Hydrocarbons are an abundant resource of carbon and hydrogen. For example, fossil can be used to produce useful organic compounds. However hydrocarbons seem to be inert. Thus, the activation of the C-H bond is a popular research area. Metals play the main role in most catalysts that convert hydrocarbons to starting materials in industry. The study of metals is important because the properties of the metal core greatly influences the reactivity of a catalyst.1 The study of the chemistry of metals in the gas phase provides valuable information about the properties of metals. This information can be expanded to the chemistry of metals in the condensed phase. Furthermore, it is often both more accurate and more manageable to study the profile of a reaction in the gas phase than in the condensed phase.2,3 There are many studies about metal cations in the gas phase due to ease of their production. However metals have low electronegativity, limiting the study of gas phase metal anions. Recently, a simple and efficient method to generate atomic metal anions was developed at the University of Ottawa in Dr. Mayer's research laboratory.4-6 Atomic metal anions of Fe-, Co-, Cu-, Ag-, Cs- and K- were generated in an electrospray ionization (ESI) source of a mass spectrometer (MS). In this thesis study generated metal anions were reacted with small hydrocarbons of pentane, 1-pentene, 2-pentene and 1-pentyne to investigate the role of different metal anions in the activation of the C-H bond. Also metal anions were reacted with small alcohols of 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol to compare the results. Metal anions showed a variety of reactions with these hydrocarbons and alcohols. Fe- was the only metal anion to show the electron transfer reaction, indicating that alcohols are more electronegative than Fe- and less electronegative than other metal anions. Fe-, Co- and Ag- showed the complex formation reaction. All metal anions showed the deprotonation reaction. A deprotonation reaction follows the harpoon mechanism, the long range proton abstraction7, and depends on the gas phase acidity of fragments. The most informative reaction observed was the dehydrogenation reaction because a metal-containing fragment is observed as a product in the spectrum of this reaction. The observation of a metal-containing fragment in the spectrum is significant because it emphasizes the important role that metal anions play in this reaction. This suggests that a dehydrogenation reaction involves metal insertion into a C-H bond. Among the transition metal anions, it was observed that Fe- and Cu- are more reactive than Co- and Ag- with regards to the dehydrogenation reaction, probably because Fe- and Cu- have a greater hydrogen affinity than Co- and Ag- that facilitates the hydrogen abstraction reaction. Another reason could be that Fe- and Cu- have a greater gas phase acidity that leads to a more stable intermediate in the course of the reaction. The results of this thesis study revealed that Cs- and K- could not abstract H from these substrates, probably due to the absence of occupied d orbitals that would facilitate insertion into a C-H bond. Some metal anions not only can insert into a C-H bond of alcohols but also can insert into a C-O bond of alcohols to form metal hydroxide anions. Alcohols are more reactive than hydrocarbons with regards to reactions with metal anions because they contain a functional group. This thesis study shows that some atomic metal anions are able to activate the C-H bond and abstract two hydrogens to form a double bond in hydrocarbons. It is probable that the electronic configuration, gas phase acidity and hydrogen affinity of the metal anions governs their reactivity.

Thesis (D.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, Discipline of Chemistry, 2005? / "December 2004" Includes bibliographical references.

An evaluation of chemical parameters of surface waters proceed in the three small basin areas in Šumava Mountains, in the area of Svatý Tomáš highlands, during the year 2009: Bukový (woods), Mlýnský (semi{--}intensive and drained pasture, part of Pasečná village) and Horský stream (wetlands, woods, mowed meadows, a part of Svatý Tomáš village). The aim was to chart the three main periods during the year. The spring sampling (the 12th May) should illustrate the beginning of growing season with higher water flow rates. The summer sampling (the 21st July) is the period on the top of growing and touristic season, seasonal works in wood and especially in agriculture (grazing and mowing meadows). The last sampling (the 21st October) represents the season at the end of growing season, generally with the lowest flow rates in the stream, the end of touristic season and the end of full{--}area grazing. Already during the field research, involving the water sampling and conductivity measurement, there were some inflows with increased concentrations of dissolved solids found. Whereas in Bukový stream, as has been assumed, these inflows didn´t more or less occur, in Horský stream they had, relatively surprisingly but significantly, appeared immediately in headwater area. The elevated concentrations of dissolved solids occurred in Mlýnský stream in the whole area of basin, as has been assumed regarding to drainage and full{--}area grazing. One year monitoring proved the advantage of water quality evaluation using simple measurement of conductivity in field. High water conductivity in field was subsequently confirmed by laboratory analysis of selected ions. On the basis of identification of point sources of pollution, the recommendation improving present condition was suggested.

