Med Raewyn Connells maskulinitetsteori som grund syftar Rikards soffa till att undersöka och uppmärksamma porträtteringen av manliga karaktärer i ett urval av Anne Charlotte Lefflers skönlitterära verk. Lefflers författarskap ses ofta som kvinnocentrerat varför ett intresse väcktes i att analysera hur bilden av dess manliga karaktärer kan se ut i och med ett begränsat utrymme. Huvudfrågor är bl.a vilket/vilka manlighetsideal som beskrivs och hur de kommer till uttryck i texterna samt huruvida karaktärerna utvecklas eller ej under författarskapets gång.

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Uppsatsen analyserar Victoria Benedictssons ”Ur mörkret” (1888) och Anne Charlotte Lefflers ”Barnet” (1883), två noveller som tillkom under en period i Sverige då frågor om kön debatterades flitigt. Syftet med uppsatsen är att bidra med kunskap om hur värdegrundsarbete angående könsnormer och -värden kan bedrivas i svenskundervisningen på gymnasieskolan. Analysarbetet är därmed uppdelat i två delar: en litterär analys av verkens gestaltning och framställning av kön och könsnormer, och en didaktisk tillämpning av verken i värdegrundsarbete. Den litterära analysen utgår från olika genusteorier, bland annat används Judith Butlers teori om den heterosexuella matrisen för att belysa hur genus konstrueras i relation till andra människor. Den didaktiska tillämpningen utgår från litteraturdidaktiska teorier och främst synen på litteratur som värdeförmedlare och Chambers boksamtal används för att uppmärksamma ett möjligt arbetssätt. Analysen visar att novellerna förmedlar könsnormer som antar att kvinnan är underordnad mannen och att mannen innehar ett naturligt förnuft och dygd. Resultatet visar även att det finns potential att använda novellerna i en kombinerad litteraturundervisning och värdegrundsarbete för att granska könsnormer.

<p>My essay is about the latter period of Anne Charlotte Leffler’s authorship. In Part I of my essay, I describe her path from the 1880s, where she described femininity as a shortcoming, as writes Ingeborg Nordin-Hennel, towards the 1890s and towards describing femininity as a possibility. This development took place on two levels – on an outer level, where all the woman writers in the late 1880s were influenced and where they were pushed out by the male writers, and on an inner level with Leffler herself.</p><p>Her late literary works depict new and more independent types of women, and eroticism is given a more prominent position. In Part II, I study Tre komedier (Three Comedies) which was published in 1891 and which includes the plays Den kärleken (Love is Strange), Familjelycka (Family Happiness), and Moster Malvina (Aunt Malvina). In my opinion, they are early expressions of the New Woman fiction. For my analysis, I use the criteria of genre for the New Woman fiction that is defined by Ebba Witt-Brattström. New Woman fiction is a lost link between the literature of social protest of the 1880s and female modernism. That characterizes, among other things, a new type of woman, who is intellectually and sexually aware. The plot is often contradictory and open-ended which allows scope for interpretation. The protagonist usually has a girlfriend or another woman, whom she can use as a mirror, and there is a new women’s “sistership” emerging, and the urban setting is yet another characteristic. The protagonist often stays at a boarding house or is out on a journey. The new male character is a weakling as opposed to the bourgeois masculinity. These features are distinct in Tre komedier. However, I have discovered a few more criteria.</p><p>I also discuss how Leffler, in the comedic form, delivers a pronounced criticism of society. In Tre komedier, the bourgeois matrimony, the bourgeois family, and the treatment of unmarried women are focused upon and criticized. The three plays differ very much from one another in the dramatic forms. Lynn R Wilkinson considers that they are among the first modernistic comedies, and they point forward to authors such as Wilde, Shaw, and Chekhov.</p>

<p>In this essay I study two novellas by Anne Charlotte Leffler, “En bal i societeten” and “I krig med samhället”. In order to do this, I use some of the differences between male and female writing that Ingeborg Nordin Hennel discusses in her study “Ämnar kanske fröken publicera något?”: Kvinnligt och manligt i 1880-talets novellistik. For the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I also use the text “Stabat mater” by Julia Kristeva. Anne Charlotte Leffler describes femininity both as a shortcoming and as a possibility in her authorship. In this essay I focus on femininity as a shortcoming. In my opinion “shortcoming” is not the proper description. I have therefore introduced the term “novella of disillusionment” to describe the novellas. My idea is that the female protagonist through disillusionment comes to the understanding of the double standards and limiting conventions of women. This is the insight that underlies femininity as a possibility.</p><p>I want to show how the two novellas lead to disillusionment for Arla. In “En bal i societeten”, the young Arla’s disillusionment is about romantic love. The novella criticizes bourgeois matrimony. It also discusses authorship and theatrical art. The novella is impressionistic. I examine the portrayed women because they give a voice to and criticize double standards. Another distinct theme is the relationship between mothers and daughters as part of the oppressive patriarchal system. The men appearing in the novella are more of stereotypes. Their primary interest is in their relationship to Arla. The narrator uses often a double gaze where the second look is female and antipatriarcal.</p><p>In the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I focus on Arla’s development. The main male character is a young radical writer, typical of male writers in the 1880s. My interest is solely in his relationship to Arla. His radical ideas do not include the emancipation of women and the companionate marriage proves to be disillusionment for Arla. His view of women is influenced by the ideals of the discourse of the Madonna. This both restricts Arla, and gives her a possible way of life, based on a feminine experience. I also discuss the perspective of the narrator that confronts the views of Lefflers male colleagues. I also discuss the complex relationship between Arla and her teenage daughter.</p><p>In the final part of the essay I clarify the disillusionment by comparing Arla’s fate with some works by Leffler that can better be categorized as describing femininity as a possibility, in particular, the novel “En sommarsaga”. In my opinion “I krig med samhället” is the precursor of the novel.</p>

