Microbe resistence is a serious issue, especially as they have become resistant to most well known drugs. Therefore this is considered as a global problem and is now dealt with at a poitical level. Since no new classes of antimicrobial agents have been discovered in the past three deacdes, the development of new drugs is extremely urgent. Therefore the aim of this project was to synthesise derivatives of benzimidazole, and then assesses their antimicrobial activities in vitro by using disc (well) diffusion and MICs tests. A total of 69 benzimidazole derivatives, with substituents at positions 1, 2, and 5, were synthesised, characterised and tested against selected bacteria and fungi. In addition, six bezimidazole silver complexes were prepared and evaluated for their antimicrobial behavior. The SAR showed that the antimicrobial activity of the compounds depended on the substituents attached to the bicyclic heterocycle. Some promising results were obtained. In particular, 5 compounds displayed antibacterial activity against two MRSA strains with MIC values corresponding to ciprofloxacin, which can be considered significant. The compounds have some common features; four possess 5-chloro or 5-bromo substituents; two are derivatives of (S)-2- ethanaminebenzimidazole and the others are derivative of one 2-(chloromethyl)-1Hbenzo[d]imidazole, (1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanethiol and 2-(methoxymethyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole. The results from the antifungal screening were very interesting as there were 26 compounds, including two silver complexes, which were potent fungicides against the selected fungal species. They showed equivalent or greater potentency in their MIC values than amphotericin B. In particular, the 5-fluoro, 5-chloro and 5-bromo benzimidazole showed broad spectrum activity. / Saudi Culture Bureau and King Saud University

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2023 / Plants are not only an important source of medicines, but also play a significant role in drug development for the treatment of diseases such as Tuberculosis (TB). TB is a pulmonary disease that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The aim of the study is to identify and characterise antimycobacterial compounds from Dombeya rotundifolia. The plant was collected from the University of Limpopo, dried and ground into fine powder. Extraction was done using different solvents that differ in polarity. The plant was screened and analysed for phytochemicals. Three major phytochemicals were quantified using reagent assays and analysed using standard curves. The antioxidant activity of the plant was determined using 2,2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing power assay. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was tested against Mycobacterium smegmatis using bioautography and serial microplate broth dilution assay. The antibiofilm activity of the plant extracts were evaluated using crystal violet assay. The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant was determined using egg albumin protein denaturation assay. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on THP-1 cell line. The antimycobacterial compounds were isolated and purified using bioassay-guided assay incorporated with column chromatography and preparative TLC. The isolated compounds were analysed and identified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The results obtained in this study showed that water was the best extractant, extracting 57.6 mg of the plant material, followed by methanol with 38.1 mg and hexane as the least extractant with 12.4 mg. In the phytochemical analysis of TLC plates, there was a separation of compounds in all the mobile systems, and a clear separation of compounds was observed in the BEA mobile system, followed by the EMW system. The plant has all major phytochemicals that are needed for drug development. The plant extracts had antioxidant activity, which was confirmed by the quantitative assays. The high inhibitory activity of the extracts was indicated by low MIC values that inhibited the bacterial growth. The butanol extract had the lowest MIC value (0.13 mg/mL). The plant extracts were able to prevent the formation of biofilm at different concentrations. The plant was proven to have anti-inflammatory properties by having a high inhibition capacity to prevent protein denaturation. The cytotoxicity results showed that the plant was toxic to the cells. The isolated antimycobacterial compounds were identified as Eicosanoic acid and Docosanoic. They have moderate activity with the MIC value of 0.25 mg/mL. The study indicated that the isolated compounds have antimycobacterial activity, which showed that the plant has a potential to treat TB or symptoms related to TB. However, further studies are needed to evaluate their toxic effects before use. / The National Research Foundation (NRF)