Neste trabalho investigou-se a influência da adição dos ânions cloreto, fluoreto e sulfato nas propriedades físico-químicas de nanopós de zircônia sintetizada pelo método Pechini. Análises de fluorescência de Raios-X, difração de Raios-X, espectroscopia no infravermelho, área de superfície específica, espectroscopia Raman, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, análise termogravimétrica, calorimetria diferencial por varredura, amplitude sônica eletrocinética e dilatometria foram realizadas para caracterizar os pós sintetizados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o tratamento térmico realizado para a obtenção dos pós retirou os ânions cloreto e fluoreto da composição química final da zircônia enquanto o ânion sulfato permaneceu. Mesmo sendo retirados os ânions cloreto e fluoreto influenciaram no processo de cristalização da zircônia modificando o tamanho de cristalito obtido. A permanência do ânion sulfato na composição química da zircônia se deve à maior energia de ligação com o cátion Zr 4+ assim, observou-se uma maior influência deste ânion no processo de cristalização. Isso permitiu a formação de cristalitos menores e a estabilização da fase tetragonal da zircônia. Em todos os casos, as análises mostraram que a influência dos ânions se deu por segregação dos mesmos na superfície da zircônia o que, principalmente no caso do ânion sulfato, tende a reduzir a energia da superfície da zircônia através do aumento da área de superfície específica. Verificou-se também que o ânion sulfato pode ser retirado da superfície da zircônia através da lavagem do pó em meio básico. Esse procedimento permitiu aumentar a área de superfície específica e tende a melhorar sua sinterabilidade. / In this study was investigated the influence of the addition of the chloride, fluoride and sulfate anions in the physico-chemical properties of zirconia nanopowders synthesized by the Pechini method. Analyses of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, specific surface area, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, electrokinetic sonic amplitude and dilatometry were performed to characterize the synthesized powders. The results showed that the heat treatment performed to obtain the powders removed the chloride and fluoride anions from the final chemical composition of the zirconium whereas the sulfate anion anion remained. Despite the chloride and fluoride anions removal, they influenced the crystallization process of the zirconium, modifying the size of the crystallite obtained. The permanence of the sulfate anion in the chemical composition of the zirconia is due to the higher binding energy with the Zr 4 + cation, thus it was observed a greater influence of that anion in the crystallization process. That allowed the formation of smaller crystallites and the stabilization of the tetragonal phase of the zirconia. In all of the cases, the analyses showed that the influence of the anions occurred by their segregation on the surface of the zirconia which, particularly in the case of the sulfate anion, tends to reduce the surface energy of the zirconium by increasing the specific surface area. It was also found that the sulfate anion can be removed from the surface of the zirconia by washing the powder in a basic medium. That procedure increased the specific surface area and it tends to improve its sinterability.

Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido equipamento portátil e procedimentos analíticos automáticos para determinação de cátions e anions em águas usadas para consumo humano e suprimento. Os procedimentos foram baseados no processo de multicomutação em fluxo e detecção fotométrica empregando fotômetro feito no laboratório. Os sistemas de fluxo foram construídos empregando válvulas solenóide, com interface independente de comutação acionadas por computador usando apenas um canal de bombeamento. O sistema proposto foi controlado por um computador rodando um software escrito em QuickBasic 4.5. Os dói fotômetros baseados em LED foram desenvolvidos usando como detectores de radiação foto-transistores e foto-diodos. Nos dois casos a fonte de radiação (LED) e o foto-detector foram acoplados a cela de fluxo obtendo assim, uma unidade compacta. O fotômetro foi projetado para usar um foto-transistor para determinações seqüenciais de nitrato, nitrito, ferro(II), ferro(III) em águas de rios.O fotômetro proposto usa um foto-diodo para determinação de cloreto por turbidimetria, fosfato e amonium por fotometria. A sistema de fluxo foi desenhado associando-se os processos de multicomutação e multisite garantindo redução de reagente e de efluente. O sistema sistema foi empregado para determinação de cloreto, fosfato e amônio em águas de rios. Os dois sistemas propostos apresentaram excelente performance incluindo boa precisão, freqüência analítica e baixo consumo de reagente. Além disso, o sistema baseado em multisite apresentou baixo volume de efluente gerado. As dimensões reduzidas de ambos os fotômetros e do modulo de analise em fluxo, permitiram a portabilidade, o que possibilita sua aplicação em condições de campo. / In this work it was developed a portable apparatus and automatic analytical procedures for the determination of cations and anions in waters used for human consumption and industrial provisioning. The procedures were based on the multicommutation process in flow analysis and detection was performed using a homemade photometer. The flow systems were designed employing a set of solenoid valves, which were assembled to work as independent commutation units, thus under computer control several solutions were handled using a single pumping channel. The proposed system was controlled by computer running a software wrote in QuickBasic 4.5. The