Os progressos na terapêutica medicamentosa têm sido notáveis, porém estudos da sua utilização e dos efeitos desejáveis ou indesejáveis necessitam ser amplamente desenvolvidos. O presente estudo averiguou a utilização de medicamentos, descrevendo o perfil de prescrição e dispensação de antimicrobianos com foco em custos no HCFMRP-USP, revelando a topografia dos gastos conforme sua utilização nos diversos setores e ao longo de um período. Objetivo: Estudar o perfil de utilização de medicamentos antimicrobianos através da análise de dados provenientes de sistema informatizado de prescrição e dispensação do HCFMRP-USP. Metodologia: A partir de banco de dados geral de prescrição e dispensação de itens de medicamentos no HCFMRP-USP, foi criado um banco de dados específico de itens de antimicrobianos (antibacterianos, antifúngicos, antivirais e antiparasitários) prescritos individualmente aos pacientes internados e a eles dispensados, no período de 2013 a 2015. As análises foram realizadas através do programa Excel®, versão 2007, pacote Office, Microsoft. Resultados: Os antimicrobianos representaram, em média, 12% dos itens prescritos totais e 16%, em média, dos itens dispensados. 30 itens antimicrobianos de maior custo do hospital correspondem a 97,48% dos custos e a 20,54% da dispensação; o item que mais custa ao hospital, dentre todas as classes analisadas é a Anfotericina B lipossomal (42,55%); Dos antibióticos, a classe que mais custa ao hospital são os cabapenens (22,94%), seguidos das tetraciclinas (21,69%) e polimixinas (15,85%) e as classes mais dispensadas são as cefalosporinas (30,03%), penicilinas (16,72%) e carbapenens (16,59%). CIDs mais registrados: Z380, I120 e Z383. Em média, 33,5 pacientes são responsáveis pelos gastos com antimicrobianos. Os centros de custos que mais gastam são Enf. Hematologia, pediatria e CTI. Já os que mais dispensam são UETDI, Ortopedia e moléstias infecciosas. Conclusões: O HCFMRP-USP tem como um dos seus maiores custos variáveis os medicamentos, em especial os antimicrobianos. Assim, a geração de informações através de EUM auxilia a tomadas de decisões estratégicas e gerenciais. Este trabalho só foi possível devido à prescrição informatizada, que possibilita o registro de todos os dados de prescrição e dispensação. / Advances in drug therapy have been remarkable, but studies of their use and the desirable or undesirable effects need to be fully developed. The present study investigated the use of drugs, describing the prescription profile and dispensing antimicrobials focusing on costs, at HCFMRP- USP, revealing the topography spending as their use in the various sectors and over a period. Objectives: To study the profile of use of antimicrobial drugs through analysis of data from the computerized system of prescribing and dispensing of HCFMRP- USP. Methodology: From general database of prescription and dispensing of medicines items in HCFMRP- USP, a specific database of antimicrobials items (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic) was created, individually prescribed to hospitalized patients and they exempt, from 2013 to 2015. Analyses were performed using Excel®, version 2007, Office suite, Microsoft. Results: The antimicrobial represented, on average, 12% of the total prescribed items and 16% on average of dispensed items. 30 antimicrobials items of higher cost of hospital correspond to 97.48% of the costs and 20.54% of the dispensation; the item that costs more to the hospital, among all analyzed classes is the liposomal amphotericin B (42.55%); From antibiotics, the class that more costs the hospital are cabapenens (22.94%), followed by tetracyclines (21.69%) and polymyxins (15.85%) and the most dispensed classes are cephalosporins (30.03%), penicillins (16.72%) and carbapenems (16.59%). ICDs (International Code Diseases) more registered: Z380, Z383 and I120. On average, 33.5 patients are responsible for spending on antimicrobials. Cost centers that spend more are Enf. Hematology, pediatrics and CTI. But those who dispense more are UETDI, orthopedics and infectious diseases. Conclusions: HCFMRP- USP has as one of its major cost variables medicines, especially antibiotics. Thus, the generation of information and through the use of these medications study aids taken strategic and management decisions. This work was only possible because of the computerized prescription, which allows the registration of all prescription and dispensing data in the system.