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), especially those caused by different antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa are of growing concern in healthcare facilities. Since 1995, overall incidence rates of MRSA in Canadian hospitals have increased 19-fold, leading to unnecessary suffering by patients and increasing costs to hospitals. There have been many reports that link pathogen-carrying hospital textiles and cases of infections. The development of effective, durable and rechargeable antibacterial healthcare textiles is expected to impede the transmission of infectious microorganisms, and act as an additional prevention measure to infection control. N-chloramines have been proven to be one of the most suitable antimicrobial agents to be immobilized onto healthcare textiles to impart them with potent and rechargeable antimicrobial functions. However, the majority of the hospital used medical textiles are synthetic fibers which are chemically inert and hard to be chemically modified with N-chloramine functions. This study focuses on developing an industry scalable process to durably immobilize N-chloramine onto poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET), a common synthetic fiber used in healthcare textiles. Many techniques have been reported till now to activate the chemically inert PET surface with reactive functional groups. Among all the techniques, aminolysis and plasma treatments have attracted great attention due to their easy process to introduce functional group onto PET and can be set up for large production. However, aminolysis suffers from polymer degradation and plasma treatments suffer from less deposition which hinders these two processes to produce commercial antibacterial textiles. In this study, a new combined process was introduced by combining aminolysis and plasma treatments in a specific way that not only minimize the problems associated with these two processes but also can create more N-chloramine precursor functional groups onto the surface of PET. The covalently bonded N-chloramine precursor groups can be easily converted to N-chloramine by dilute sodium hypochlorite solution. The presence of nitrogen on the PET substrates after the modification was confirmed by CHNS/O elemental analyzer and ATR/FTIR analysis showing a successful incorporation of N-chloramine precursor. The morphology of the treated fibers was kept relatively similar with a slight decrease in their diameter. Moreover, the tensile strength of the treated fabric was also acceptably maintained. The N-chloramine modified PET presented highly effective antimicrobial properties, even after 50 home launderings the rechargeable treated fabric demonstrated 100% reduction of both MRSA and P. aeruginosa within a contact time of 5 min. / May 2016

Le développement de composés de coordination biologiquement actifs (antimicrobiens, les anti-inflammatoires, les antifongiques, les anti-oxydants et les anticancéreux) est un domaine de la chimie inorganique en évolution rapide, susceptible d'avoir un impact direct sur l'amélioration de la qualité de la vie. Les complexes métallo-antibiotique tirent parti de l'effet synergique pour aboutir à une activité pharmacologique améliorée. La reconnaissance du rôle des ions métalliques dans les systèmes biologiques et dans le traitement de diverses maladies attire l'attention sur les avantages d'étudier l'interaction des ions métalliques avec les molécules de médicaments organiques. Dans la continuité avec les travaux précédents de l’équipe, nous nous intéressons à la synthèse de nouvelles familles de complexes métaux-antibiotiques associant l’activité antiseptique d’un ion métallique à un ou deux types de molécules bioactives. Leurs actions additives doivent avoir un effet synergique et conduire à des traitements plus efficaces et devraient fortement minimiser les risques d'apparition de bactéries mutantes. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons réussi à synthétiser le premier complexe métal-antibiotique associant deux types d'antibiotiques différents comme ligands du Zn(II). Des études comparatives montrent qu'il a une meilleure activité antibactérienne contre E. Coli, E. Aureus, E. Feacalis que les antibiotiques parents et les complexes ne contenant qu'un seul de ces antibiotiques. Cela ouvre un nouveau concept appelé « Assemblage de Biomolécules Multi-actifs, ABM ». De plus, nous décrivons la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux ligands antimicrobiens trifluorométhylés / Development of novel coordination complexes with diverse biological activities (antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant and anticancer) is a rapidly evolving field of inorganic chemistry with