two LED based photometers were developed using as light detection a phototransistor and a photodiode. In both cases, the radiation source (LED) and the photodector were coupled to the flow cell in order to obtain compact unit. The photometer designed using a phototransistor was employed for the sequential determination of nitrate, nitrite, iron(II) and iron(III) in river water. The photometer designed using a photodiode was employed in the system used for the determination of chloride by turbidimetry, phosphate and ammonium by photometry. The flow system was designed associating the multisite and multicommutation process intending reduction of the reagent consumption and waste generation. The useful of the system was proved performing the determination of chloride, ammonium and phosphate in river water. The two proposed systems presented very overall performance including precision and accuracy, analytical frequency and low reagent consumption. Furthermore, the system based on multisite approach presented a very low volume of waster generation. The reduced dimensions of both photometer and flow system module allow their portability, thus we can suggest that the proposed systems are reliable for work in field condition.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-11T12:22:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gilvaniakerciadeoliveira.pdf: 3723488 bytes, checksum: b7f5da15fa56d19b7ab5b00c40f91aec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T16:35:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gilvaniakerciadeoliveira.pdf: 3723488 bytes, checksum: b7f5da15fa56d19b7ab5b00c40f91aec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T16:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gilvaniakerciadeoliveira.pdf: 3723488 bytes, checksum: b7f5da15fa56d19b7ab5b00c40f91aec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A cromatografia de íons é a técnica analítica mais utilizada para realizar a determinação de íons em amostras ambientais. Mas, atualmente, a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com pareamento iônico (ion-pair HPLC) tem sido usada para fazer este tipo de análise devido a estabilidade e a eficiência da coluna de fase reversa (FR). ion-pair HPLC é uma técnica mais complexa que a cromatografia de fase reversa, uma vez que o equilíbrio entre o reagente de pareamento iônico (RPI) e a fase estacionário (FE) é lento, a separação é mais sensível às variações de temperatura e pH. Além disso, variações na concentração do RPI também afeta a separação do analito. No ion-pair HPLC, vários parâmetros devem ser otimizados tais como: composição e pH da fase móvel, tipo de RPI (modificação permanente ou dinâmca da FE) e concentração do RPI. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia analítica para separação e quantificação dos ânions cloreto, nitrito, nitrato e sulfato em amostras de água superficial por ion-pair HPLC. O método de separação dos ânions foi otimizado utilizando uma coluna de FR octadecilsilano (C18) com detecção indireta na região do ultravioleta. Durante a execução deste trabalho a composição e o fluxo da fase móvel por eluição isocrática foram estudados, assim com o comprimento de onda de detecção. Foram testados quatros RPI diferentes para compor a fase móvel. A melhor condição de separação dos íons foi alcançada com a utilização do reagente brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio com modificação permanente da FE. Concluído o processo de separação dos ânions a metodologia foi aplicada na análise das amostras de água do Rio Paraibuna (Juiz de Fora, MG). O método apresentou boa exatidão e boa precisão. Os níveis de concentração encontrados nas amostras de água do Rio Paraibuna ficaram a baixo do limite permitido pela legislação brasileira para água utilizada para consumo humano, indicando baixos níveis de contaminação. / The ion chromatography (IC) is the most widely used analytical technique to perform ion analysis in environmental samples. Nowadays, the ionpair high performance liquid chromatography (ion-pair HPLC) has been used to perform this kind of analysis due to the stability and efficiency of reverse phase (RP) column. The ion-pair HLPC is more complex than the reverse phase chromatography, since the equilibrium between the ion-pairing reagent (IPR) and stationary phase (SP) is slow, the separation is more sensitive to variations in temperature and pH. A variation in the concentration of IPR also affects the separation of the analytes. In ion-pair HPLC, several parameters must be optimized such as: mobile phase (MP) composition, type IPR, the concentration of the IPR in MP and pH of the MP. The present work aims to develop an analytical methodology for the separation and quantification of anions (chloride, nitrite, nitrate and sulfate) in surface water samples from Paraibuna River by ion-pair HPLC. The method of analysis of anions was optimized using RP chromatography column octadecylsilane (C18) with indirect detection in the ultraviolet region (UV). During the execution of this work the composition and flow rate of the MP for isocratic elution were studied as well with the wavelength for detection. We tested four different ion-pairing reagents to from the mobile phase. The best condition for separation of ions was achieved with the use of reagent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Once completed, the process of separation of anions the methodology was applied in the analyses of water samples from Paraibuna River. The parameters used for evaluate the accuracy and precision of method presented satisfactory values. The concentration levels found for the anions in the samples were below the limit allowed by brazilian legislation for water used for human consume.