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T13:46:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Danielle Franca Furtado.pdf: 7455681 bytes, checksum: fc9fda3fdd2b6ae52059cbf214521deb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T13:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danielle Franca Furtado.pdf: 7455681 bytes, checksum: fc9fda3fdd2b6ae52059cbf214521deb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Projeto BRISA, CNPQ, FAPEMA,FAPESP e PRONEX / To analyze the medication use and associated factors to antimicrobials use in children aged 13 to 35 months in the city of São Luis – MA. A descriptive, analytical and cross-seccional study was conducted using BRISA Cohort sample data at two moments: Stage of the birth from January to December 2010 and in the stage of the first follow-up from April 2011 to January 2013. The sample of this study was 3308 children aged 13 to 35 months. Descriptive analysis of socioeconomic, demographic and health variables was carried out. The medication use in the 15 days prior to the interview was classified by means of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) and to analyze the factors associated with the use of antimicrobials the Poisson regression model with robust variance was adjusted with inclusion of the independent variables using the hierarchical approach. Of the children followed up, the use of at least one medication was 90.9%; at least one antimicrobial, considering antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic drugs, was 23.8%. The medicines classified by the most used anatomic groups were: respiratory activity in 83.5%, followed by those in the nervous system 28.4%, by medicines of the alimentary tract and metabolism 23.5%, and anti-infectives of systemic use 10.5%. The factors associated with the use of antimicrobials after adjusted analysis were: Maternal perception about the child's health (Regular / Bad: PR = 1.37, p <0.001), post - birth morbidity (PR = 1.50, p <0.001) and time of breastfeeding (Suck between 3 and 6 months: PR = 1.34 p = 0.013). The high consumption of drugs reinforces the need to promote rational use for this age group, since the information about the effects of pharmacotherapy in the infant organism is limited. Factors associated with the use of antimicrobials point to the importance of these drugs in the health-disease process, allowing managers to better understand this process and the consequent implementation of actions directed at the health care of the child, with increased access to these medicines. Safe and appropriate to the specificities of infantile pharmacotherapy. / Para analisar o uso de medicamentos e os fatores associados ao uso de antimicrobianos em crianças de 13 a 35 meses no município de São Luís – MA um estudo descritivo, analítico, transversal foi conduzido, utilizando dados amostrais da Coorte BRISA, em dois momentos: na etapa do nascimento de janeiro a dezembro de 2010 e na etapa do primeiro seguimento de abril de 2011 a janeiro de 2013. A amostra deste estudo foi de 3308 crianças com idade de 13 a 35 meses. Realizada análise descritiva das variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e de saúde. O uso de medicamentos nos 15 dias anteriores à entrevista foi classificado por meio da Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) e para analisar os fatores associados à utilização de antimicrobianos foi ajustado o modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta com inclusão das variáveis independentes utilizando-se a abordagem hierarquizada. Das crianças acompanhadas, o uso de pelo menos um medicamento foi de 90,9%, já o uso de pelo menos um antimicrobiano, considerando antibacterianos, antifúngicos, antivirais e antiparasitários, foi de 23,8%. Os medicamentos classificados pelos grupos anatômicos mais utilizados foram: com ação no sistema respiratório 83,5%, seguidos pelos que atuam no sistema nervoso 28,4%, pelos medicamentos do trato alimentar e metabolismo 23,5% e antiinfecciosos de uso sistêmico 10,5%. Os fatores associados ao uso de antimicrobianos após análise ajustada foram: percepção da saúde da criança pela mãe (Regular/Ruim: RP=1,37, p<0,001), apresentar morbidade pós - nascimento (RP=1,50, p<0,001) e tempo de aleitamento materno (Mamar entre 3 a 6 meses: RP=1,34 p=0,013). O consumo elevado de medicamentos reforça a necessidade de promoção do uso racional para essa faixa etária, uma vez que são limitadas as informações a cerca dos efeitos da farmacoterapia no organismo infantil. Os fatores associados ao uso de antimicrobianos apontam a importância que esses medicamentos exercem no processo saúde-doença, permitindo aos gestores a melhor compreensão desse processo e a consequente realização de ações direcionadas à assistência à saúde da criança, com ampliação do acesso a esses medicamentos de forma segura e adequada às especificidades da farmacoterapia infantil.

