, which in many cases may be ineffective or even harmful for the patient. It is important to mention that rare are the studies related to the venon-delivery-system of the colubrids. Thus, we propose to study the anatomical, morphological, histochemical and ultra structural characteristics of the Duvernoy´s gland of six species of opisthoglyphous colubrids. They are Philodryas olfersii and Philodryas patagoniensis of Tribe Philodryadini, Oxyrhopus guibei and Phimophis guerrini of Tribe Pseudoboini and Thamnodynastes strigatus and Tomodon dorsatus of Tribe Tachymenini. The Duvernoy´s glands of the species in question were analyzed macroscopically for description of the anatomical characteristics. They were then fixed in Bouin´s liquid for posterior histological procedures for morphologic and histochemical analysis. For the ultra structural study, the Duvernoy´s glands were fixed in glutaraldehyde 2.0% in buffer cacodylate 1.0 M (pH 7.3) for further preparation according to the established protocol. The results showed that the above-mentioned gland presents two well distinct portions, the salivary supralabial gland and the Duvernoy´s gland itself, with diversified form and size according to the species. The Duvernoy´s gland is formed by secretory tubules and excretory ducts. The secretory tubules cells may produce substances of different chemical compositions according to the specie. The histochemical results showed that the majority of the analyzed species present a gland of seromucous type, and only one species has the Duvernoy´s gland classified as mucoserous. The secretion granules present in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells observed in the eletronmicrographics corroborate the histochemical results, since the electron density itself characterizes the cells. The function of the Duvernoy´s gland is directly related to the feeding habit of these serpents and to the way they subjugate preys. The serpents that present the Duvernoy´s gland with mucoserous characteristics subjugate their preys by constriction. On the other hand, the species that have the Duvernoy´s gland of seromucous type use the prey poisoning for feeding. Therefore, the serpents guarantee the success of the immobilization of preys, impeding them to use dangerous defensive tactics against the snake, independently of the use of the constriction.

Entre os temas de Anatomia Animal, a neuroanatomia apresenta-se como um dos conteúdos mais complexos, no qual os métodos tradicionais de ensino não fornecem aos estudantes sua efetiva compreensão, o que implica na necessidade de abordagens complementares para otimizar sua aprendizagem. Este trabalho objetivou a elaboração de uma ferramenta de ensino-aprendizagem para o estudo da neuroanatomia, utilizando uma coleção de lâminas seccionais transversais do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) da espécie Equina. Foram utilizadas lâminas seccionais transversais já preparadas, coradas pela técnica de coloração de Pal-Weigert modificada, de modo a realizar a identificação das estruturas neuroanatômicas, e associar a neuroanatomia às síndromes neurológicas desta espécie. Ainda, foram realizadas ilustrações esquemáticas para indicar os locais acometidos por afecções neurológicas e para representação dos cortes seccionais transversais do equino. Foi elaborado, também, um protótipo de website afim de exemplificar a utilização de tecnologias educacionais, como o uso de softwares e computadores como facilitadores para a compreensão das estruturas neuroanatômicas e suas relações clínicas. A utilização das lâminas seccionais transversais do SNC da espécie Equina permitiu a identificação das estruturas anatômicas, a divisão de sua totalidade em intervalos sequenciais para demonstrar a abrangência e topografia das estruturas do SNC, assim como possibilitou embasar a relação entre a neuroanatomia e as síndromes neurológicas. Além disso, foi possível manter e preservar o acervo de lâminas seccionais de SNC do Laboratório de Neuroanatomia Comparada do Departamento de Cirurgia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. Por meio deste estudo buscamos ampliar as discussões acerca da utilização de técnicas tradicionais de estudo em anatomia animal, aliadas às novas tecnologias educacionais e métodos complementares de ensino, uma vez que podem ser desenvolvidas ferramentas de ensino-aprendizagem visando o ensino de graduação, a distância ou presencial, ou ainda por meio da educação continuada. / Among the topics of Animal Anatomy, neuroanatomy is presented as one of the most complex contents, in which traditional teaching methods dont allow students to have effective comprehension, and implies the need for complementary approaches to optimize their learning. This work aimed at the development of a teaching & learning tool for the study of neuroanatomy, using a collection of cross-sectional slides of the Central Nervous System (CNS) of the horse. Cross-sectional slides already prepared, stained with the modified Pal-Weigert staining technique, were used to identify neuroanatomic structures and to associate neuroanatomy with neurological syndromes of this species. In addition to this, schematic illustrations were performed to indicate the sites affected by neurological disorders and to represent the cross-sectional sections of the horse. A website prototype was also developed to exemplify the use of educational technologies, such as the use of softwares and computers as facilitators for the understanding of neuroanatomic structures and their clinical relationships. The use of the cross sectional slides of the CNS of the horse allowed the identification of anatomical structures, dividing their totality into sequential intervals to demonstrate the comprehensiveness and topography of CNS structures, as well as supporting the relationship between neuroanatomy and neurological syndromes. Furthermore, it was possible to maintain and preserve the collection of CNS sectional slides from the Laboratory of Comparative Neuroanatomy of the Department of Surgery of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo. Through this study we seek to broaden the discussions about the use of traditional techniques of study in animal anatomy, allied to new educational technologies and complementary teaching methods, once teaching and learning tools can be developed aiming at undergraduate teaching, at a distance or face- to-face, or even through continuing education.