My essay is about the latter period of Anne Charlotte Leffler’s authorship. In Part I of my essay, I describe her path from the 1880s, where she described femininity as a shortcoming, as writes Ingeborg Nordin-Hennel, towards the 1890s and towards describing femininity as a possibility. This development took place on two levels – on an outer level, where all the woman writers in the late 1880s were influenced and where they were pushed out by the male writers, and on an inner level with Leffler herself. Her late literary works depict new and more independent types of women, and eroticism is given a more prominent position. In Part II, I study Tre komedier (Three Comedies) which was published in 1891 and which includes the plays Den kärleken (Love is Strange), Familjelycka (Family Happiness), and Moster Malvina (Aunt Malvina). In my opinion, they are early expressions of the New Woman fiction. For my analysis, I use the criteria of genre for the New Woman fiction that is defined by Ebba Witt-Brattström. New Woman fiction is a lost link between the literature of social protest of the 1880s and female modernism. That characterizes, among other things, a new type of woman, who is intellectually and sexually aware. The plot is often contradictory and open-ended which allows scope for interpretation. The protagonist usually has a girlfriend or another woman, whom she can use as a mirror, and there is a new women’s “sistership” emerging, and the urban setting is yet another characteristic. The protagonist often stays at a boarding house or is out on a journey. The new male character is a weakling as opposed to the bourgeois masculinity. These features are distinct in Tre komedier. However, I have discovered a few more criteria. I also discuss how Leffler, in the comedic form, delivers a pronounced criticism of society. In Tre komedier, the bourgeois matrimony, the bourgeois family, and the treatment of unmarried women are focused upon and criticized. The three plays differ very much from one another in the dramatic forms. Lynn R Wilkinson considers that they are among the first modernistic comedies, and they point forward to authors such as Wilde, Shaw, and Chekhov.

In this essay I study two novellas by Anne Charlotte Leffler, “En bal i societeten” and “I krig med samhället”. In order to do this, I use some of the differences between male and female writing that Ingeborg Nordin Hennel discusses in her study “Ämnar kanske fröken publicera något?”: Kvinnligt och manligt i 1880-talets novellistik. For the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I also use the text “Stabat mater” by Julia Kristeva. Anne Charlotte Leffler describes femininity both as a shortcoming and as a possibility in her authorship. In this essay I focus on femininity as a shortcoming. In my opinion “shortcoming” is not the proper description. I have therefore introduced the term “novella of disillusionment” to describe the novellas. My idea is that the female protagonist through disillusionment comes to the understanding of the double standards and limiting conventions of women. This is the insight that underlies femininity as a possibility. I want to show how the two novellas lead to disillusionment for Arla. In “En bal i societeten”, the young Arla’s disillusionment is about romantic love. The novella criticizes bourgeois matrimony. It also discusses authorship and theatrical art. The novella is impressionistic. I examine the portrayed women because they give a voice to and criticize double standards. Another distinct theme is the relationship between mothers and daughters as part of the oppressive patriarchal system. The men appearing in the novella are more of stereotypes. Their primary interest is in their relationship to Arla. The narrator uses often a double gaze where the second look is female and antipatriarcal. In the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I focus on Arla’s development. The main male character is a young radical writer, typical of male writers in the 1880s. My interest is solely in his relationship to Arla. His radical ideas do not include the emancipation of women and the companionate marriage proves to be disillusionment for Arla. His view of women is influenced by the ideals of the discourse of the Madonna. This both restricts Arla, and gives her a possible way of life, based on a feminine experience. I also discuss the perspective of the narrator that confronts the views of Lefflers male colleagues. I also discuss the complex relationship between Arla and her teenage daughter. In the final part of the essay I clarify the disillusionment by comparing Arla’s fate with some works by Leffler that can better be categorized as describing femininity as a possibility, in particular, the novel “En sommarsaga”. In my opinion “I krig med samhället” is the precursor of the novel.