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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health / Brian L. Lindshield / Iron, vitamin A, and protein inadequacies are common in food-aid receiving countries, and maximizing nutrient intake and bioavailability are essential treatments. Fortified-blended foods (FBFs), are food-aid micronutrient-fortified legume-grain porridges distributed worldwide. FBFs have not consistently, effectively treated undernutrition, and it has been suggested that formulation and processing changes could improve their nutritional quality. Sorghum is a well suited FBF commodity, but high concentrations of ‘antinutritional’ tannin and phytic acid have limited its adoption. Iron bioavailability adaptation may be possible after long-term antinutritional factor consumption, but adaptive mechanisms are not well understood. In rats, salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs) have been found to chelate tannins to improve iron bioavailability, this could be true for people as well. Several research design methods were employed to summarize FBF quality outcomes and the effect of tannin and phytic acid consumption on iron bioavailability. Extruded sorghum and corn FBFs were developed; protein quality, iron, and vitamin A outcomes were compared with a non-extruded corn-soy blend (CSB+) in rats. A narrative literature review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine tannin’s antinutritional effects on iron bioavailability, and the potential for adaptation through salivary PRPs. Two clinical trials examined the effect of long-term tannin or phytic acid consumption on iron bioavailability, salivary protein production, and correlations between PRPs and iron bioavailability. There were no differences between iron (hepatic iron 207-300 µmol/g *100), vitamin A (hepatic retinol 423-585.5 ng/mg), or protein quality (caloric efficiency: 101.3-113.3 g/kcal*100) between extruded FBFs regardless of commodity in rats. Compared to extruded FBFs, CSB+ caloric efficiency (49.0 ± 2.2 g/kcal*100) and growth (96.3 ± 3.4g vs. 208.6-236.6) were significantly reduced. A literature review suggested that there were differences in acute meal and long-term iron bioavailability with tannin consumption; tannic acid inhibited iron availability, while food-tannins did not. Meta-analysis suggested that tannin-PRP binding could protect iron bioavailability, that long-term tannin consumption did not significantly affect hepatic iron or non-heme iron absorption respectively in rats (d = -0.64-1.84; -2.7-0.13), and that PRP expression in rats during tannin consumption was correlated with improved iron bioavailability. There were no reductions in iron bioavailability or status based on long-term tannin (ps > 0.126) or phytic acid (ps > 0.08) consumption clinically, but basic PRP and cystatin subtypes were significantly correlated with improved iron bioavailability during tannin (ps < 0.03) and phytic acid (ps < 0.02) consumption. In vitro, it phytic acid-PRP binding did not occur, but phytic acid did specifically bind with cystatin SN, a non-enzymatic salivary protein. In conclusion, FBF formulation changes may improve protein quality, and provide needed macronutrients to food-aid receiving areas. Despite this, this research did not suggest that antinutritional factors affected iron bioavailability. In support of this finding, literature, and clinical studies presented here suggest that salivary proteins, including PRPs and cystatin, may serve as adaptive protective mechanisms against phytic acid and tannin consumption, and that further research may be warranted before further recommendations for their removal from food-aid are made.