potential direct impact on quality of life. Metal–drug complexes are of increasing interest in bioinorganic chemistry, leveraging the synergistic effect to lead to compounds with improved pharmacological activity. The recognition of the role of metal ions in biological systems and in treatment of various diseases calls attention to the benefits of studying the interaction of metal ions with organic drug molecules. In continuation with previous works of team, we focus here on the synthesis of new families of metal-antibiotic complexes associating, on one single-molecule, the antiseptic activity of a metal ion with the bioactivity of one or two type of bioactive molecules. Their additive actions have a synergetic effect and lead to more effective and shorter treatments and should strongly minimize the risks for appearance of bacteria mutants. In this work, we succeeded to synthesis the first metal-antibiotic complex associating two types of different antibiotic as ligands with Zn(II). The structure in the solid state of this new complex was established together with the studies of the chemical-physical properties. Comparative studies show it has a better antibacterial activity against (E.Coli, E,Aureus, E.Feacalis ) than parent antibiotics and complexes with only one of the antibiotic. This open a new concept named as Multi-Active Biomolecule Assembly. Moreover, the synthesis and characterisation of new trifluorométhylated antimicrobial ligands are described

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio (Calen®), associada ou não ao digluconato de clorexidina a 0,4%, em cultura de macrófagos da linhagem RAW 264.7, cultura primária de células da linhagem osteoblástica e em tecido subcutâneo de camundongos. Além disso, foi avaliada a atividade antimicrobiana desses materiais. Em cultura de macrófagos RAW 264.7 foram avaliados os seguintes aspectos: a viabilidade celular (Ensaio de MTT), propriedades imunoestimuladoras (dosagem de óxido nítrico) e propriedades antiinflamatórias (dosagem de óxido nítrico, TNF-α e IL-1α). Em cultura primária de células da linhagem osteoblástica foram avaliados viabilidade celular (períodos de 3, 7 e 10 dias), conteúdo de proteína total (Método de Lowry modificado nos períodos de 7 e 10 dias), atividade da fosfatase alcalina (liberação de timolftaleína nos períodos de 7 e 10 dias e in situ pelo método do Fast red), proteínas da matriz não-colágena (marcação por Imunofluorescência Indireta e Fluorescência Direta por meio da utilização da faloidina e DAPI, nos períodos de 3, 7 e 14 dias) e formações nodulares de matriz mineralizada (marcação pelo vermelho de Alizarina nos períodos de 3, 7 e 14 dias). A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada por meio do teste de difusão em ágar, sobre 2 microrganismos indicadores (Enterococcus faecalis e Kocuria rhizophila). A biocompatibilidade após implantanção de tubos de polietileno contendo as pastas no tecido subcutâneo de camundongos isogênicos Balb/c. Os dados numéricos foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste de Dunn, com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados referentes à exposição das células da linhagem RAW 264.7 de macrófagos evidenciou baixa atividade imunoestimuladora da pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio (Calen®), associada ou não ao digluconato de clorexidina 0,4%, nas diferentes concentrações avaliadas. Por outro lado, pôde-se observar atividade antiinflamatória, com inibição na liberação de óxido nítrico e das citocinas (TNF-α e IL1-α), quando da utilização da associação hidróxido de cálcio e clorexidina na concentração de 25µg/ml. Resultados semelhantes ao controle foram observados após a avaliação da pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio (Calen®), associada ou não ao digluconato de clorexidina a 0,4% em cultura primária de células da linhagem osteoblástica uma vez que os dados numéricos do conteúdo de proteína total, da quantidade de fosfatase alcalina e das formações nodulares de matriz mineralizada não foram estatisticamente diferentes (p>0,05). Em relação à caracterização morfológica das culturas primárias os resultados obtidos foram semelhantes quando comparou-se a pasta Calen®, associada ou não à clorexidina a 0,4%. Em relação à atividade antimicrobiana, a associação hidróxido de cálcio e clorexidina promoveu a formação de maiores halos de inibição (em mm), em relação ao Enterococcus faecalis, embora sem diferença estatística significante com os demais grupos avaliados (p>0,05). No tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo de camundongos, a análise microscópica demonstrou ser esta associação biocompatível, com tecido circunjacente e reacional, apresentando fibrosamento discreto e semelhante ao tecido conjuntivo fibroso normal, aos 63 dias de avaliação, sem diferença estatística com grupo