The genus Senecio (Asteraceae) constitutes a group of cosmopolitan plants formed by more than 2000 species. Although most of these plants are considered to be toxic due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, several of them are used in folk medicine. Their medicinal use can be attributed to other secondary metabolites, amongst them the terpenoids, with known antimicrobial activity. This work describes the isolation and identification of three compounds present in the CH2Cl2 extract of fresh aerial parts of Senecio platensis Arech., a species that showed the presence of peroxides in a phytochemical screening. Additionally, the the antibacterial activity of the isolated secondary metabolites has been evaluated. The aerial parts of Senecio platensis were collected in Capão Novo RS, Brasil and identified by Prof. Dr. Nelson Ivo Matzenbacher. Voucher specimen SMDB 9522 is preserved in the Herbarium of the Departamento de Botânica, UFSM. The fresh aerial parts of S. platensis (350.0 g) were extracted by maceration with CH2Cl2. The CH2Cl2 extract was evaporated to obtain an viscous residue (6.0 g), which approximates a yield of 1.71%. The crude extract was fractionated by flash chromatography over silica gel, using CH2Cl2 and CH2Cl2:EtOH mixtures of increasing polarity to yield 29 fractions. After two cycles of column chromatography (column: silica gel impregnated with AgNO3 (10%), eluents: hexane:acetone (95:5) and hexane:ethyl ether (99:1) 13.3 mg of PP1 were isolated from fraction 1 and later identified as germacrene D. After successive column chromatography over silica gel impregnated with AgNO3 (10%), eluting with hexane:acetone (9:1), hexane:ethyl acetate (95:5) and hexane:acetone (93:7), fraction 5 yielded 17.0 mg of AB1 (dehydrofukinone) and 30.6 mg of AB2 (spathulenol). The compounds were analyzed by GC-EI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR and were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with the literature. The fraction containing germacrene D, which is considered to be a precursor of several other sesquiterpene derivatives, was submitted to photooxidation process using Bengal Rose as sensitizer agent. By this reaction it was possible to confirm the formation of germacrene-D-1-hydroperoxide by its precursor. The antibacterial evaluation of the isolated compounds was accomplished by the broth microdilution method based on M7-A6/CLSI. In relation to Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, dehydrofukinone showed MIC of 256 μg/mL and MBC of 4096 μg/mL. The spathulenol presented MIC and MBC of 64 μg/mL. Against the clinical isolate of B. cereus, dehydrofukinone showed MIC of 256 μg/mL and MBC > 8192 μg/mL while spathulenol showed MIC 32 μg/mL and MBC > 8192 μg/mL. Dehydrofukinone and spathulenol are inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the tested concentrations (until 8192 μg/mL). / O gênero Senecio (Asteraceae) constitui um grupo de plantas cosmopolitas, formado por mais de 2000 espécies. Embora grande número tenha toxicidade reconhecida devido à presença de alcalóides pirrolizidínicos, várias delas são empregadas na medicina popular. Seu uso medicinal pode ser atribuído à presença dos demais metabólitos secundários, entre eles os terpenóides, com atividade antibacteriana reconhecida. Este trabalho descreve o isolamento e a identificação de três constituintes presentes no extrato CH2Cl2 das partes aéreas de Senecio platensis Arech., espécie na qual foi detectada a presença de peróxidos em um screening fitoquímico. Adicionalmente, os metabólitos secundários isolados tiveram sua atividade antimicrobiana avaliada. As partes aéreas de S. platensis foram coletadas em abril de 2004, no município de Capão Novo RS, Brasil. A espécie foi localizada e identificada pelo Prof. Dr. Nelson Ivo Matzenbacher, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da UFRGS. Material testemunha encontra-se depositado no Herbário do Departamento de Biologia da UFSM sob o registro SMDB 9522. As partes aéreas frescas de S. platensis (350,0 g) foram extraídas por maceração em CH2Cl2., seguido de evaporação do solvente, resultando num resíduo pastoso (6,0 g), com rendimento de 1,71%. O extrato bruto foi fracionado por cromatografia em coluna flash sobre gel de sílica, usando CH2Cl2 e misturas de