自國際透明組織(Transparency International, TI)1993年創立以來，國內學者積極參與國際相關事務，引入國家廉政體系(National Integrity System)、推動聯合國反貪腐公約(United Nations Convention against Corruption, UNCAC)以及倡導清廉印象指數(Corruption Perception Index, CPI)等，我國於2011年7月20日成立廉政署(Agency Against Corruption, AAC)，目標定調為落實國家廉政政策，實務界並論述反貪、防貪及肅貪為「廉政範圍」，其中「防貪」是經常性且不分機關性質均須重視的業務，惟以往政風機構在執行此類業務時忽略「社會資本」(Social Capital)的重要性，造成只統計業務數量及參加人次等數據，而未了解標的團體對防貪業務的主觀感受，流於形式的現象難以讓公務員(包含政風人員)信任政風人員、無意願參加政風舉辦的活動以及不認同政風防貪業務的內容。 本研究之目的為「社會資本(自變項)對16類防貪業務(依變項)的影響」，以標的團體「臺北市政府公務員」為問卷調查對象，了解「公務員分別認為16類防貪業務是否有效」、「社會資本對16類防貪業務的影響力」以及「由社會資本的角度看防貪業務未來的方向」三項問題，在非常不同意(1)、不同意(2)、同意(3)及非常同意(4)四點尺度上的回答，以滾雪球方式發放1,228份結構式問卷，並回收1,071份(回收率87.21%)。 統計量部分，受試者(臺北市政府公務員)認為16項防貪業務的成效在四點尺度上，平均數最高排序前三名為為預警措施(3.16)、受理或調查利益衝突迴避案(3.06)以及清查採購弊端(3.04)，最低後三名為增加政風預算(2.35)、廉政指數(2.58)以及增加政風人數(2.64)；受試者對政風的社會資本構面的要素在4點尺度上，由高排序為認同政風很重要(3.02)、認同政風對機關有價值(3.00)、認同政風會維護機關的廉潔(2.99)、認同政風工作(2.90)、信任政風維護廉潔的功能(2.88)、信任政風人員是無私的(2.87)、信任政風(2.86)、認同政風(2.85)、知道提供意見給政風的管道(2.81)、認為政風會保護機關公務員(2.77)、認為政風工作是公開透明的(2.74)、知道如何取得政風舉辦活動的訊息(2.72)、認為政風人員容易親近(2.51)、會積極參與政風舉辦的活動(2.48)。 社會資本構面對防貪業務的解釋力部分，由高排序為倡導廉能(39.9%)、訂定廉政法規(38.6%)、增加政風預算(38.2%)、廉政會報(32.2%)、增加政風人數(31.7%)、公開透明措施(29.3%)、清查採購弊端(27.9%)、財產申報及利益衝突說明會(27.5%)、促進民眾參與公共事務(27.1%)、廉政研究(26.6%)、受理或調查利益衝突迴避案(26.1%)、專案稽核(24.2%)、預警措施(22.0%)、協助財產申報(20.9%)、防貪報告(20.9%)、廉政指數(4.7%)。 受試者對政風的社會資本要素對防貪業務的個別影響力部分，分述如下： 1、對倡導廉能(宣導廉政倫理規範、獎勵廉潔事蹟或表揚廉潔楷模)具有正面影響力者為信任政風維護廉潔的功能(.268)、政風讓大家喜歡親近(.224)、政風會保護公務員(.175)及認同政風很重要(.146)，負面影響力為認同政風(-.285)； 2、對訂定廉政法規具有正面影響力者為信任政風維護廉潔的功能(.284)、積極參加政風活動(.211)及認同政風工作(.166)，負面影響力為信任政風(-.152)； 3、對增加政風預算具有正面影響力者為積極參與政風活動(.337)、相信政風維護廉潔的功能(.285)及具有政風人員身分(.110)，負面影響力為教育程度(-.118)； 4、對廉政會報具有正面影響力者為積極參與政風活動(.258)、政風會保護公務員(.193)、對機關很重要(.184)及大家喜歡親近(.136)，負面影響力為維護機關廉潔(-.146)、提供政風意見(-.137)及具有政風人員身分(-.112)； 5、對增加政風人數具有正面影響力者為積極參與政風活動(218)、信任政風維護廉潔的功能(163)及認同政風工作(150)，面影響力為教育程度(-.104)； 6、對公開透明措施具有正面影響力者為信任政風維護廉潔的功能(.363)及對機關有價值(.267)； 7、對清查採購弊端具有正面影響力者為保護公務員(.215)、對機關有價值(.207)、對機關很重要(.184)及認同政風工作(.163)，負面影響力為信任政風(-.170)及具備政風人員身分(-.114)； 8、對公職人員利益衝突迴避或財產申報說明會具有正面影響力者為對機關有價值(.184)、認同政風工作(.162)及保護公務員(.161)，負面影響力為具有政風人員身分(-.127)； 9、對促進民眾參加公共事務具有正面影響力者為認同政風工作(.317)、對機關很重要(.210)、讓大家喜歡親近(.156)及保護公務員(.146)，負面影響力是認為政風是無私的(-.164)及認同政風(-.159)； 10、對廉政研究具有正面影響力者為積極參加政風活動(.204)、信任政風維護廉潔的功能.192、認同政風工作(.141)及年齡(.107)； 11、對受理或調查利益衝突迴避案具有正面影響力者為信任政風維護廉潔的功能(.249)、對機關很重要(.200)、提供意見給政風(.193)及保護公務員(.138)，負面影響力為信任政風(-.165)及具備政風人員身分(-.113)； 12、對專案稽核具有正面影響力者為認同政風工作(.190)、對機關很重要(.178)及保護公務員(.169)； 13、對預警措施(對可能發生違法的事件或人員提早採取防範措施)具有正面影響力者為保護公務員(.193)、信任政風維護廉潔的功能(.190)及認同政風工作(.164)； 14、對協助公職人員財產財產具有正面影響力者為對機關有價值(.396)、保護公務員(.214)及積極參與政風活動(.151)；負面影響力為信任政風(-.161)、維護機關廉潔(-.159)及政風人員身分(-.131)； 15、對防貪報告(就社會矚目案件撰寫檢討報告的防貪成效)具有正面影響力者為認同政風工作(.244)、積極參與政風活動(.184)及年齡(.165)； 16、社會資本對廉政指數無具有影響力之要素。 / Since the foundation of Transparency International (TI) in 1993, the scholars in Taiwan have been playing an active role on the international stage, introducing the National Integrity System, promoting the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), and advocating the Corruption Perception Index (CPI). Taiwan founded the Agency Against Corruption (AAC) on 20 July 2011, aiming to implement the national policies of a clean government. In practicum, the dimensions of establishing a clean government include “Anti-Corruption,” “Corruption Prevention,” and “Malpractices Investigation.” Among the three, “Corruption Prevention” is a regular task crucial to all agencies and offices. However, when the Government Employee Ethics Units were executing the tasks, they overlooked the importance of social capital. They focused only on the sheer number of cases and participants without understanding the subjective perceptions of the target groups. Their formalities can hardly earn the trust of public servants, decreasing the willingness to participate in activities and challenging the identification with the tasks. This research aims to investigate the influences of social capital (independent variable) on the 16 tasks of Corruption Prevention. It surveys the public servants of the Taipei City Government to understand three aspects, including “wether the 16 tasks of Corruption Prevention are effective,” “the influence of social capital on the tasks of Corruption Prevention,” and “the future direction of the tasks of Corruption Prevention from the perspective of social capital.” The questionnaires are designed with a 4-level rating scale of “strongly disagree (1),” “disagree (2),” “agree (3),” and “strongly agree (4).” 