This thesis considers the prevalence and spatial distribution of Salmonella serovars amongst wild endemic lizards on offshore islands around the coast of New Zealand. The mean test prevalence of faecal excretion of Salmonella was 4.7%. Skinks (Scincidae) were more likely (8.5%) to be carriers of Salmonella than geckos (1.6%). Each island was host to between one and three Salmonella serovars that were not found on any other islands in this study. Two exceptions were Salmonella Bousso and Salmonella Mana which were found on two islands within the same geographical area. Based on the findings of this study, different islands are likely to be hosts to different Salmonella serovars which could have implications for future translocations of native lizards. I also assessed the prevalence and spatial distribution of faecal excretion of Salmonella, Aeromonas and Hafnia alvei within Mana Island. The prevalence of Salmonella on Mana Island was estimated at 5.8%. Salmonella was found predominantly in skinks (10.0%) and less often in geckos (4.1%). H. alvei was found at a prevalence of 1.9%. No Aeromonas species were cultured from any of the cloacal swabs, suggesting that the 95% confidence interval for the true prevalence is 0-3%. Each site sampled in this study was host to one or more unique serovar of Salmonella not found at any of the other sites. The results of this study indicate that Salmonella serovars may become established within populations of lizards and is not spread between them. This may be due to a lack of dispersal of lizards between sites, raising important considerations for the translocation of native lizards. I investigated the prevalence of faecal excretion of Salmonella, H. alvei and Aeromonas by New Zealand native lizards from two captive populations. The mean prevalence of faecal excretion of Salmonella in the captive lizards sampled was 11.5%. There was a higher prevalence of Salmonella within captive population A (22.0%) than in population B (3.6%). No Aeromonas was cultured from any of the lizards. H. alvei was found at a prevalence of 5.2%. The prevalence of Salmonella and H. alvei was significantly higher in captive lizards than in wild populations. Captive lizards may, therefore, not be appropriate founders for new populations of wild lizards. Finally I assessed the different efficiencies of two media and two temperatures in isolating six Salmonella serovars from a reptilian source. All serovars grew equally well at 37°C and 27°C. For most serovars XLD agar was the more successful media than MacConkey agar but the success of different culture media depended on the serovar being cultured. Because lizards are frequently host to a wide range of Salmonella serovars, screening samples using multiple microbiological methods is likely to give the best chance of isolating all Salmonella serovars present.

This thesis covers broad topics concerning limb growth and development and their effects on locomotion in the brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). I begin by describing the morphological features of a collection of unknown-age wild kiwi embryos from early development to point of hatch. Using these features, I assign developmental stages to each embryo and compare the progress of development to the same-staged ostrich and chicken embryos. Measurements of the hindlimb, bill and crown-rump length are used to develop an aging scheme based on comparisons with the ostrich and the chicken. The ostrich model and chicken model create age predictions for the unknown aged kiwi embryos. One kiwi embryo was of known age and both models gave identical predictions for this marker embryo, but gave differing predictions for all other kiwi embryos. Using captive-reared kiwi chicks, I characterise hindlimb, bill and bodyweight growth from the time of hatch to 3 months of age. Growth patterns are very linear within this time period for all measurements but bodyweight. Female kiwi hatch with longer bills than males, but the growth of both sexes converges by the end of the 3-month period. Growth of bodyweight in the males slows earlier than in females. Bodyweight and bill length were then compared to a wild population of kiwi. Captive-reared chicks were found to hatch with shorter bills than the wild birds and to increase in bodyweight at a faster rate than wild birds. Rapid weight gain has been implicated in developmental limb deformities in other precocial and long-legged birds and has the potential to produce similar results in captive kiwi. I further studied the movement of the hindlimb during locomotion in two adults and one juvenile kiwi by filming them while they were walking on a treadmill. Kinematic parameters were measured from the video recordings and compared to overground parameters from another study. Similarity between the treadmill and overground locomotor parameters validates the use of a treadmill in studying kiwi locomotion. None of the birds achieved the theoretical transition from a walk to a run at a duty factor of 0.5. After normalising for size, the juvenile showed a longer stride length and lower stride frequency with increasing speed than the adults. Lateral head oscillations were observed during the stride cycle, which I propose having a sensory function as well as a biomechanical one.