CH2Cl2: EtOH, em gradiente, sendo obtidas 29 frações. A partir da fração 1, após duas cromatografias em coluna com gel de sílica impregnado com AgNO3 (10%), eluídas com hexano:acetona (95:5) e hexano:éter etílico (99:1), foram obtidos 13,3 mg da substância codificada como PP1 e posteriormente identificada como germacreno D. A fração 5 da coluna flash também foi fracionada e, após sucessivas cromatografias em coluna sobre gel de sílica impregnado com AgNO3 (10%), eluídas com hexano:acetona (9:1), hexano:acetato de etila (95:5) e hexano:acetona (93:7), foram isolados 17,0 mg de AB1 (deidrofuquinona) e 30,6 mg de AB2 (espatulenol). Os compostos foram analisados por CG-EM, RMN 1H e RMN 13C e foram identificados pela comparação de seus dados espectroscópicos com os obtidos da literatura. A fração contendo o germacreno D, considerado precursor de vários outros derivados de esqueleto sesquiterpênico, foi submetida a uma reação de foto-oxidação utilizando o corante Rosa de Bengala como agente sensibilizante. Através desta reação foi possível confirmar a formação do germacreno-D-1-hidroperóxido a partir de seu precursor. A avaliação da atividade antibacteriana das substâncias isoladas foi realizada através do método de microdiluição em caldo, baseado nos documentos M7-A6/CLSI, antigo NCCLS. Em relação ao Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, a deidrofuquinona exibiu uma CIM de 256 μg/mL e CBM de 4096 μg/mL, sendo que o espatulenol apresentou CIM e CBM de 64 μg/mL. Frente à cepa hospitalar de B. cereus, a deidrofuquinona exibiu uma CIM de 256 μg/mL e CBM > 8192 μg/mL, enquanto que o espatulenol apresentou uma CIM 32 μg/mL e CBM > 8192 μg/mL. Tanto a deidrofuquinona quanto o espatulenol não apresentaram atividade contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa até a concentração de 8192 μg/mL.

The aim of this experiment was to determine in vitro the composition, the antibacterial, antioxidant and tanning activity of grape by-products (Vitis vinifera) for its exploitation in the poultry industry. The crude fiber content of the pomace of 31, 6% and for lignin of the seeds it was 61,2%. The pressed seeds contained 13,4% of crude oil, whose composition of fat acid has 67,73% of linoleic acid. To be studied as growth promoter of birds, polar compound had been extracted from the defatted grape seed in a solution with acetone: water: acid ascetic, resulting in 10,3% of extract from the defatted grape seed extract (ESUD) that, when analyzed, evidenced the presence of anthocyanic pigments and condensed tannins. The ESUD presented high antibacterial activity against strains of S. aureus and E. coli, but not against Salmonella sp. The antioxidant activity of the ESUD presented a percentage of inhibition of 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazila comparable to the ascorbic acid, whose effect reached its maximum at 200 μg/ml. The capacity of tannins to bind protein was considered low for the seed and SUD and high for the ESUD. Later on, the inclusion effect of the grape seed and by-product as additives in the diets of poultry upon growth performance had been evaluated for apparent digestibilidade of the dry matter (CDMS), organic matter (CDMO) and crude protein (CDPB), blood levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins and glucose, beyond cecal pH. Six hundred day old Ross chicks were distributed in completely randomized design, from 1 to 21 days of age, with six treatments, five repetitions of 10 birds, inoculated or not with strains of E. coli, constituting a 6x2 factorial. Initial feed was used constituting the following treatments: T1-negative control; T2-positive control-0.05% of flavomycin and colistin sulphate; T3-0,04% extract of ESUD; T4-0,1% of grape seed (SUI); T5-0,47% of SUI and T6-2,35% of SUI. The inclusion of grape by-products did not influence the rates growth parameters, apparent digestibilidade or cholesterol levels but decrease levels of blood triglycerides. The inoculation decreased body weight, the weight gain, decreased the levels of blood total protein, and increased triglycerides and glucose and when associated with the ESUD, improved the CDMO. The contradictory results indicate the need for further experiments. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar in vitro a composição centesimal, a atividade antibacteriana, antioxidante e tanante de subprodutos da uva (Vitis vinifera) para seu aproveitamento na indústria avícola. O conteúdo de fibra bruta do bagaço foi de 31,6% e de lignina das sementes foi de 61,2%. As sementes prensadas renderam 13,4% de óleo bruto, cuja composição de ácidos graxos tem 67,73% de ácido linoléico. Para serem estudados como aditivos em dietas para aves compostos polares foram extraídos da semente de uva desengordurada numa solução com acetona: água: ácido acético, resultando em 10,3% de rendimento de extrato de semente de uva desengordurada (ESUD) que, quando analisado, evidenciou a presença de taninos condensados e pigmentos antociânicos. O ESUD apresentou atividade antibacteriana alta contra cepas de S. aureus e E. coli mas não contra Salmonella sp. A atividade antioxidante do ESUD apresentou um percentual de inibição do 1,1-difenil-2- picrilhidrazila comparável ao ácido ascórbico, cujo efeito atingiu seu máximo em concentrações de 200μg/ml. A capacidade de complexar proteínas dos taninos foi considerada baixa para a semente e a SUD e alta para a ESUD. Posteriormente foram avaliados os efeitos da inclusão de subprodutos da uva como aditivos nas dietas de frango de corte sobre variáveis de desempenho zootécnico e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (CDMS), matéria orgânica (CDMO) e proteína bruta (CDPB), níveis plasmáticos de colesterol, triglicerídeos, proteínas totais e glicose, além de pH cecal. Foram utilizados 600 pintos de corte machos Ross, de 1 a 21 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, cinco repetições de 10 aves, inoculados ou não com cepas de Escherichia coli, constituindo um fatorial 6x2. Utilizou-se ração inicial para a criação constituindo os seguintes tratamentos: T1-controle negativo; T2-0,05% de flavomicina e sulfato de colistina-controle positivo; T3-0,04% ESUD; T4-0,1% de semente de uva integral (SUI); T5-0,47% de SUI e T6-2,35% de SUI. A inclusão de subprodutos da uva não influenciou as variáveis zootécnicas, coeficientes de digestibilidade, nem as taxas de colesterol, mas diminuiu os níveis de triglicerídeos plasmáticos. A inoculação piorou o peso final, o ganho de peso, diminuiu os níveis plasmáticos de proteínas totais, aumentou triglicerídeos e glicose e quando associada com o ESUD melhorou o CDMO. Os resultados contraditórios indicam a necessidade de novos experimentos.

Ces travaux de thèse ont permis de mettre en œuvre une méthode de criblage de l'activité antibactérienne des dendrimères greffés de la L-lysine (DGL) par électrophorèse capillaire (EC). Le principe de la méthode est basé sur le suivi du profil électrophorétique des bactéries avant et après leur rencontre avec une bande de composé cationique dont on souhaite cribler l'activité. La mise en œuvre de cette méthode a nécessité plusieurs étapes. Dans la première étape, une nouvelle méthodologie permettant la focalisation, la mobilisation et la quantification des bactéries par EC a été développée. Cette méthode a été appliquée pour la quantification de la flore totale dans des eaux naturelles. Dans la seconde étape, plusieurs revêtements neutres de capillaire ont été comparés pour l'analyse simultanée de composés polycationiques et polyanioniques. Dans la dernière partie, la méthodologie de criblage a été mise en œuvre pour l'étude de l'activité des DGL. / In this work, a new analytical methodology has been implemented for the screening of antibacterial activity of dendrigraft poly-L-lysines (DGL) by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The principle of this methodology is based on the monitoring of the electrophoretic profile of bacteria before and after the meeting with a zone containing the cationic compound to be screened. The implementation of this methodology has required several steps. In a first experimental part, a new methodology has been developed for the focalization, mobilization and quantification of bacteria. This focusing mode has been applied for the quantification of bacteria in natural waters. In a second experimental part, several neutral capillary coatings were compared for the simultaneous CE analysis of polyanionic and polycationic compounds. In the last experimental part, the screening of antibacterial activity has been implemented on DGL.