1,288 questionnaires have been sent out through snowball sampling and 1,071 have been collected (response rate at 87.21%). According to the means derived from the statistics, the surveyed subjects (public servants of the Taipei City Government) have shown their preferences with regard to the 16 tasks of Corruption Prevention. The top three are “precautionary measures (3.16),” “handling or investigating cases with conflict of interest (3.06),” and “investigating the malpractices in purchases (3.04).” The bottom three are “increasing the budget of ethic units (2.35),” “Corruption Perception Index (2.58),” and “increasing the number of ethics officers (2.64).” On the influences of social capital on the government ethics units, the surveyed subjects have also shown their preference on the 4-level scale. From top to bottom they are “recognizing that government ethics units are important (3.02),” “recognizing that government ethics units are valuable to agencies (3.00),” “believing that government ethics units will protect the honesty of agencies (2.99),” “identifying with the tasks of government ethics units (2.90),” “trusting the functions of government ethics units in keeping the government clean (2.88),” “believing that the officers of the government ethics units are not biased (2.87),” “trusting the government ethics units (2.86),” “identifying with the government ethics units (2.85),” “knowing the means to provide opinions for the government ethics units (2.81),” “thinking that the government ethics units will protect public servants of agencies (2.77),” “believing that the tasks of the government ethics are transparent (2.74),” “knowing how to acquire information about the activities held by the government ethics units (2.72),” “thinking that the officers of the government ethics are approachable (2.51),” “participating actively in the activities held by the government ethics units (2.48).” The coefficients of determination between the aspects of social capital and the tasks of corruption prevention are also ranked. From top to bottom they are “promoting ethics (39.9%),” “making ethical regulations (38.6%),” “increasing the budget for the government ethics units (38.2%),” “reports on ethical governance (32.2%),” “increasing the number of officers of the government ethics units (31/7%),” “making administration transparent (29.3%),” “investigating malpractices of purchases (27.9%),” “briefing on asset declaration and conflicts of interests (27.5%),” “encouraging the public to participate in public affairs (27.1%),” “research on clean governance (26.6%),” “handling or investigating cases that avoid conflicts of interests (26.1%),” “auditing projects (24.2%),” “precautionary measures (22.0%),” “assisting with asset declaration (20.9%),” “reports on anti-corruption (20.9%),” “Corruption Perception Index (4.7%).” The subjects are also asked to evaluate the individual impact of the social capital of government ethics on the tasks of corruption prevention. Their views are surveyed as the following: 1.The positive influences on ethical governance (promoting the regulations of ethical governance, rewarding ethical behaviors, or awarding ethical models) are “trusting the functions of government ethics units in keeping the government clean (.268),” “thinking that the officers of the government ethics units are approachable (.224),” “believing that government ethics units will protect the honesty of agencies (.224),” and “recognizing that government ethics units are important (.146).” The negative influence aspect is “identifying with the government ethics units (-.285).” 2.The positive influences on making ethical regulations are “trusting the functions of government ethics units in keeping the government clean (.284),” “participating actively in the activities held by the government ethics units (.211),” and “identifying with the tasks of government ethics units (.166).” The negative influence is “trusting the government ethics units (-.152).” 