O controle bacteriano na indústria alimentícia é de extrema importância uma vez que os microrganismos são responsáveis por causar contaminações persistentes, levando à deterioração do alimento e à transmissão de doenças. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano do biossurfatante ramnolipídeo (RL) e de óleoresinas (OR) de aipo, noz moscada, alho, gengibre, pracaxi, patauá e buriti frente as bactérias patogênicas alimentares Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus e Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC). O OR de aipo foi avaliado individualmente e em combinação com o RL. A atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo - concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). Biofilmes de L. monocytogenes e B. cereus foram formados em placas de microtitulação de poliestireno, respectivamente, nos meios de cultivo triptona de soja com extrato de levedura (TSYE) e caldo nutriente (CN) à 37ºC por 48 h e avaliados através da quantificação da biomassa e viabilidade celular após tratamento com os antimicrobianos. O RL apresentou efeito bacteriostático com CIM 125 &#956g/mL frente a L. monocytogenes e para B. cereus observou-se ação bactericida com CBM de 31,25 &#956g/mL. A triagem preliminar mostrou que, dentro da faixa das concentrações testadas, os óleos de buriti, pracaxi, patauá, alho e gengibre não apresentaram CIM frente aos patógenos. O OR de aipo inibiu o crescimento de L. monocytogenes e B. cereus com CIM de 3% e 0,75%, respectivamente. A combinação de 125 &#956g/mL de RL e 3% de óleo de aipo foi bacteriostática para L. monocytogenes, enquanto para B. cereus a combinação dos agentes foi bacteriostática com menor valor de CIM (7,81 &#956g/mL de RL e 0,19% de OR de aipo), sugerindo efeito sinérgico. A linhagem de Escherichia coli (EHEC) foi resistente aos agentes nas concentrações testadas. O RL removeu 70,7% dos biofilmes de L. monocytogenes após 24 h de tratamento, entretanto a redução da viabilidade celular foi maior após 2 h de contato com RL inibindo 66,6%. O OR de Aipo (6%) foi capaz de reduzir 57,1% da viabilidade celular após 24 h de tratamento, já a combinação do RL com OR de aipo foi eficaz em todos os tempos de tratamentos, com redução média de 49,5% de células viáveis do biofilme de L. monocytogenes. Para o biofilme de B. cereus o melhor tratamento (13h) com RL (31,25 &#956g/mL) removeu 71,5% do biofilme, enquanto que a combinação com o OR de aipo (15,62 &#956g/mL + 0,38%) foi capaz de remover 79,5% da biomassa. O RL (62,50 &#956g/ mL) mostrou inibição média de 85,4% da viabilidade celular de biofilme de B. cereus. O melhor tratamento com OR de aipo (1,50%) reduziu a viabilidade celular de B. cereus em 51,2%, após 2 h; e quando combinado com RL (15,62 &#956g/ mL + 0,38%) em 71,8%. RL e OR de aipo mostraram ação antimicrobiana frente a células planctônicas e sésseis de L. monocytogenes e B. cereus, sugerindo potencial para desenvolvimento de novas formulações naturais visando o controle destes patógenos alimentares. / Bacterial control in the food industry is very important once many microorganisms are responsible for causing persistent contamination, leading to food deterioration and disease transmission. Research and development of natural antimicrobial agents is a trend of the market that has been gaining increasing interest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of the rhamnolipid biosurfactant (RL) and celery oleoresin (OR) against food pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) both in planktonic and in biofilms forms. Celery OR was evaluated individually and in combination with RL. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the broth microdilution method and expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Biofilms of L. monocytogenes and B. cereus were formed in polystyrene microtiter plates, respectively, in tryptone yeast extract (TSYE) and nutrient broth (NB) media at 37°C for 48 h. Biofilms were evaluated by quantification of biomass and cell viability after treatment with antimicrobials. RL presented bacteriostatic effect showing MIC of 125 &#956g/mL against L. monocytogenes and a bactericidal effect at 31.25 &#956g/mL against B. cereus. Preliminary screening showed that, within the range of tested concentrations, buriti, pracaxi, patauá, garlic and ginger oils did not show minimal inhibitory concentration against pathogens. Celery OR inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes and B. cereus at MIC