controle (p>0,05). Com base nas metodologias empregadas e nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que a adição da clorexidina não apresentou benefícios adicionais à pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the calcium hydroxide-based paste (Calen®), associated or not to 0.4% chlorexidine digluconate, in culture of RAW 264.7 macrophages lineage, primary culture of osteoblastic lineage, and mice subcutaneous tissue. Besides we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of those materials. In RAW 264.7 macrophages culture the followed aspects were evaluated: cellular viability (MTT assay), immunestimulatory (nitric oxide detection) and anti-inflammatory (nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-1-α detection) properties. In primary cell culture of osteoblastic lineage we evaluated the cellular viability for 3, 7 and 10 days, total protein content (Lowry modified method for 7 and 10 days), alkalinic phosphatase activity (thymolphthalein liberation for 7 and 10 days, and in situ by Fast red method), extracellular matrix noncollagen protein (stained by indirect immunofluorescence and direct fluorescence by phalloidin and DAPI for 3, 7 and 14 days), and mineralized matrix nodular formation (stained by Alizarin red for 3, 7 and 14 days). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar diffusion test with Enterococcus faecalis and Kocuria rhizophila as indicators, and the biocompatibility after polyethylene tubes with the paste implanted into Balb/c mice subcutaneous tissue. The data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn\'s post test, considering a level of significance of 5%. The results of macrophage RAW 264.7 cells lineage exposition showed low stimullatory activity for the different concentrations evaluated of calcium hydroxide-based paste (Calen®), associated or not to 0.4% chlorexidine digluconate. On the other hand, we could observe anti-inflammatory activity with inhibition of nitric oxide and cytokines quantification (TNF--α e IL1--α), after the use of 25-µg/ml calcium hydroxide associated to chlorhexidine (25-µg/ml). Same results to the control were observed after evaluation of Calen® paste associated or not to 0.4% chlorexidine digluconate, in culture of RAW 264.7 macrophages lineage, primary culture of osteoblastic lineage because the data of total protein content, alkaline phosphatase, and mineralized matrix nodular formation were not statistically different (p>0.05). In relation to the morphological characterization of primary culture, the results obtained were the same after comparison of Calen® paste, associated or not to 0.4% chlorexidine digluconate. About antimicrobial activity, the association Calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine promoted formation of largest inhibition halo (in mm) for Enterococcus faecalis, but with no statistically significant with others evaluated groups (p>0.05). The microscopic analysis in mice conjunctive subcutaneous tissue demonstrated biocompatibility of that association with the around and reactional tissue, sowing a discret fibrosis, as well as the normal conjunctive fibrous tissue after 63 days of evaluation with no statistically difference with the control group (p>0.05). Based on the methodology used, and the results obtained in this work, we could conclude that the addition of chlorexidine showed no additional benefits to the calcium hydroxide-based paste.

Organismos marinhos são reconhecidos como um rico reservatório de produtos naturais com estruturas moleculares excepcionais. Neste contexto, cianobactérias e fungos endofíticos emergiram como uma fonte promissora de substâncias bioativas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi buscar por substâncias biologicamente ativas a partir de linhagem de cianobactérias marinhas coletadas em Ubatuba, litoral do estado de São Paulo (Brasil) e explorar o potencial biossintético do fungo Trichoderma atroviride (endófito isolado da alga marinha Bostrychia tenella, coletada nos costões rochosos da Praia de Fortaleza, Ubatuba, SP) por meio do cultivo misto com a linhagem de cianobactéria Geitlerinema sp CENA556. Inicialmente, cinco espécies de cianobactérias marinhas foram isoladas a partir da amostra coletada no litoral de São Paulo e então caracterizadas filogeneticamente. As linhagem codificadas como Geitlerinema sp CENA552 e Geitlerinema sp CENA556 foram cultivadas em meio mimetizando água do mar e em seguida extraídas com uma mistura de CH2Cl2/ MeOH (2:1) e em seguida AcOEt. O extrato concentrado foi particionado em fração hexano e fração MeOH/H2O (95: 5). Quatro substâncias conhecidas foram identificadas a partir da fração hexânica do extrato da linhagem Geitlerinema sp CENA552 por análises de CG-EM: 2-hexil,1-decanol, 3-octadeceno, neoftadieno e palmitato de metila . A partir da fração