3.The positive influences on increasing the budget for ethic units are “participating actively in the activities held by the government ethics units (.337),” “trusting the functions of government ethics units in keeping the government clean (.285),” and “possessing the membership of the government ethics units (.110).” The negative influence is “level of education (-.118).” 4.The positive influences on the reports on ethical governance are “participating actively in the activities held by the government ethics units (.258),” “the government ethics will protect public servants (.193),” “important to the agencies (.184),” and “people enjoy drawing near (.136).” The negative influences are “keeping the agencies ethical (-.146),” “providing opinions for the government ethics units (-.137),” and “possessing the membership of the government ethics units (-.112).” 5.The positive influences on increasing the number of officers of the government ethics units are “participating actively in the activities held by the government ethics units (.218),” “trusting the functions of government ethics units in keeping the government clean (.163),” and “identifying with the tasks of government ethics units (.150).” The negative influence is “level of education (-.104).” 6.The positive influences on administrative transparency are “trusting the functions of government ethics units in keeping the government clean (.363)” and “valuable to agencies (.267). 7.The positive influences on investigating the malpractices in purchases are “protecting public servants (.215),” “valuable to the agencies (.207),” “important to the agencies (.184),” and “identifying with the tasks of government ethics units (.163).” The negative influences are “trusting the government ethics units (-.170)” and “possessing the membership of the government ethics units (-.114).” 8.The positive influences on avoiding conflicts of interests among public servants or the asset declaration of public servants are “valuable to the agencies (.184),” “identifying with the tasks of government ethics units (.162) and “protecting public servants (.161).” The negative influence is “possessing the membership of the government ethics units (.127).” 9.The positive influences on encouraging citizens to participate in public affairs are “identifying with the tasks of government ethics units (.317),” “important to the agencies (.210),” “making everyone like to draw near (.156),” and “protecting public servants (.146).” The negative aspect is “believing the officers of the government ethics units are not biased (-.164)” and “identifying with government ethics units (-.159).” 10.The positive influences on the research on clean governance is “participating actively in the activities held by the government ethics units (.204),” “trusting the functions of government ethics units in keeping the government clean (.192),” “identifying with the tasks of government ethics units (.141),” and “age (.107).” 11.The positive influences on handling or investigating cases that avoid conflicts of interests are “trusting the functions of government ethics units in keeping the government clean (.249,” “important to the agencies (.200),” “providing opinions for the government ethics units (.193),” and “protecting public servants (.138).” The negative influences are “trusting the government ethics units (-.165) and “possessing the membership of the government ethics units (-.113).” 12.The positive influences on auditing projects are “identifying with the tasks of government ethics units (.190), “important to the agencies (.178)” and “protecting public servants. (.169).” 13.The positive influences on precautionary measures are “protecting public servants. (.193),” “trusting the functions of government ethics units in keeping the government clean (.190), and “identifying with the tasks of government ethics units (.164).” 14.The positive influences on assisting with asset declaration are “valuable to the agencies (.396), “protecting public servants (.214)” and “participating actively in the activities held by the government ethics units (.151).” The negative influences are “trusting the government ethics units (-.161), “keeping the agencies clean (-.159),” and “the membership of the government ethics units (-.131).” 15.The positive influences on reports on anti-corruption are “identifying with the tasks of government ethics unit (.244)” “participating actively in the activities held by the government ethics units (.184) and “age (.165).” 