of 3% and 0.75%, respectively. The combination of 125 &#956g/mL RL and 3% celery oil was bacteriostatic for L. monocytogenes, while for B. cereus the combination effect was also bacteriostatic at a lower MIC (7.81 &#956g/mL RL and 0.19% celery OR), suggesting synergistic effect. Escherichia coli strain (EHEC) was resistant to all agents at the concentration tested. The biofilms of L. monocytogenes were removed by 70.7% after 24 h of treatment using RL (250 &#956g/mL), however, at shorter time (2 h) were more effective in reducing cell viability, showing an inhibition of 66,6%. Celery OR (6%) was able to reduce 57.1% of cell viability after 24 h of treatment, and the combination of RL and celery OR was effective at all treatment times, with a mean reduction of 49.5% of viable L. monocytogenes biofilm cells. Biofilms of B. cereus treated with RL (31.25 &#956g/ml) for 13 h were removed in 71.5%, while the combination of RL with celery OR (15.62 &#956g/mL + 0.38%) was able to remove 79.5%. The RL (62.50 &#956g/mL) reduced B. cereus biofilm viability by a mean of 85.4%. Treatment with celery OR (1.50%) reduced the cell viability of B. cereus in 51.2% after 2h and when combined with RL (15.62 &#956g/ mL + 0.38%) in 71.8%. The RL and celery OR showed antimicrobial activity against planktonic and sessile cells of L. monocytogenes and B. cereus suggesting potential to development of new natural formulations to control these food pathogens.

No presente estudo avaliou-se o potencial de aplicação da bacteriocina 2a produzida pelo Lactobacillus sake 2a em combinação com outras substâncias antimicrobianas na inibição de cepas de Salmonella isoladas de linguiça: S. Derby SD2, S. Enteritidis SE3, S. Hadar SH4, S. Panama SP5 e S. Typhimurium ST6. A partir de cultura de L. sake 2a em caldo MRS, obteve-se por extração ácida e concentração em liofilizador, um extrato protéico de bacteriocina de cerca de 500 UA/ml. Verificou-se que esse extrato protéico de bacteriocina 2a tem atividade contra Listeria monocytogenes Scott A Cmr Emr nos meios de cultura BHI, MRS e TSB com 0,1% de glicose, independente de temperatura e atmosfera de incubação. O extrato protéico de bacteriocina 2a foi utilizado só e em combinação com EDTA, ácido cítrico, ácido lático ou lisozima sobre "pool" de cepas de Salmonella. Todos os antimicrobianos testados apresentaram efeito inibidor contra Salmonella, no entanto, quando combinados à bacteriocina 2a esse efeito foi mais acentuado. Entre os tratamentos realizados, o que apresentou efeito mais potente na eliminação ou inibição de Salmonella foi a combinação bacteriocina 2a mais ácido lático 0,1%. Bacteriocina 2a também se mostrou mais eficiente que a nisina (usada como padrão) em combinações com lisozima e EDTA. O estudo permitiu verificar que existe um bom potencial de uso da bacteriocina 2a ou do L. sake 2a bac+ em alimentos em associação com os antimicrobianos ácido lático, ácido cítrico, EDTA ou lisozima. Entretanto, penas a combinação de antimicrobianos não é suficiente para eliminar ou inibir a multiplicação de Salmonella. As condições de temperatura, concentração e forma de aplicação dos tratamentos combinados podem variar e são pontos importantes quando se visa à ação direta sobre as células do patógeno ou quando este está associado a um substrato. / The objective of this study was to analyse the potential of application of bacteriocin 2a produced by Lactobacillus sake 2a in combination with other antimicrobials substances on inhibition of strains of Salmonella isolated from raw Brazilian sausages (lingüiça): S. Derby SD2, S. Enteritidis SE3, S. Hadar SH4, S. Panama SP5 and S. Typhimurium ST6. Culture of L. sake 2a grown at 30ºC in MRS broth was used to obtain a cell-free supernatant after centrifugation. This cell-free supernatant was submitted to acid extraction method for bacteriocin and water reduction by liofilization process. After this, a final fraction was obtained and denominated proteic extract of bacteriocin 2a and had a final concentration of approximately 500 A.U/mL. Proteic extract of bacteriocin 2a obtained from cultures of L. sake 2a grown in broths: BHI, MRS, and TSB with 0.1% of glucose showed bactericidal effect against Listeria monocytogenes Scott A Cmr Emr, in any condition of temperature and atmosphere. The proteic extract of bacteriocin 2a was used alone and in combination with EDTA, citric acid, lactic acid or lyzozyme on pool of strains of Salmonella. All antimicrobials tested showed inhibitory effect