hexânica do extrato da linhagem Geitlerinema sp CENA556, foram identificados: dodecanal, 8-heptadeceno, palmitaldeído, neoftadieno, fitol, palmitoleato de metila, 7-hexadecenoato de metila e 9-hexadecenoato de metila. Sete substâncias foram isoladas por CLAE-DAD semipreparativa a partir da fração MeOH/H2O (95: 5) do extrato da linhagem Geitlerinema sp CENA556 e identificadas por análises de espectroscopia de RMN e espectrometria de AR-EM. Entre elas, cinco nucleosídeos conhecidos isolados pela primeira vez em cianobactérias: 2\'-deoxiuridina, timidina, adenosina, 2\'-deoxiadenosina e uridina. Além disso, dois aminoácidos: D-leucina e L-fenilalanina. O fungo Trichoderma atroviride foi cultivado isoladamente em meio arroz e Czapek e os cultivos mistos entre o fungo e a cianobactéria (linhagem Geitlerinema sp CENA556) foram realizados utilizando os mesmos meios de cultura. Os extratos CH2Cl2/ MeOH (2:1) e AcOEt reunidos provenientes do cultivo misto em meio Czapeck do fungo T. atroviride e da cianobactéria Gleiterinema sp CENA556 mostrou diferença significativa na produção de metabólitos quando comparado ao extrato do fungo e da cianobactérias cultivados individualmente. Quatro sideróforos tipo catecol foram isolados da fração MeOH/H2O (95: 5) deste extrato: agrobactina, agrobactina A, fotobactina e uma substância inédita. Agrobactina, a substância majoritária, mostrou atividade antibacteriana substancial frente a P. mirabilis, E. coli, S. saprophyticus, S. aureus e P. aeruginosa. Assim, a cianobactéria brasileira estudada Geitlerinema sp CENA556 mostrou-se promissora para o isolamento de nucleosídeos com atividade biológica. Além disso, o fungo T. atroviride provou ser uma fonte prolífica de sideróforos antimicrobianos obtidos por eliciação biológica com a cyanobactéria Geitlerinema sp CENA556. / Marine organisms are recognized as a rich reservoir of natural products with exceptional molecular structures. In this context, cyanobacteria and endophytic fungi has emerged as source of promising bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to look for biologically active compounds from the marine cyanobacteria strains, collected in Ubatuba, coast of the São Paulo state (Brazil), and to explore the biosynthetic potential of the fungus Trichoderma atroviride (endophyte isolated from marine seaweed Bostrychia tenella, collected in the rocky Shore of Praia de Fortaleza, Ubatuba, SP) by coculture with the cyanobacteria strain Geitlerinema sp CENA556. Initially, five species of marine cyanobacteria were isolated from the sample collected at the coast of São Paulo, and then characterized phylogenetically. Among them, the strains coded as Geitlerinema sp CENA552 and Geitlerinema sp CENA556 were cultured in mimicking seawater medium and extracted with a mix of CH2Cl2/ MeOH (2:1), and then EtOAc. The concentrated extract was partitioned into hexane fraction and MeOH/H2O (95: 5) fraction. Four known compounds were identified from the hexane fraction of the Geitlerinema sp CENA552 extract by GC-MS analysis: 2-hexyl-1-decanol, 3-octadecene, neophytadiene, and methyl palmitate. Similarly, the compounds dodecanal, 8-heptadecene, palmitaldehyde, neophytadiene, phytol, methyl palmitoleate, methyl 7-hexadecenoate, and methyl 9-hexadecenoate were identified from the hexane fraction of the Geitlerinema sp CENA556 extract. Starting of MeOH/H2O (95: 5) fraction of Geitlerinema sp CENA556 extract, seven compounds were isolated by semi preparative HPLC-PDA and identified by NMR spectroscopy and HR-MS analysis. Among them, five known nucleosides first isolated from cyanobacteria: 2\'-deoxyuridine, thymidine, adenosine, 2\'-deoxyadenosine, and uridine. Also two amino acids: D-leucine and L-phenylalanine. Trichoderma atroviride was grown alone in rice and Czapeck media and the coculture between the fungus and the cyanobacteria (Geitlerinema sp CENA556) were performed using the same media. The CH2Cl2/ MeOH (2:1) and EtOAc pooled extract from the coculture of the fungus T. atroviride and the cyanobacteria Gleiterinema sp CENA556 in Czapek medium shows significant difference in the metabolites production when compared to individually cultured fungus and cyanobacteria. Four catechol type siderophores were isolated from MeOH/H2O (95: 5) fraction of this extract: agrobactin, agrobactin A, photobactin and one novel compound. Agrobactin, the major compound, showed substantial antibacterial activity against P. mirabilis, E. coli, S. saprophyticus, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Thus, the studied brazilian cyanobacteria Geitlerinema sp appeared to be promising for isolation of nucleosides with biological activity. Furthermore, the fungus T. atroviride proved to be a prolific source of antibacterial siderophores obtained by biological elicitation with the cyanobacteria Geitlerinema sp CENA556.