16.There is no significance positive influence of social capital on Corruption Perception Index.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-10T11:28:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Camarotta Abdo.pdf: 1138723 bytes, checksum: 4a33cab6fb873cc90f5c9f418ea5dd31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-10T11:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Camarotta Abdo.pdf: 1138723 bytes, checksum: 4a33cab6fb873cc90f5c9f418ea5dd31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-05 / The present dissertation aims to analyze the institute of the leniency agreement, as established in the Law nº 12.846, of August 1, 2013, also known as the Brazilian Clean Company Law, and its framework as a contemporary measure of the public administration by consensus, not mandatory. For such purpose, we will initially analyze some basic concepts to establish assumptions for the development of this work. Later on, we will analyze the Clean Company Act Law as a whole. Finally, and doing so, we will focus on the analysis of the leniency agreement encompassing its main aspects and controversial issues linked to the institute / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o instituto do acordo de leniência, previsto pela Lei nº12.846, de 1º de agosto de 2013, também denominada de Lei Anticorrupção Brasileira, bem como o seu enquadramento como uma modalidade de atuação contemporânea da Administração Pública de forma consensual, não imperativa. Para tanto, analisaremos, inicialmente, noções fundamentais necessárias ao estabelecimento de premissas para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Posteriormente, será feita uma contextualização da Lei Anticorrupção e, por fim, adentraremos à análise do acordo de leniência, com foco em seus principais aspectos e questões polêmicas inerentes ao tema

This thesis is concentrated to problems anti-corruption education. The notion of corruption, its causes and sorts, norms of corruption, the relation of corruption with ethics, sociology, economics and law. The place is given also to important differences between the situation in countries with an unbroken continuity of democracy. The sociological research was conducted to determine the attitudes of students to corruption. On the basis of defined sets of problems which should be the focus of anti-corruption education and formulated recommendations based on the requirements of pro-social education. Key words: sociological research, analysis, corruption, importance of anti-corruption education, teacher, student

Political corruption is a cancer - a malignant phenomenon that affects every political system and every person in the world. Corruption undermines the very fabric of society and the faith of people in their government. It makes goods more expensive, stymies development in developing nations, and it makes both the United States and the world a more dangerous place. Because of its negative effects and universality, corruption should be studied. Its study leads to greater understanding, the discovery of effective approaches to prevention, and restored faith in political systems. Its study also illuminates and breaks down barriers to effective government while empowering officials who put constituents before themselves to act. In this analysis, modern literature and analyses are examined to gain better understanding of the nature and wider study of corruption, rankings of the American states are analyzed and a meta-study completed to rank the states along broader criteria, and one particular state - Florida - is examined closely as a case study in political corruption. Why Florida? Florida is the fourth largest state in the United States, has a racially and socioeconomically diverse population, and the highest number of convictions for corruption of any other state for the last decade. The result of this study is a deeper insight into political corruption as a field of study, better understanding of defining and measuring political corruption, and potential policy remedies to reduce it. The results come with implications for a wide variety of academic fields with vested interest in the study of political corruption along with nonacademic audiences seeking to rid themselves of this cancer of government.