MSc (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / Background: The high on-going incidences of infectious diseases, specifically those caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria in the last decade has made it a necessity to investigate a variety of antimicrobial drug sources, such as plants. Medicinal plants have played a significant role in drug discovery for western pharmaceuticals recently and have also been used successfully by traditional healers and herbalists to treat various infectious diseases for centuries. Currently, a few medicinal plants are commercialized, reason being most medicinal plants phytochemicals have not been studied yet, although they have been traditionally used by healers. Due to the constant development of multi-drug resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, S. africana extracts can provide an opportunity to finding new antibacterial compounds that can be used as the foundation for formulating new antimicrobial drugs. Objectives: The aim of this study was to screen antibacterial activity of the crude extract and fractions of S. africana against multi-drug resistant bacteria and to also evaluate other biological properties. Methods: Preliminary screening of phytochemical constituents of S. africana and fractions was done using standard qualitative and quantitative methods. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method and the microdilution assay against MDR bacterial strains. Antioxidant activities of the MCE and its fractions were measured by DPPH and reducing power assays, and the toxicity of the MCE and its fractions was tested on Vero cells using Cell-based high content screening assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis of the MCE and fractions obtained in this study showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and terpenoids in most of S. african’s test samples. Fraction F1 and F2 both lacked alkaloids and saponins. The micro-plate dilution assay demonstrated that the MCE and all its fractions can inhibit the growth of all selected MDR bacterial strains tested against at different concentrations (0.1mg/ml to >12.5mg/ml), wherein the lowest MIC averages were obtained from fractions F3 and F6, with 0.59 mg/ml and 0.71 mg/ml MIC averages respectively. Contrary to the micro-plate dilution assay, the well diffusion assay demonstrated that MCE and all its fractions were not active against all the selected MDR bacterial strains tested against, as no inhibition was shown against the growth of K. pneumonia by any of S. african’s test samples. For DPPH assay, the IC50 of S. african’s test samples ranged between 0.01 ±0.34 mg/ml to 0.62 ± 0.05 mg/ml, whiles for the reducing power assay, EC50 measured ranged between 0.61 ± 0.01 mg/ml and 11.30 ± 0.04 mg/ml. The MCE and fraction F2 exhibited the highest toxicity to Vero cells. Conclusion: The MCE and fractions of the plant S. africana have antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial strains, beneficial biological properties and contains potential antibacterial compounds that may be valuable in the discovery of new potential drugs for treatment of infectious diseases / NRF

Reaktion von Arginin mit Abbauprodukten 1,4-verknüpfter Disaccharide Im Verlauf der Reaktion von Arginin mit Abbauprodukten 1,4-glycosidisch verknüpfter Disaccharide entsteht ein Hauptderivatisierungsprodukt des Arginins, welches aus Inkubationsansätzen von Lactose mit N-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-L-arginin (Boc-Arg) bzw. N-a-Hippuryl-L-arginin (Hip-Arg) isoliert und als N-d-[5-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-4-oxo-imidazolon-2-yl]-L-ornithin (PIO) identifiziert werden konnte. PIO stellt ein spezifisches Reaktionsprodukt von Arginin mit Abbauprodukten 1,4-glycosidisch verknüpfter Disaccharide dar. Zum Nachweis des Precursors von PIO wurden die Bildung und der Abbau von 1,2-Dicarbonylverbindungen in Inkubationsansätzen von Lactose mit und ohne Hip-Arg nach der Hitzebehandlung mit o-Phenylendiamin untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass ein als 1,2-Dicarbonylverbindung identifiziertes Abbauprodukt von Lactose nur in Abwesenheit von der Aminokomponente (Hip-Arg) als Hauptabbauprodukt bestimmbar war. Nach Isolierung dieser 1,2-Dicarbonylverbindung in Form ihres stabilen Chinoxalin-Derivates und der Strukturaufklärung ist es gelungen, dieses Hauptabbauprodukt der Lactose als (3'-Hydroxypropyl)-chinoxalin also das Chinoxalin der 3,4-Didesoxypentosulose (3,4-DDPs) zu identifizieren. Bestimmung von 1,2-Dicarbonylverbindungen in Lebensmitteln Glyoxal (GO), Methylglyoxal (MGO), 3-Desoxyglucosulose (3-DG) und 3-Desoxypentosulose (3-DPs) konnten nach Umsetzung mit o-Phenylendiamin erstmals in Milch- und Milchprodukten quantifiziert werden. Für Glyoxal wurden Gehalte von 0,06 bis 3,5 mg/ l und für Methylglyoxal von 0,2 bis 4,7 mg/ l bestimmt. 