against Salmonella, but in combination to bacteriocin 2a this effect was more efficient on inhibition or elimination of Salmonella. Bacteriocin 2a showed be more efficient than nisin when in association with lyzozyme and EDTA. This study was able to verify that exist a great potential of application of bacteriocin 2a and/or L. sake 2a bac+, in foods in combination with the antimicrobials: lactic acid, citric acid, EDTA or lyzozyme. However, the simple combination of these antimicrobials is not sufficient to eliminate or inhibit the growth of Salmonella. Temperature conditions, concentration of antimicrobials and form of application of treatments can change and they are very important points; mainly when the aim of the study is to evaluate the direct action of antimicrobials on cells of pathogen or action of these substances on pathogen into a specific substrate.

Os progressos na terapêutica medicamentosa têm sido notáveis, porém estudos da sua utilização e dos efeitos desejáveis ou indesejáveis necessitam ser amplamente desenvolvidos. O presente estudo averiguou a utilização de medicamentos, descrevendo o perfil de prescrição e dispensação de antimicrobianos com foco em custos no HCFMRP-USP, revelando a topografia dos gastos conforme sua utilização nos diversos setores e ao longo de um período. Objetivo: Estudar o perfil de utilização de medicamentos antimicrobianos através da análise de dados provenientes de sistema informatizado de prescrição e dispensação do HCFMRP-USP. Metodologia: A partir de banco de dados geral de prescrição e dispensação de itens de medicamentos no HCFMRP-USP, foi criado um banco de dados específico de itens de antimicrobianos (antibacterianos, antifúngicos, antivirais e antiparasitários) prescritos individualmente aos pacientes internados e a eles dispensados, no período de 2013 a 2015. As análises foram realizadas através do programa Excel®, versão 2007, pacote Office, Microsoft. Resultados: Os antimicrobianos representaram, em média, 12% dos itens prescritos totais e 16%, em média, dos itens dispensados. 30 itens antimicrobianos de maior custo do hospital correspondem a 97,48% dos custos e a 20,54% da dispensação; o item que mais custa ao hospital, dentre todas as classes analisadas é a Anfotericina B lipossomal (42,55%); Dos antibióticos, a classe que mais custa ao hospital são os cabapenens (22,94%), seguidos das tetraciclinas (21,69%) e polimixinas (15,85%) e as classes mais dispensadas são as cefalosporinas (30,03%), penicilinas (16,72%) e carbapenens (16,59%). CIDs mais registrados: Z380, I120 e Z383. Em média, 33,5 pacientes são responsáveis pelos gastos com antimicrobianos. Os centros de custos que mais gastam são Enf. Hematologia, pediatria e CTI. Já os que mais dispensam são UETDI, Ortopedia e moléstias infecciosas. Conclusões: O HCFMRP-USP tem como um dos seus maiores custos variáveis os medicamentos, em especial os antimicrobianos. Assim, a geração de informações através de EUM auxilia a tomadas de decisões estratégicas e gerenciais. Este trabalho só foi possível devido à prescrição informatizada, que possibilita o registro de todos os dados de prescrição e dispensação. / Advances in drug therapy have been remarkable, but studies of their use and the desirable or undesirable effects need to be fully developed. The present study investigated the use of drugs, describing the prescription profile and dispensing antimicrobials focusing on costs, at HCFMRP- USP, revealing the topography spending as their use in the various sectors and over a period. Objectives: To study the profile of use of antimicrobial drugs through analysis of data from the computerized system of prescribing and dispensing of HCFMRP- USP. Methodology: From general database of prescription and dispensing of medicines items in HCFMRP- USP, a specific database of antimicrobials items (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic) was created, individually prescribed to hospitalized patients and they exempt, from 2013 to 2015. Analyses were performed using Excel®, version 2007, Office suite, Microsoft. Results: The antimicrobial represented, on average, 12% of the total prescribed items and 16% on average of dispensed items. 