A incidência de infecções hospitalares tem aumentado substancialmente, resultando no aumento de morbidade e mortalidade nas últimas décadas. Embora as infecções hospitalares estejam intimamente ligadas à assepsia e à higiene do ambiente nosocomial, não se pode deixar de considerar a susceptibilidade já instaurada dos doentes acometidos por estas infecções. Os avanços tecnológicos relacionados à procedimentos invasivos, diagnósticos ou terapêuticos, ajudaram na disseminação das infecções microbianas. Em decorrência desta evolução, surgiram micro-organismos multirresistentes ao atual arsenal de agentes farmacológicos utilizados rotineiramente na quimioterapia, tornando estas infecções grave problema de Saúde Pública. A necessidade de pesquisar novas alternativas para o combate destes micro-organismos é evidente, sendo que derivados nitro-heterocíclicos apresentam-se como alternativa bastante viável para estudos de novos compostos com potencial atividade antimicrobiana. Baseado nestes fatos o presente trabalho propõe o planejamento, síntese e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de derivados tiofilidênicos com estruturas azometínica e oxadiazolínica frente a micro-organismos responsáveis por algumas das principais infecções hospitalares instauradas em hospitais em todo o mundo. A escolha dos grupos substituintes dos compostos planejados foi baseada no digrama de Craig, tendo sido planejado e sintetizados vinte derivados tiofilidênicos, estruturalmente identificados e avaliados quanto à atividade antimicrobiana frente às cepas padrão de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) e multirressitente (VISA 3), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Candida albicans (ATCC 573Y), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 70060), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 23355) e Serratia marcescens (ATCC 14756). Observou-se que os compostos sintetizados apresentaram atividade bastante promissora frente às bactérias Gram positivas (S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus VISA 3 e E. faecalis ATCC 29212) e para o fungo (C. albicans ATCC 573Y), enquanto que para bactérias Gram negativas não foi observado atividade antibacteriana significativa. Estudos de Relação Estrutura Atividade (REA) foram realizados, com objetivo de determinar quais propriedades físico-químicas auxiliam na atividade biológica. Pode-se observar que o equilíbrio lipo-hidrofílico, juntamente com as propriedades eletrônicas, estereoquímicas e topológicas foram as propriedades que contribuíram para a atividade antimicrobiana dos compostos estudados. Revelando esta classe de compostos como promissora opção no delineamento de novos fármacos no combate às infecções hospitalares com caráter de multirresistência. / Incidence of nosocomial infections has increased substantially, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in recent decades. Although nosocomial infections are closely connected to asepsis and hygiene of the nosocomial environment, one cannot fail to consider the already established susceptibility of patients affected by these infections. Technological progress related to invasive procedures, diagnostic or therapeutic, helped in spreading microbial infections. However, as a consequence of this advancement, microorganisms that are multidrug resistant to the current arsenal of pharmacologic agents used in antibiotic therapy emerged and these infections became a serious public health problem. The need for new alternatives to fight these microorganisms is evident and nitro-heterocyclic derivatives are considered as viable for studies of new compounds with potential antimicrobial activity. Based on those events the present study proposes the design, synthesis and antimicrobial activity of thiophylidene derivatives with azomethine and oxadiazole structures against microorganisms responsible for some of the main nosocomial infections observed in hospitals worldwide. The choice of the substituent groups of compounds was based on the Craig diagram, having been designed and synthesized twenty thiophylidene derivatives, structurally identified and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against the strains standard Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and mutiresistant (VISA 3), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Candida albicans (ATCC 573Y), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 70060), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 23355) and Serratia marcescens (ATCC 14756). It was observed that the synthesized compounds show very promising activity on the Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus VISA 3 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212) and against the fungus (C. albicans ATCC 573Y), while for Gram negative bacteria significant antibacterial activity was not observed. Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) Studies were performed with the objective of determining which physicochemical properties help in the biological activity. It can be observed that the lipophilic-hydrophilic balance, together with the stereochemistry, electronic and topological properties were contributed to the antimicrobial activity of the studied substances. Revealing this class of compounds as a promising option in designing of new drugs to fight nosocomial infections with multidrug resistance character.