Hydrocarbons are an abundant resource of carbon and hydrogen. For example, fossil can be used to produce useful organic compounds. However hydrocarbons seem to be inert. Thus, the activation of the C-H bond is a popular research area. Metals play the main role in most catalysts that convert hydrocarbons to starting materials in industry. The study of metals is important because the properties of the metal core greatly influences the reactivity of a catalyst.1 The study of the chemistry of metals in the gas phase provides valuable information about the properties of metals. This information can be expanded to the chemistry of metals in the condensed phase. Furthermore, it is often both more accurate and more manageable to study the profile of a reaction in the gas phase than in the condensed phase.2,3 There are many studies about metal cations in the gas phase due to ease of their production. However metals have low electronegativity, limiting the study of gas phase metal anions. Recently, a simple and efficient method to generate atomic metal anions was developed at the University of Ottawa in Dr. Mayer's research laboratory.4-6 Atomic metal anions of Fe-, Co-, Cu-, Ag-, Cs- and K- were generated in an electrospray ionization (ESI) source of a mass spectrometer (MS). In this thesis study generated metal anions were reacted with small hydrocarbons of pentane, 1-pentene, 2-pentene and 1-pentyne to investigate the role of different metal anions in the activation of the C-H bond. Also metal anions were reacted with small alcohols of 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol to compare the results. Metal anions showed a variety of reactions with these hydrocarbons and alcohols. Fe- was the only metal anion to show the electron transfer reaction, indicating that alcohols are more electronegative than Fe- and less electronegative than other metal anions. Fe-, Co- and Ag- showed the complex formation reaction. All metal anions showed the deprotonation reaction. A deprotonation reaction follows the harpoon mechanism, the long range proton abstraction7, and depends on the gas phase acidity of fragments. The most informative reaction observed was the dehydrogenation reaction because a metal-containing fragment is observed as a product in the spectrum of this reaction. The observation of a metal-containing fragment in the spectrum is significant because it emphasizes the important role that metal anions play in this reaction. This suggests that a dehydrogenation reaction involves metal insertion into a C-H bond. Among the transition metal anions, it was observed that Fe- and Cu- are more reactive than Co- and Ag- with regards to the dehydrogenation reaction, probably because Fe- and Cu- have a greater hydrogen affinity than Co- and Ag- that facilitates the hydrogen abstraction reaction. Another reason could be that Fe- and Cu- have a greater gas phase acidity that leads to a more stable intermediate in the course of the reaction. The results of this thesis study revealed that Cs- and K- could not abstract H from these substrates, probably due to the absence of occupied d orbitals that would facilitate insertion into a C-H bond. Some metal anions not only can insert into a C-H bond of alcohols but also can insert into a C-O bond of alcohols to form metal hydroxide anions. Alcohols are more reactive than hydrocarbons with regards to reactions with metal anions because they contain a functional group. This thesis study shows that some atomic metal anions are able to activate the C-H bond and abstract two hydrogens to form a double bond in hydrocarbons. It is probable that the electronic configuration, gas phase acidity and hydrogen affinity of the metal anions governs their reactivity.