30 antimicrobials items of higher cost of hospital correspond to 97.48% of the costs and 20.54% of the dispensation; the item that costs more to the hospital, among all analyzed classes is the liposomal amphotericin B (42.55%); From antibiotics, the class that more costs the hospital are cabapenens (22.94%), followed by tetracyclines (21.69%) and polymyxins (15.85%) and the most dispensed classes are cephalosporins (30.03%), penicillins (16.72%) and carbapenems (16.59%). ICDs (International Code Diseases) more registered: Z380, Z383 and I120. On average, 33.5 patients are responsible for spending on antimicrobials. Cost centers that spend more are Enf. Hematology, pediatrics and CTI. But those who dispense more are UETDI, orthopedics and infectious diseases. Conclusions: HCFMRP- USP has as one of its major cost variables medicines, especially antibiotics. Thus, the generation of information and through the use of these medications study aids taken strategic and management decisions. This work was only possible because of the computerized prescription, which allows the registration of all prescription and dispensing data in the system.

Ce travail a porté sur la bio-analyse de plantes médicinales Djiboutiennes. Ces dernières ont été sélectionnées sur des critères ethnobotaniques appliqués sur les plantes utilisées traditionnellement contre les infections microbiennes. Cette sélection a retenu six plantes qui ont ensuite subi un screening antibactérien et anti oxydant. Les résultats de ce screening ont conduit à étudier trois plantes: Acacia seyal, Indigofera caerulea et Cymbopogon commutatus. La recherche des composés de l’Acacia seyal est effectuée au moyen d’un bio-guidage. Deux extraits, aqueux et méthanolique, de l’écorce de cette plante sont évalués pour leur activité antibactérienne. Quatre composés sont isolés et caractérisés (épicatéchine, catéchine, catéchine digallique et β-sitostérol) et testés pour leurs activités. Par ailleurs quatre extraits (hexanique, acétonique, méthanolique et aqueux) du fruit d’Indigofera caerulea ont été testés pour leurs activités antibactérienne et anti oxydante. Les extraits hexanique et méthanolique sont les plus actifs. Six composés sont isolés de ces extraits (méthyl gallate, acide gallique, rutine, isoquercétine, kaempférol-3- rutinoside et β-sitostérol). Le méthyl gallate inhibe staphylococcus aureus avec une CMI de 64 µg/ mL. Enfin l’activité de l’huile essentielle de Cymbopogon commutatus est testée sur sept souches bactériennes, deux souches fongiques et onze types de cellules cancéreuses. Sur ces dernières, elle présente une forte cytotoxicité avec des IC50 allant de 0,05 µg/mL sur PC3 et HCT116 (cellules cancéreuses de la prostate et colorectales) et à 0,67 µg/mL sur NCI-N87 (cellule cancéreuse gastrique). De façon surprenante, une activité antibactérienne moyenne est observée. L’analyse GCMS de la partie solubilisée dans le milieu de culture a montré que seuls les composés hydrophiles étaient présents. La formulation d’une micro émulsion a été mise au point et les IC50 ont diminué jusqu’à une centaine de fois. Nous avons montré que cette huile essentielle renferme plus de 73,9 % de pipéritone (monoterpène). En conclusion, ces trois plantes ont montré des activités antimicrobiennes, et les travaux confirment leurs utilisations traditionnelles. En plus, nous avons montré qu’elles possèdent d’autres activités biologiques (anti oxydante et anti cancéreuse). Ces résultats devront contribuer à la mise en place d’une pharmacopée traditionnelle et à des formulations de ‘médicaments traditionnels améliorés’ (MTA) / This research focused on the bio-analysis of Djiboutian medicinal plants. These latter were selected on ethnobotanical criteria applied to the plants traditionally used against microbial infections. This selection retained six plants which were then subjected to a biological screening including antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities. Three plants were finally study: Acacia seyal, Indigofera caerulea and Cymbopogon commutatus. The search of compound in Acacia seyal was carried out by means of bio-guidance. Two extracts, aqueous and methanolic, of the bark of this plant were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Four compounds were isolated, characterized (epicatechin, catechin, digallic catechin and β-sitosterol) and tested for their activity. Also four extracts (hexanic, acetonic, methanolic and aqueous) of the fruit of Indigofera caerulea were tested for their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The Hexanic and methanolic extracts were the most active. Six compounds were isolated from these extracts (methyl gallate, gallic acid, rutin, isoquercetin, kaempferol-3-rutinoside and β-sitosterol). Methyl gallate inhibited Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 