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och synliggöra filmskaparens förhållande till konst och forskning. Under åtta år i olika perioder har filmprojektet Kropparnas Arkiv, pågått som jag parallellt med uppsatsen har slutfört. Filmen väver samman konst och forskning i ett möte mellan konstnär och forskare. Såväl i samtal med filmkollegor som inför nya filmprojekt framträder frågan, hur kan man söka det man inte vet vad det är? Detta kom nu att bli min forskningsfråga. Syftet är att efterforska och reflektera över hur den konstnärliga processen kan fördjupas inom mitt filmskapande. Jag har valt att intervjua tre kvinnor, en konstnär, en skådespelare tillika regissör och en forskare. Mitt urval gör inte anspråk på att vara representativt. Att skådespelaren, regissören och konstnären har beröringspunkter med mig, filmskaparen kan kanske vara mer uppenbart än att forskaren har det. Men är det verkligen så? Målet är att få syn på om det finns likheter, olikheter, vad som skiljer eller vad som förenar de tre intervjuade, i det här sammanhanget kallade informanter, med filmskaparen. Svaren från de intervjuade har jag sorterat under teman som –val eller urskiljning–praktisk nyfikenhet eller kreativitet och slutligen att framkalla det oväntade. I min undersökning använder jag mig av kvalitativa metoder, analyserar svaren och teoretiserar kring dem. Den fenomenologiska hermeneutiken tillika toposläran har varit ryggraden i min undersökning. Det är oundvikligt att Aristoteles och hans tankegångar är fundamentet till teorier och reflektioner som jag tillämpar i uppsatsen. Min ambition är att kunna ta med mig den konstnärliga blicken in i vetenskapsvärlden, att kunna ge en dubbel blick på den vetenskapliga terrängen, ett sätt som jag menar kan förmera och bidra till att vidga mitt seende. Hur och på vilket sätt finns det beröringspunkter och likheter mellan film, konst och forskning–humanismen och naturvetenskapen? Att svara på min forskningsfråga har varit en metod för att synliggöra en process, knappt mätbar men ändå synlig för den som vill se. Frågan skapar en process som speglar de intervjuades förhållningsätt till olika problemställningar inom deras arbetsområde och hur de går vidare i sökandet. Utmärkande för alla är gränser, både att skapa och att överskrida. För att spränga gränser är det nödvändigt att bryta tankebanor och begränsningar, något som alla informanterna gör. Det bekanta behövs för att utforska det obekanta. / Fear not going astray – discover the unknown A filmmaker’s take on art and science   The purpose of this essay is to examine and make visible the filmmaker’s relation to art and scientific research regarding the investigation of new knowledge. Can art and science meet, and in what way do they connect? I have finished Secrets of Animal Anatomy (aka Kropparnas Arkiv), a film project I was working on for eight years. I finished it while I was writing on this essay. The film combines art and science in a meeting between an artist and a scientist. During the process, the question arose: how can you search for something when you don’t even know what it is you are searching for?. It is not wholly new, but has been implicit in discussions with colleagues and in film projects. This became my scientific question. My aim is to investigate how to make the artistic process of filmmaking and film deeper, by reflecting upon and investigating this question. I have chosen to interview three women – one artist, one actor-director, and one scientist. The selection is not meant to be representative. It may seem obvious that the actor, director and artist have more in common with each other than with the scientist, but is this necessarily true? Using this question as a starting point, I aim at finding out differences and similarities between the three interviewees and the filmmaker. I have categorised the interviewees’ answers under different themes like “Choice or distinguishing”, “Curiosity in practice or creativity”, and “To evoke the unexpected”. In my investigation, I employ qualitative methods; I analyse the answers and then theorise. Phenomenological hermeneutics, or Topos theory, has been the backbone of my study. It is undoubtedly so, that Aristotle and his thinking is the foundation of the theories and thoughts that I apply in this essay.   My ambition is to bring the artistic vision to the scientific world, and to view the terrain of science with a double gaze, which I believe can contribute to an understanding both wider and deeper. Is there a strong connection and strong similarities between film, art, and science, and are these three entities prerequisites for one another – humanities and science? Answering my question has been a method to make visible a method, barely measurable yet visible for those willing to see it. The question gives rise to a process, reflecting the interviewees’ stance on different problems within the scope of their work, and how they proceed in their search. What they all have in common is boundaries, creating them and transcending them. In order to break boundaries, it is necessary to create new lines of thought and transcend limitations. This is something common to all informants. The known is necessary to examine the unknown.

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