Mass spectrometry of negative ions is a convenient method for generating, isolating, and analyzing reactive intermediates that would otherwise be too short lived to detect. This ion approach is especially useful for studying the chemical properties of radicals. In this work, a negative charge-carrying group was attached to lignin model compounds and combined with collision-induced dissociation (CID) to generate and characterize radical species involved in the primary pyrolysis of lignin. The charge-tag served to increase the sensitivity of the model compounds using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and promoted charge-remote fragmentations (CRF) upon being collisionally activated. The resulting product ions were comparable to the primary pyrolysis products of lignin; thus, CID-CRF proved to be an effective way of identifying the mechanisms by which lignin decomposes in the gas phase. <br><div><br></div><div>Additionally, this dissertation includes a review of nitrene anions. Nitrene anions are another class of reactive intermediates protected by an electron that provide a means for studying the corresponding neutral molecules via electron photodetachment spectroscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. The added electron makes it possible for protected nitrene anions to be manipulated by external electric and magnetic fields of a mass spectrometer. Nitrene anions also display their own unique reactivities as reagents, which have been investigated using ion/molecule reactions. Mass spectrometry of negative ions has thereby provided information on the electronic states, reactivities, and thermochemical properties of nitrene intermediates.</div>

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Las zeolitas son un material de aluminiosilicatos cristalinos microporosos extensivamente utilizados como catalizadores y tamices moleculares involucrados en procesos de separación. La mayoría de estos materiales son sintéticos, obtenidos en laboratorio mediante un proceso hidrotermal y barajando gran cantidad de variables como: relación sílice/agua, temperatura, tiempo, agitación y composición química. Cuando en la síntesis se introducen ciertas moléculas orgánicas, llamadas agentes directores de estructura, es más fácil entender y seleccionar moléculas específicas para dirigir la síntesis hacia una zeolita en particular. La situación ideal sería que cada agente director de estructura condujese la síntesis a una única zeolita, lo cual es poco probable que suceda, ya que, otros términos energéticos también juegan un papel importante, en particular el flúor y el aluminio. En esta tesis doctoral será acometido el estudio de estos tres factores: agente director de estructura, flúor y aluminio, además de su papel en la síntesis de zeolitas desde un enfoque químico-computacional. Proponiendo agentes directores de estructura más precisos para la síntesis de zeolitas, siendo sintetizadas de manera alternativa y/o más sostenible. / [CA] Les zeolites són un material d'aluminosilicats cristal·lins microporosos extensivament utilitzats com a catalitzadors i tamisos moleculars involucrats en processos de separació. La majoria d'aquests materials són sintètics, obtinguts en laboratori mitjançant un procés hidrotermal el qual presenta una gran quantitat de variables com: relació silici/aigua, temperatura, temps; agitació i composició química. Quan a la síntesi s'introdueixen unes certes molècules orgàniques, anomenades agents directors d'estructura, és més fàcil entendre i seleccionar molècules específiques per dirigir la síntesi cap a una zeolita en particular. La situació ideal seria que cada agent director d'estructura conduïra la síntesi a una única zeolita, la qual cosa és poc probable que succeïsca, ja que, altres termes energètics també juguen un paper important, en particular el fluor i l'alumini. En aquesta tesi doctoral es portarà a terme l'estudi d'aquests tres factors: agent director d'estructura, fluor i alumini, a més del seu paper en la síntesi de zeolites des d'un enfocament químic-computacional. Proposant agents directors d'estructura més precisos per a la síntesi de zeolites, sent sintetitzades de manera alternativa i/o més sostenible. / [EN] Zeolites are a microporous crystalline aluminosilicate material extensively used as catalysts and molecular sieves involved in separation processes. Most of these materials are synthetic, obtained in the laboratory by means of a hydrothermal process, and by shuffling a large number of variables such as silica/water ratio, temperature, time, agitation, and chemical composition. When certain organic molecules, called structure-directing agents, are introduced in the synthesis, it is easier to understand and select specific molecules to direct the synthesis towards a particular zeolite. The ideal situation would be for each structure-directing agent to drive the synthesis to a single zeolite, which is unlikely to happen, since, other energetic terms also play an important role, in particular fluorine and aluminum. In this doctoral thesis, the study of these three factors: structure directing agent, fluorine, and aluminum, and their role in zeolite synthesis will be undertaken from a chemical-computational approach. Proposing more precise structure-directing agents for the synthesis of zeolites, being synthesized in an alternative and/or more sustainable way. / León Rubio, S. (2023). Síntesis de zeolitas mediante agentes directores de estructura usando procesamiento de datos masivos (Big Data) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/199280 / Compendio

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