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / Corruption is a global problem, which poses a serious threat to the development of countries and their people. Although its impact varies, all nations are facing the evils of corruption and, therefore, the international community calls upon states to take preventive and deterrent measures against corruption. For example, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AU Convention) obligate their member states to have both legal and institutional frameworks for effectively fighting corruption.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-08-16T14:28:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fábio Dias Brito.pdf: 1728592 bytes, checksum: 23ca17120b9b95a1339cd5d712ee764d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T14:28:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fábio Dias Brito.pdf: 1728592 bytes, checksum: 23ca17120b9b95a1339cd5d712ee764d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / Ethical behavior are of great importance in the conduct of business between any business and are essential to the very interaction between individuals in society, in which they occur corrupt behavior, which can be so considered not legitimate from the ethical point of view and so we fought, including in sports. This study sought to articulate the constructs corruption and governance, to support research to adopt governance practices contributes in the fight against corruption in sport. Having as object the athletics, athletes and coaches were asked about how effective these measures would be, in your opinion, if adopted by the national body sport administration to which they are affiliated. In addition to this question at the operational level, it was also prepared a checklist, based on the survey of Marques and Costa (2009) and documentary analysis of the organization, which was confronted by the administrative direction of the organization, representing the strategic level of athletics. At the same time, it was also asked to athletes and coaches, their degree of permissiveness to corrupt actions as Lavena (2013) protocol. The study used the qualitative method at a stage in advance, exploratory and quantitative in the following, descriptive character. The collected data were treated by analysis of variance to find significance in the effectiveness of the actions and are described and presented in the results, which showed that between governance dimensions, only three of them (ownership, board of directors and independent audit) figured degree of statistical significance needed to be considered effective in combating certain corrupt actions in the sport, according to the procedure used, in the opinion of the athletes and coaches of athletics in the sample under the conditions tested in this study. / Comportamentos éticos são de grande importância na condução de negócios entre quaisquer empresas e são essenciais à própria interação entre os indivíduos na sociedade, em que ocorrem os comportamentos corruptos, que podem ser assim considerados não legítimos do ponto de vista ético e por isso, combatidos, inclusive no esporte. Esse trabalho procurou articular os construtos corrupção e governança, para apoiar a investigação se a adoção de práticas de governança contribui no combate à corrupção no esporte. Tendo como objeto o atletismo, atletas e técnicos foram inquiridos sobre quão efetivas seriam essas medidas, em sua opinião, se adotadas pela entidade nacional de administração do esporte a que estão filiados. Além desse questionamento ao nível operacional, também foi elaborado um checklist, baseado no levantamento de Marques e Costa (2009) e análise documental da entidade, que foi confrontado pela direção administrativa da entidade, representando o nível estratégico do atletismo. Paralelamente, também foi inquirido aos atletas e técnicos, seu grau de permissividade a ações corruptas, conforme protocolo de Lavena (2013). O estudo utilizou o método qualitativo numa fase a priori, exploratória e o quantitativo na seguinte, de caráter descritivo. Os dados levantados foram tratados por análise de variância para buscar significância na efetividade das ações e são descritos e apresentados nos resultados, que demonstraram que entre as dimensões de governança, apenas três delas (propriedade, Conselho de Administração e auditoria independente) figuraram com grau de significância estatístico necessário para serem consideradas efetivas no combate a determinadas ações corruptas no esporte, de acordo com o procedimento utilizado, na opinião dos atletas e técnicos de atletismo que compuseram a amostra, nas condições testadas neste estudo.