64 μg / mL. Finally, the activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon commutatus was evaluated on seven bacterial strains, two fungal strains and eleven types of cancer cells. On the latter, it exhibits a high cytotoxicity with IC50s ranging from 0.05 μg / mL on PC3 and HCT116 (prostate and colorectal cancer cells) to 0.67 μg/mL on NCI-N87 (gastric cancer cell). Surprisingly, an antibacterial activity not so high was observed. GCMS analysis of the solubilized part in the culture medium showed that only the hydrophilic compounds were present. The formulation of a microemulsion was performed and the IC50 decreased to a hundred times. We have found that this essential oil contained more than 73.9 % piperitone (monoterpene). In conclusion, these three plants showed antimicrobial activities and the work confirms their traditional uses. In addition, we have shown that they have other biological activities (anti-oxidant and anti-cancer). These results should contribute to the establishment of a traditional pharmacopoeia and formulations of 'improved traditional medicines' (MTAs)

In this study we compare the ability of nitrifying activated sludge (NAS) and nitrifying trickling filter (NTF) wastewater treatment to remove the following contaminants: acetaminophen, caffeine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, cotinine, ibuprofen, sulfamethoxazole, triclosan, and trimethoprim. Removal of acetaminophen, cotinine and caffeine was greater than 99% and removal 1,7-dimethylxanthine, ibuprofen, and triclosan was greater than 90% using NAS and NTF treatment. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim were inadequately removed in both NAS and NTF treatments. The horizontal, subsurface flow treatment wetland showed removals of 45-89% for sulfamethoxazole and greater than 96% for trimethoprim. There was no statistical difference (P>0.05) between aeration, temperature and vegetation in the treatment wetland for the removal of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim.

Due to the emergence and dissemination of multidrug resistance, bacterial pathogens have been causing a serious public health problem in recent years. To address the existing drug resistant problem, there is an urgent need to find new antimicrobials, especially those against drug-resistant bacteria. SecA is the central component of Sec-dependent secretion pathway, which is responsible for the secretion of many essential proteins as well as many toxins and virulence factors. Two SecA homologues are indentified in some important Gram-positive pathogens. SecA1 is involved in general secretion pathway and essential for viability, whereas SecA2 contribute to secretion of specific virulence factors. The high conservation among a wide range of bacteria and no human counterpart make SecA homologues attractive targets for exploring novel antimicrobials. We hypothesize that inhibition of these SecA homologues could reduce virulence, inhibit bacteria growth, and kill bacteria. SecA1 and SecA2 from four different species were cloned, purified, and characterized. All these SecA homologues show ATPase activities, thus screening ATPase inhibitors might help to develop new antimicrobials. In this study, three structurally different classes of SecA inhibitors were developed and optimized: 1) Rose Bengal (RB) and RB analogs derived from systematical dissection RB and Structure-Activity relationship (SAR) study; 2) pyrimidine analogs derived from virtual screening based on the ATP binding pocket of EcSecA and SAR study; and 3) bistriazole analogs derived from random screening and SAR study. Several potent SecA inhibitors show promising enzymatic inhibition against SecA homologues as well as bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects. Two major efflux pumps of S. aureus, NorA and MepA, have little negative effect on the antimicrobial activities of SecA inhibitors, suggesting that targeting SecA could by-pass efflux pumps. Moreover, these inhibitors impair the secretion of important toxins of S. aureus and B. anthracis, indicating the inhibition of in vivo SecA function could reduce virulence. Target identification assays confirm that these inhibitors could directly bind to SecA homologues, and specifically identify SecA from whole cell lysate of E. coli and S. aureus, suggesting that these inhibitors are really targeting on SecA. These studies validate that SecA is a good target for development antimicrobials.