3-Desoxyglucosulose wurde mit Gehalten von 0,7 bis 3,5 mg/ l und 3-Desoxypentosulose von 0,1 bis 4,7 mg/ l bestimmt. Des Weiteren erfolgte die Bestimmung von Glyoxal, Methylglyoxal und 3-Desoxyglucosulose in käuflich erworbenen deutschen Honigen, in Honigen des Imkerverbandes Dresden und in neuseeländischen Honigen. Im Vergleich zu den Milchprodukten wurden deutlich höhere Gesamtgehalte an 1,2-Dicarbonylverbindungen (124 bis 1550 mg/ kg) bestimmt. Für 3-Desoxyglucosulose wurden 119 bis 1451 mg/ kg, für Glyoxal 0,2 bis 4,6 mg/ kg und für Methylglyoxal 0,5 bis 743 mg/ kg ermittelt. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen hohen Gehalten an 1,2-Dicarbonylverbindungen und der antibakteriellen Aktivität der Honige wurde untersucht. Hier stellten die neuseeländischen Manuka-Honige (Manuka: Leptospermum scoparium, Teebaum) den Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung dar. Für die untersuchten Manuka-Honige konnten ungewöhnlich hohe Gehalte an Methylglyoxal bestimmt werden (von 347 bis 743 mg/ kg). Von 12 verschiedenen Honigen deutscher und neuseeländischer Herkunft konnten nur Manuka-Honige als antibakteriell wirksam eingestuft werden. Bezogen auf den Gehalt an Methylglyoxal liegen die MIC-Werte für Staphylococcus aureus bei 1,5 mmol/ l für Manuka-Honig (35 % v/v), 1,4 mmol/ l für Manuka-Honig "active" (30 % v/v), 1,1 mmol/ l für Manuka-Honig UMF 10+ (25 % v/v) bzw. 1,8 mmol/ l für Manuka-Honig UMF 20+ (20 % v/v). Es zeigte sich, dass die antibakterielle Aktivität des Honigs unmittelbar auf den Methylglyoxal-Gehalt zurückführbar war.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Purpose: Dental sealant forms a physical barrier to prevent pit and fissure caries; therefore, the retention rate becomes a main factor of the sealant’s effectiveness. Electrospun nylon-6/N6 nanofibers have shown good mechanical properties, such as high tensile strength and fracture toughness. Chitosan/CH has received significant attention due to properties such as antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the effect of incorporating N6 and CH electrospun nanofibers on the physical-mechanical and antibacterial properties of an experimental resin-based sealant. Methods and Materials: Nanofiber synthesis: N6 pellets were dissolved in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol at a concentration of 10wt%. Practical-grade chitosan was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid and dichloromethane (60:40 TFA/DCM) at 7 wt%. Electrospinning parameters were optimized in order to fabricate defect-free N6 and chitosan nanofiber mats. Morphological and chemical characterizations were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively after vacuum drying the mats for 48 h. The average fiber diameter was determined from SEM images by measuring the diameter of 120 fibers using ImageJ software. Experimental Sealant: N6 and CH electrospun mats (3×3cm2) were immersed into a resin mixture of BIS-GMA/TEGDMA. Once no bubbles were seen, the resin-modified N6 and CH mats were put on a glass plate, light-cured (“TRIAD 2000”) for 2 min and then submitted to a cryomilling process to obtain a fine micron-sized powder. Three different filler levels (1 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 5 wt%) were used to prepare the N6 and CH incorporated resin-based sealants. Additionally, a commercially available resin-based sealant and the experimental resin mixture (unfilled) were used as controls. Three-point flexural testing, Vickers microhardness testing, and agar diffusion testing were performed on the experimental sealants and the commercial sealant. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Fisher's Protected Least Significant Differences Pair-wise comparisons between groups (5%). Results: The average fiber diameter for N6 was found to be 503±304 nm and 595±411 nm for CH. No significant difference was found between fiber diameter (p = 0.0601). FTIR confirmed the characteristic peaks for N6 ((CO-NH and [-(CH2)5-].) and CH (N-H and C2F3O2-). CH-5% group had significantly higher (p = 0.0000) FS (115.3±4.5 MPa) than all other groups. CH-1% and CH-2.5% groups had significantly higher FS than the control (unfilled) (p = 0.0016 and p = 0.0033 respectively); Helioseal Clear (p = 0.0000), and nylon groups. N6-5% had significantly higher flexural strength than Helioseal Clear (p = 0.0013) and N6-2.5% (p = 0.0250). CH-1% had significantly higher hardness values than all other groups, and CH-5% (p = 0.0414) had significantly higher values than N6-2.5%. No antibacterial inhibition was seen in any of the tested groups. Conclusions: CH and N6 nanofibers were successfully prepared via electrospinning and used to modify the experimental resin-based dental sealants. The overall results indicated that CH-containing sealants presented the highest flexural strength and hardness; however, none of the CH groups displayed antimicrobial properties. Further investigation is needed to enhance the physico-mechanical properties of the experimental resin-based sealants using nylon-6 and CH.

Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from 10 samples of the traditionally fermented foods (5 samples of Vietnamese fermented pork roll and 5 samples of the salted field cabbage) and 5 samples of fresh cow milks collected from households in Vietnam. 22 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated for inhibition to Lactobacillus plantarum JCM 1149. Of these, only 2 strains including DC1.8 and NC1.2 have rod shape, the others have coccus shape. 7 strains showing higher antibacterial activity were selected for checking spectrum of antibacteria with indicator bacteria consistting of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Enterococcus faecium JCM 5804 and Staphylococcus aureus TLU. By which, 3 strains including NC3.5 (from Vietnamese fermented pork roll), DC1.8 (from salted field cabbage) and MC3.19 (from fresh cow milk) were selected because of their higher antibacterial ability. However, the antibacterial activity of the lactic acid bacteria can be based on their disposable compounds and some other antibacterial compounds produced during their growth (such as lactic acid, H2O2, bacteriocins, etc.). For seeking lactic acid bacteria with capability of producing bacteriocins, antibacterial compounds with protein nature, 3 above strains were checked sensitiveness to proteases (including protease K, papain, α – chymotrypsin and trypsin). Because bacteriocins are proteinaceous antibacterial compounds, so their antibacterial activity will be reduced if proteases are added. The result showed DC1.8 and MC3.19 were capable of producing bacteriocin during culture process. They were identified as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactococcus lactis and classified, respectively, based on analysis chemical characterisitcs by standard API 50 CHL kit and phylogeny relationship by 16s rRNA sequences. / Các chủng vi khuẩn lactic được phân lập từ 10 mẫu thực phẩm lên men truyền thống (5 mẫu nem chua, 5 mẫu dưa cải bẹ muối) và 5 mẫu sữa bò tươi được thu thập từ các hộ gia đình ở Việt Nam. 22 chủng vi khuẩn lactic đã được phân lập với tiêu chí có khả năng kháng lại vi khuẩn kiểm định Lactobacillus plantarum JCM 1149. Trong số đó, 2 chủng DC1.8 và NC1.2 có tế bào hình que, các chủng còn lại có tế bào hình cầu. 7 chủng thể hiện hoạt tính kháng khuẩn cao được lựa chọn để xác định phổ kháng khuẩn rộng hơn với ba loài vi khuẩn kiểm định Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Enterococcus faecium JCM 5804 và Staphylococcus aureus TLU. Từ đó lựa chọn được 3 chủng có hoạt tính kháng khuẩn cao hơn hẳn. Các chủng này gồm NC3.5 phân lập từ nem chua, DC1.8 phân lập từ dưa cải bẹ muối và MC3.19 phân lập từ sữa bò tươi. Tuy nhiên, hoạt tính kháng khuẩn của vi khuẩn lactic bao gồm những hợp chất nội tại có trong nó và cả những hợp chất được sinh ra trong quá trình phát triển của nó (như axit lactic, H2O2, bacteriocin, …). Với định hướng tìm chủng vi khuẩn lactic có khả năng sinh bacteriocin, chất kháng khuẩn có bản chất protein, 3 chủng trên được kiểm tra độ nhạy cảm với các protease (gồm protease K, papain, α – chymotrypsin và trypsin). Do bacteriocin là chất kháng khuẩn có bản chất protein nên hoạt tính kháng khuẩn của chúng sẽ bị giảm nếu protease được bổ xung vào. Kết quả lựa chọn được chủng DC1.8 và MC3.19 có khả năng sinh bacteriocin. Hai chủng này được phân loại đến loài nhờ vào phân tích đặc điểm sinh hóa bằng kit API 50 CHL và mối quan hệ di truyền thông qua trình tự gen 16s rRNA. Kết quả phân loại đã xác định chủng DC1.8 thuộc loài Lactobacillus acidophilus và chủng MC3.19 thuộc loài Lactococcus lactis.