Magister Legum - LLM

Magister Legum - LLM / This thesis advocates the expansion of the field of transitional justice to address corruption in African states emerging from conflict or authoritarianism. There is a close connection between corruption and conflict or repressive regimes in Africa. A good example is the Arab Spring of 2011, where citizens of Tunisia, Egypt and Libya protested against endemic corruption, leading to removal of despotic leaders from power. Dictators or conflicts tend to leave African states in situations where their coffers have been emptied corruptly and their citizens subjected to serious physical violence. What is more, corrupt and oppressive leaders use their ill-gotten assets to escape liability for their crimes. The evident link between the two forms of abuse makes it desirable to address them simultaneously when the dictatorship or conflict ends. Many African countries have deployed transitional justice mechanisms, such as criminal prosecutions, truth commissions, institutional reforms and reparations to address violations of civil and political rights. However, they have neglected corruption and other violations of social and economic rights, notwithstanding their crucial role in the violent past. Many countries still are haunted by the unresolved legacies of corruption and other socio-economic injustices. Recently, scholars and practitioners in the fields of transitional justice and anti-corruption have started to call for corruption and other socio-economic issues to be accommodated within transitional justice programmes. Problems encountered with the expansion of transitional justice mechanisms have not been worked out yet at the level of theory, policy and practice. This thesis subscribes to transformative justice theory as the most viable perspective from which to tackle corruption in transitional societies in Africa. Transformative justice theory is gaining increasing attention in the field of transitional justice, and it has been incorporated in the recent African Union Transitional Justice Policy. It champions locally driven mechanisms which reflect the needs of the victims and local communities, and which pursue socio-economic justice and transformation. The thesis argues that the current transitional justice mechanisms have the potential to become transformative and it will seek to answer how best each of these mechanisms may be implemented to address corruption. It is hoped that this thesis will assist in answering critical questions regarding the proximate relationship between corruption and violence, and in offering guidelines towards the total integration of an anti-corruption agenda into the field of transitional justice in Africa.

This thesis discusses the topic of anti-corruption, non-governmental, non-profit organisations (NGOs), and specifically the relationship between their transparency and their sources of financial income. Inasmuch as the activities of such NGOs are of general public interest, and their output should therefore be available to everyone, this thesis focuses on the transparency of these organisations on the Internet as the most accessible medium. The theoretical part of the thesis scrutinises some key concepts, such as anti-corruption NGO, accountability, transparency and organisational resources. The research sample includes 23 organisations who declare to be fighting against corruption and data collection was carried out via the Internet. The goal of this thesis was to analyse the transparency of Czech anti-corruption NGOs since such an analysis has not been carried out to date. An overview of financing and transparency of the organisations under investigation was based on an analysis of their web pages and annual reports. The index of transparency shows the accessibility of information and its correlation with the structure of financial resources determines how various financial resources are related to the organisation's transparency. In the resultant discussion, the findings introduced in the theoretical...

ベトナムでは汚職・腐敗問題は依然深刻な問題として位置づけられいるものの近年、新たな展開が見られるようになった。政府政策の変化は市民の汚職行為に対する容認度の低下につなぎ、マスメディアの活躍も一段と目立ってきている。本論文社はベトナム政府の汚職取締と法的・制度的枠組みの歴史と制度改変について考察した後、今日のマスメディアと市民社会組織の活動を検証し、汚職問題を取り巻くベトナム社会の今日的意義を問う。 / Although corruption is continuously regarded as a pressing matter in Vietnam, there have been new developments in this aspect. Specific changes in government policies empowered anti-corruption agencies and nurtured the participation of mass media and civil society organizations, which ushered in a decline in public tolerance for corruption. This dissertation examines the development of the Vietnamese anti-corruption legal framework, provides insights into the institutional frameworks of Vietnamese anti-corruption agencies, and demonstrates changes in the mass media activities and civil society reaction to identify prospects and challenges in the future. / 博士(現代アジア研究) / Doctor of Philosophy in Contemporary Asian Studies / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University