Due to the emergence and dissemination of multidrug resistance, bacterial pathogens have been causing a serious public health problem in recent years. To address the existing drug resistant problem, there is an urgent need to find new antimicrobials, especially those against drug-resistant bacteria. SecA is the central component of Sec-dependent secretion pathway, which is responsible for the secretion of many essential proteins as well as many toxins and virulence factors. Two SecA homologues are indentified in some important Gram-positive pathogens. SecA1 is involved in general secretion pathway and essential for viability, whereas SecA2 contribute to secretion of specific virulence factors. The high conservation among a wide range of bacteria and no human counterpart make SecA homologues attractive targets for exploring novel antimicrobials. We hypothesize that inhibition of these SecA homologues could reduce virulence, inhibit bacteria growth, and kill bacteria. SecA1 and SecA2 from four different species were cloned, purified, and characterized. All these SecA homologues show ATPase activities, thus screening ATPase inhibitors might help to develop new antimicrobials. In this study, three structurally different classes of SecA inhibitors were developed and optimized: 1) Rose Bengal (RB) and RB analogs derived from systematical dissection RB and Structure-Activity relationship (SAR) study; 2) pyrimidine analogs derived from virtual screening based on the ATP binding pocket of EcSecA and SAR study; and 3) bistriazole analogs derived from random screening and SAR study. Several potent SecA inhibitors show promising enzymatic inhibition against SecA homologues as well as bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects. Two major efflux pumps of S. aureus, NorA and MepA, have little negative effect on the antimicrobial activities of SecA inhibitors, suggesting that targeting SecA could by-pass efflux pumps. Moreover, these inhibitors impair the secretion of important toxins of S. aureus and B. anthracis, indicating the inhibition of in vivo SecA function could reduce virulence. Target identification assays confirm that these inhibitors could directly bind to SecA homologues, and specifically identify SecA from whole cell lysate of E. coli and S. aureus, suggesting that these inhibitors are really targeting on SecA. These studies validate that SecA is a good target for development antimicrobials.

Decorticated flax contains a significant amount of shive content, which limits applications of flax fibre. Separation of shives from the fibre is essential to improve the quality of flax fibre. Pneumatic method and a Sorter were implemented to meet the above objective. Terminal velocities of individual flax fibre and shive particles were investigated and their width, length, and mass were recorded. A sorting method was used for separation of short and long fibre for two grades of fibre: Grade 1 and Grade 2, with initial fibre purities of 51% and 15%, respectively. The ranges of terminal velocities for shive and fibre particles were 1.13 to 4.09 m/s and 0.51 to 1.07 m/s, respectively, which were significantly different. Fibre purity of approximately 80% for Grade 1 and 66% for Grade 2 were recorded from sorting, which were a significant improvement when compared to the initial purities. This study demonstrated the potential of the pneumatic and sorting methods for improving fibre quality. With the increase in resistant strains of microorganisms to antibiotics, researchers have started to explore plant parts to discover new antimicrobials. Since medieval times all portions of plants were used medicinally. Plant tissues, including stems, possess secondary metabolites (SMs), which have known antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate: the presence of antimicrobial compounds in stem extracts of canola, flax, hemp, and sweet clover; and study sorption-desorption behavior of their powdered stem material. GC-MS analysis of all extracts showed the presence of many SMs, including fatty acids, terpenoids, steroids, and sterols, etc. Many of the SMs found in the extracts have previously shown antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of organisms according to literature. Water sorption isotherms of stems showed a typical IUPAC Type II sigmoid curve similar to natural fibres. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of canola and sweet clover was significantly higher than flax and hemp at 95% RH, which were all higher than the fibre saturation point of wood (27%). The preliminary investigation via GC-MS showed promising results and water absorptivity results of stems can be used as the initial key property for many applications. / October 2015