A presença de antibióticos no ecossistema representa um sério risco à saúde humana e animal em virtude do desenvolvimento crescente de resistência bacteriana. Uma vez que a maioria dos antibióticos é persistente à degradação biológica, os processos oxidativos avançados são apontados como uma das tecnologias mais efetivas para decompor esses compostos em águas residuárias. A bacitracina zíncica (Bc-Zn) é um potente antibiótico constituído por uma mistura complexa de peptídeos não-biodegradáveis, conjugados ao zinco. Apesar de ser um antibiótico amplamente consumido na medicina humana e animal, é preocupante a escassez de estudos que investigam sua degradação e destino ambiental. O presente trabalho analisou a degradação da Bc-Zn através dos processos de fotólise direta e UV/H2O2 em diferentes condições de radiação UVC e concentração inicial de H2O2. Os parâmetros cinéticos rendimento quântico da fotólise, constantes cinéticas de pseudo-primeira ordem e constante cinéticas de segunda ordem foram satisfatoriamente estimados pela modelagem do sistema fotoquímico experimental. Os resultados revelaram que a fotólise direta permitiu degradar todos os congêneres da mistura de Bc-Zn nas maiores doses de radiação UVC empregadas. No entanto, não houve remoção de TOC após 120 minutos de irradiação. A adição de H2O2 acelerou substancialmente a fotodegradação do antibiótico, apresentando constantes cinéticas de pseudo-primeira ordem uma ordem de grandeza superiores às obtidas por fotólise direta. Além disso, remoção considerável de até 71% do TOC foi alcançada. A análise estatística demonstrou que a radiação UV foi um fator bem mais significativo para a fotodegradação da Bc-Zn em relação à concentração inicial de H2O2, sendo as melhores condições do processo alcançadas para a maior taxa específica de emissão de fótons (1,11×10-5 Einstein L-1 s-1). Ensaios biológicos com soluções tratadas por fotólise direta e UV/H2O2 indicaram remoção completa da atividade antimicrobiana residual, ainda que os produtos da fotodegradação tenham se mostrado não-biodegradáveis. Análises de toxicidade indicaram que o metal zinco presente no antibiótico é responsável pela a toxicidade no micro-organismo-teste Vibrio fischeri. Estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para identificar os sub-produtos formados, bem como para investigar a degradação da Bc-Zn em efluentes industriais reais. / The presence of antibiotics in ecosystems represents a serious risk to human and animal health, caused by the increase in bacterial resistance. Since most antibiotics resist to biological degradation, advanced oxidation processes are pointed out as the most effective technologies for degrading these compounds in wastewater. Zinc bacitracin (Bc-Zn) is a potent antibiotic with a complex mixture of non-biodegradable peptides conjugated to zinc. Despite being a widely used antibiotic in human and animal medicine, the scarcity of studies dealing with its degradation and environmental fate is a matter of concern. In this work, Bc-Zn degradation by direct photolysis and the UV/H2O2 process was investigated for different UVC radiation conditions and initial H2O2 concentrations. Kinetic parameters, namely the photolysis quantum yield, pseudo-first order kinetic constants and second-order kinetic constants, were satisfactorily estimated from experimental data by modeling the photochemical system. The results showed that all the congeners of the Bc-Zn mixture were photolyzed at the highest UVC doses applied, while no TOC removal was observed after 120 minutes of irradiation. The addition of H2O2 substantially accelerated Bc-Zn photodegradation, with pseudo-first order kinetic constants of one order of magnitude higher than those observed under direct photolysis. In addition, a remarkable removal of up to 71% of TOC was achieved. Statistical analyses showed that UV radiation had a much more important effect on Bc-Zn photodegradation in comparison with initial H2O2 concentration, with the best process conditions achieved for the highest specific photon emission rate (1.11×10-5 Einstein L-1 s-1). Biological assays carried out with the solutions treated by direct photolysis and UV/H2O2 revealed no residual antimicrobial activity, though photodegradation products remained non-biodegradable. In addition, toxicity analyses indicated that the zinc metal present in the antibiotic is responsible for the toxic effect on the test microorganism Vibrio fischeri. Finally, further studies should be performed to identify the by-products formed and to investigate Bc-Zn degradation in real industrial wastewater.