A incidência de infecções hospitalares tem aumentado substancialmente, resultando no aumento de morbidade e mortalidade nas últimas décadas. Embora as infecções hospitalares estejam intimamente ligadas à assepsia e à higiene do ambiente nosocomial, não se pode deixar de considerar a susceptibilidade já instaurada dos doentes acometidos por estas infecções. Os avanços tecnológicos relacionados à procedimentos invasivos, diagnósticos ou terapêuticos, ajudaram na disseminação das infecções microbianas. Em decorrência desta evolução, surgiram micro-organismos multirresistentes ao atual arsenal de agentes farmacológicos utilizados rotineiramente na quimioterapia, tornando estas infecções grave problema de Saúde Pública. A necessidade de pesquisar novas alternativas para o combate destes micro-organismos é evidente, sendo que derivados nitro-heterocíclicos apresentam-se como alternativa bastante viável para estudos de novos compostos com potencial atividade antimicrobiana. Baseado nestes fatos o presente trabalho propõe o planejamento, síntese e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de derivados tiofilidênicos com estruturas azometínica e oxadiazolínica frente a micro-organismos responsáveis por algumas das principais infecções hospitalares instauradas em hospitais em todo o mundo. A escolha dos grupos substituintes dos compostos planejados foi baseada no digrama de Craig, tendo sido planejado e sintetizados vinte derivados tiofilidênicos, estruturalmente identificados e avaliados quanto à atividade antimicrobiana frente às cepas padrão de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) e multirressitente (VISA 3), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Candida albicans (ATCC 573Y), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 70060), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 23355) e Serratia marcescens (ATCC 14756). Observou-se que os compostos sintetizados apresentaram atividade bastante promissora frente às bactérias Gram positivas (S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus VISA 3 e E. faecalis ATCC 29212) e para o fungo (C. albicans ATCC 573Y), enquanto que para bactérias Gram negativas não foi observado atividade antibacteriana significativa. Estudos de Relação Estrutura Atividade (REA) foram realizados, com objetivo de determinar quais propriedades físico-químicas auxiliam na atividade biológica. Pode-se observar que o equilíbrio lipo-hidrofílico, juntamente com as propriedades eletrônicas, estereoquímicas e topológicas foram as propriedades que contribuíram para a atividade antimicrobiana dos compostos estudados. Revelando esta classe de compostos como promissora opção no delineamento de novos fármacos no combate às infecções hospitalares com caráter de multirresistência. / Incidence of nosocomial infections has increased substantially, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in recent decades. Although nosocomial infections are closely connected to asepsis and hygiene of the nosocomial environment, one cannot fail to consider the already established susceptibility of patients affected by these infections. Technological progress related to invasive procedures, diagnostic or therapeutic, helped in spreading microbial infections. However, as a consequence of this advancement, microorganisms that are multidrug resistant to the current arsenal of pharmacologic agents used in antibiotic therapy emerged and these infections became a serious public health problem. The need for new alternatives to fight these microorganisms is evident and nitro-heterocyclic derivatives are considered as viable for studies of new compounds with potential antimicrobial activity. Based on those events the present study proposes the design, synthesis and antimicrobial activity of thiophylidene derivatives with azomethine and oxadiazole structures against microorganisms responsible for some of the main nosocomial infections observed in hospitals worldwide. The choice of the substituent groups of compounds was based on the Craig diagram, having been designed and synthesized twenty thiophylidene derivatives, structurally identified and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against the strains standard Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and mutiresistant (VISA 3), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Candida albicans (ATCC 573Y), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 70060), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 23355) and Serratia marcescens (ATCC 14756). It was observed that the synthesized compounds show very promising activity on the Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus VISA 3 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212) and against the fungus (C. albicans ATCC 573Y), while for Gram negative bacteria significant antibacterial activity was not observed. Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) Studies were performed with the objective of determining which physicochemical properties help in the biological activity. It can be observed that the lipophilic-hydrophilic balance, together with the stereochemistry, electronic and topological properties were contributed to the antimicrobial activity of the studied substances. Revealing this class of compounds as a promising option in designing of new drugs to fight nosocomial infections with multidrug resistance character.

Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de atividade antimicrobiana in vitro dos extratos de algumas plantas endêmicas do Cerrado, tais como Baccharis dracunculifolia, Cochlospermum regium, Croton antisyphiliticus, Eugenia dysenterica e Lippia sidoides, frente a estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas de leite de vacas com mastite e de fontes de contaminação envolvidas na epidemiologia da mastite bovina. Os extratos foram preparados a partir das partes aéreas e sistema radicular das plantas, utilizando os solventes metanol, hexano e clorofórmio, por processo de maceração estática. Para avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foram aplicadas as técnicas de difusão em disco, microdiluição em caldo para determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (MBC). Dentre os extratos que apresentaram atividade bacteriostática, o extrato hexânico de Baccharis dracunculifolia destacou-se com CIM de 10 mg/mL sobre 45% das estirpes. Enquanto o extrato clorofórmico de Croton antisyphiliticus, com atividade bactericida, inibiu a multiplicação de 100% das estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus, com CIM variando entre 1,03mg/mL e 4,15 mg/mL. O estudo demonstra ainda, que tais extratos vegetais apresentaram resultados superiores aos obtidos com a gentamicina, princípio ativo muito utilizado no combate à mastite bovina, reforçando a importância das plantas medicinais como recurso terapêutico. / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extracts of certain endemic plants in the Brazilian Cerrado, such as Baccharis dracunculifolia, Cochlospermum regium, Croton antisyphiliticus, Eugenia dysenterica and Lippia sidoides, against strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the milk of cows with mastitis and sources of contamination involved in the epidemiology of bovine mastitis. The extracts were prepared by using aerial parts and radicular systems of the plants, using methanol, hexane and chloroform as solvents, extracted with static maceration. Techniques of disc diffusion, broth microdillution for the determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were used for the assessment of antimicrobial activity. Among the extracts with bacteriostatic activity, the hexanic extract of Baccharis dracunculifolia had a 10 mg/mL MIC against 45% of the strains, whereas the chloroformic extract of Croton antisyphiliticus, with bactericidal activity, inhibited the multiplication of 100% of the Staphylococcus aureus strains, whose MIC varied between 1.03mg/mL and 4.15 mg/mL. The study also demonstrated that the results of these plant extracts are superior to the results obtained with gentamicin, an active principle commonly used against bovine mastitis, reinforcing the importance of medicinal plants as a therapeutic resource. / Orientador:Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Coorientadora: Ana Maria Soares Pereira / Banca: Bianca Waléria Bertoni / Banca: Oswaldo Durival Rossi Junior / Mestre

Através de Testes de Diluição em Sistema de Tubos Múltiplos determinou-se a Intensidade de Atividade de Inibição Bacteriana (IINIB/bacteriostasia) e a Intensidade de Atividade de Inativação Bacteriana (IINAB/bactericidia) de soluções contendo extratos hidroetanólicos e hídricos (decocto e infuso) de três acessos de Bixa orellana L. (urucum) a saber: Arroio do Meio/RS, Eldorado do Sul/RS e Maringá/PR, sobre inóculos padronizados de Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433) e Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19114). Determinou-se, paralelamente, o teor de bixina presente nas sementes. Os extratos hídricos apresentaram baixa atividade de inibição e/ou inativação sobre os inóculos bacterianos, enquanto que a forma de extração hidroetanólica apresentou atividade antibacteriana seletiva e significativamente mais intensa (inibição/inativação) entre as cinco bactérias testadas. Independente da forma de extração, as bactérias Enterococcus faecalis e Listeria monocytogenes foram as mais sensíveis à atividade antibacteriana, enquanto que Escherichia coli apresentou a menor sensibilidade. Houve diferença significativa entre os teores de bixina dos três acessos, e, consequentemente, a atividade antibacteriana determinada mostrou-se diretamente proporcional a estes teores. / Through of Dilution Tests in Multiple Tubes System it was determined the intensity of bacterial inhibition activity (IINIB/bacteriostasy) and the intensity of bacterial inactivation activity (IINAB/bactericidie) from solutions containing hidroetanolic and hydric (decoction and infusion) extracts of tree accesses from Bixa orellana L. (annatto) at know: Arroio do Meio/RS, Eldorado do Sul/RS and Maringá/PR, on standardized inocula of Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433) and Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19114). It was determined, in parallel, the content of bixin present in the three different accesses of the seeds. The forms of hydric extraction showed low inhibition and/or inactivation activity of the bacterial inocula, and the hidroetanolic extract form showed selective antibacterial activity and significantly pronounced inhibition/inactivation against the five bacteria tested. Independent of the extraction forms, Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes were the more sensitive agents to the antibacterial activity. Escherichia coli had the lowest sensitivity to all forms of extraction. The bixin contents were significantly different between the accesses and, consequently, the antibacterial activity was directly proportional to this contents.