A presença de antibióticos no ecossistema representa um sério risco à saúde humana e animal em virtude do desenvolvimento crescente de resistência bacteriana. Uma vez que a maioria dos antibióticos é persistente à degradação biológica, os processos oxidativos avançados são apontados como uma das tecnologias mais efetivas para decompor esses compostos em águas residuárias. A bacitracina zíncica (Bc-Zn) é um potente antibiótico constituído por uma mistura complexa de peptídeos não-biodegradáveis, conjugados ao zinco. Apesar de ser um antibiótico amplamente consumido na medicina humana e animal, é preocupante a escassez de estudos que investigam sua degradação e destino ambiental. O presente trabalho analisou a degradação da Bc-Zn através dos processos de fotólise direta e UV/H2O2 em diferentes condições de radiação UVC e concentração inicial de H2O2. Os parâmetros cinéticos rendimento quântico da fotólise, constantes cinéticas de pseudo-primeira ordem e constante cinéticas de segunda ordem foram satisfatoriamente estimados pela modelagem do sistema fotoquímico experimental. Os resultados revelaram que a fotólise direta permitiu degradar todos os congêneres da mistura de Bc-Zn nas maiores doses de radiação UVC empregadas. No entanto, não houve remoção de TOC após 120 minutos de irradiação. A adição de H2O2 acelerou substancialmente a fotodegradação do antibiótico, apresentando constantes cinéticas de pseudo-primeira ordem uma ordem de grandeza superiores às obtidas por fotólise direta. Além disso, remoção considerável de até 71% do TOC foi alcançada. A análise estatística demonstrou que a radiação UV foi um fator bem mais significativo para a fotodegradação da Bc-Zn em relação à concentração inicial de H2O2, sendo as melhores condições do processo alcançadas para a maior taxa específica de emissão de fótons (1,11×10-5 Einstein L-1 s-1). Ensaios biológicos com soluções tratadas por fotólise direta e UV/H2O2 indicaram remoção completa da atividade antimicrobiana residual, ainda que os produtos da fotodegradação tenham se mostrado não-biodegradáveis. Análises de toxicidade indicaram que o metal zinco presente no antibiótico é responsável pela a toxicidade no micro-organismo-teste Vibrio fischeri. Estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para identificar os sub-produtos formados, bem como para investigar a degradação da Bc-Zn em efluentes industriais reais. / The presence of antibiotics in ecosystems represents a serious risk to human and animal health, caused by the increase in bacterial resistance. Since most antibiotics resist to biological degradation, advanced oxidation processes are pointed out as the most effective technologies for degrading these compounds in wastewater. Zinc bacitracin (Bc-Zn) is a potent antibiotic with a complex mixture of non-biodegradable peptides conjugated to zinc. Despite being a widely used antibiotic in human and animal medicine, the scarcity of studies dealing with its degradation and environmental fate is a matter of concern. In this work, Bc-Zn degradation by direct photolysis and the UV/H2O2 process was investigated for different UVC radiation conditions and initial H2O2 concentrations. Kinetic parameters, namely the photolysis quantum yield, pseudo-first order kinetic constants and second-order kinetic constants, were satisfactorily estimated from experimental data by modeling the photochemical system. The results showed that all the congeners of the Bc-Zn mixture were photolyzed at the highest UVC doses applied, while no TOC removal was observed after 120 minutes of irradiation. The addition of H2O2 substantially accelerated Bc-Zn photodegradation, with pseudo-first order kinetic constants of one order of magnitude higher than those observed under direct photolysis. In addition, a remarkable removal of up to 71% of TOC was achieved. Statistical analyses showed that UV radiation had a much more important effect on Bc-Zn photodegradation in comparison with initial H2O2 concentration, with the best process conditions achieved for the highest specific photon emission rate (1.11×10-5 Einstein L-1 s-1). Biological assays carried out with the solutions treated by direct photolysis and UV/H2O2 revealed no residual antimicrobial activity, though photodegradation products remained non-biodegradable. In addition, toxicity analyses indicated that the zinc metal present in the antibiotic is responsible for the toxic effect on the test microorganism Vibrio fischeri. Finally, further studies should be performed to identify the by-products formed and to investigate Bc-Zn degradation in real industrial wastewater.

<p>Ispitivanja hemijskog sastava etarskih ulja i<br />ekstrakata izvedena su na vrsti Myrtus communis<br />L. sa pet lokaliteta iz Crne Gore. Pored toga,<br />ispitana je njihova antioksidantna aktivnost u<br />razlicitim in vitro sistemima kako bi se utvrdio<br />uticaj pomenutih ekstrakata i etarskih ulja na<br />neutralizaciju DPPH, NO, OH i 2- radikala, kao<br />i njihov uticaj na lipidnu peroksidaciju u<br />lipozomima i inhibiciju enzima ksantin-oksidaze.<br />Takode, ispitana je i antibakterijska aktivnost<br />etarskih ulja i ekstrakata ove vrste na 9<br />bakterijskih sojeva, kao i njihov antimutageni<br />potencijal na bakterijskom soju Escherichia coli<br />IC 202.</p> / <p> In this tessis the chemical analysis of the<br /> essential oils and methanolic extracts<br /> from five plant samples of Myrtus<br /> communis L., collected from different<br /> localities in Montenegro, have been<br /> investigate. Beside that, their antioxidant<br /> activity in differwnt in vitro systems has<br /> been study to establish their scavenging<br /> potential towards DPPH, NO, OH, and<br /> O2- free radicals, as wel as their effects<br /> on lipid peroxidation in liposoma and<br /> inhibition enzyme XOD. Also, the<br /> antibacterial activity of the essential oils<br /> and methanolic extract has been study on<br /> 9 bacterial strains, as wel as their<br /> antimutagenic effects on bacterial strain<br /> E. Colli IC202.</p>