O feijão é um importante alimento na dieta alimentar do brasileiro. A cada colheita ocorrem perdas dos grãos de feijão devido ao ataque de insetos e roedores. Uma das maneiras de se preservar os grãos de feijão, mantendo suas características nutricionais, é o uso da radiação gama. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses da radiação gama nas propriedades físico-químicas do feijão carioca submetido à cocção e que sofreu ou não o processo de maceração. Partes dos feijões cariocas crus foram utilizadas como controle e outra parte foram submetidos à radiação ionizante com doses de 1, 5 e 10 kGy. Após a irradiação uma parcela das amostras (controle e irradiadas) passou pela maceração e outra não, em seguida, todos os feijões foram cozidos. As amostras cozidas foram liofilizadas, moídas e depois acondicionas em potes e armazenadas a temperaturas de -23ºC. As análises de composição centesimal, determinação da digestibilidade proteica, teores de tanino condensado e ácido fítico foram feitas utilizando as amostras moídas. Utilizando grãos inteiros, foram feitas análises de capacidade expansão e hidratação, tempo de cocção e cor instrumental. A irradiação não alterou a composição centesimal das amostras maceradas e sem macerar. Os teores de taninos condensados não reduziram conforme o aumento das doses. As concentrações de ácido fítico foram reduzidas nas doses de 5 e 10 kGy, para amostras maceradas, enquanto que para os feijões sem macerar, a irradiação gama não influenciou nos teores de fitatos. Ocorreu diminuição da digestibilidade proteica, nas amostras maceradas, a partir dose de 1 kGy, e as demais doses a redução não foi significativa. Já para os feijões sem macerar, houve aumento da digestibilidade, na dose de 10 kGy. Conforme o aumento das doses foi observado redução nos tempos de cocção dos feijões macerados e sem macerar. Na dose de 10 kGy, a capacidade de expansão do feijão aumentou. A coloração das amostras não modificou significativamente conforme o aumento das doses. Desta forma conclui-se que a radiação ionizante não influencia na composição centesimal e nos teores de taninos. A irradiação influenciou nos teores de ácido fítico em altas doses aplicadas, mas somente nas amostras maceradas, além de atenuar a digestibilidade proteica de feijões macerados. Reduz os tempos de cocção. Eleva a capacidade de expansão do feijão na dose de 10 kGy, porém não altera a coloração do feijão, conforme o aumento das doses / The common bean is an important component in the diet of the average Brazilian person. Each harvest of beans, losses occur due to attacks of insects and rodents. One of the ways to preserve the beans, and at the same time keep its nutritional characteristics, is the use of gamma radiation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of gamma radiation on the physical and chemical properties of the carioca variety of common beans subject to cooking of soaked and unsoaked beans. Portions of raw beans were used as control and the other was subject to ionizing radiation at doses of 1, 5 and 10 kGy. Following irradiation, a portion of the samples (control and irradiated) were soaked and the other was not, then all beans were cooked. The cooked samples were lyophilized, milled and then accommodated in pots and stored at -23ºC temperatures. The analysis of chemical composition, determination of protein digestibility, condensed tannin and phytic acid content were performed using the milled samples. Using whole grains, were performed analysis of expansion capability and hydration, cooking time and instrumental color. Irradiation did not alter the chemical composition of soaked and unsoaked samples. The condensed tannin levels did not reduce according to increased doses. The phytic acid concentrations were reduced at the doses of 5 and 10 kGy for soaked samples, whereas for the not soaked beans, gamma irradiation did not influence the phytate content. The protein digestibility decreased on soaked samples, at doses of 1 kGy and in the other doses, the reduction was not significant. As for not soaked beans, increases in digestibility were observed at dose of 10 kGy. As the doses increased, reduction in cooking time on soaked and unsoaked beans was noted. At a dose of 10 kGy, the bean expansion capability increased. The samples\' color did not change significantly, as the doses increased. Therefore, it is concluded that ionizing radiation has no effect on the chemical composition and tannin content. Irradiation influenced the phytates when applied in higher doses, but only in soaked samples, as well as mitigate protein digestibility on soaked beans. It reduces cooking time, raises bean expansion capability at a 10 kGy dose, but it does not change the bean color as doses increase

This study has assessed the effects of pulse type and processing (soaking and cooking) on antinutritional factors (α-amylase inhibitor, trypsin inhibitor, chymotrypsin inhibitor, lectins, phytic acid and oxalates) in a wide range of Canadian pulses, using soybean as a control. The contents of these antinutrients in Canadian pulses varied widely, but the levels were generally lower than those found in soybean. Analysis of variance indicated that both pulse type and processing had significant effects (P < 0.0001) on the investigated seeds. Soaking markedly decreased the contents of α-amylase inhibitor, trypsin inhibitor, chymotrypsin inhibitor, lectins and oxalates, but had no impact on phytic acid. Cooking of presoaked seeds appeared to be more effective; all proteinaceous antinutrients (α-amylase inhibitor, trypsin inhibitor, chymotrypsin inhibitor and lectins) were decreased by 80 – 100%, and significant reductions in phytic acid content (11 – 39%) were observed for all pulses, except common beans and soybean. / February 2016

Replacement of fish meal as the primary protein source in diets for farmed carnivorous fish is a major priority for sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Three plant-based protein sources (soybeans, field peas, and canola) were investigated to compare their effects on the health and performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and to identify significant anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). Six separate 8-week studies were conducted, over a period of one year, to assess the effects of protein source and processing level (meal versus protein concentrate) at dietary inclusion rates of 0 to 300 g kg-1. Abundance of inflammatory and immune marker transcripts including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was evaluated in distal intestinal tissue by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. Activity of the pro-apoptotic enzyme caspase-3 was also assayed in distal intestinal tissue. Transcript abundance was highly variable and no suitable genes for the internal normalization of qPCR data could be identified. As a result, transcript copy numbers were reported per 50 ng of total RNA. At 300 g kg-1 inclusion, soybean meal (SBM) increased abundance of IL-8 and IgM, pea meal (PM) increased abundance of IL-10, and canola protein concentrate (CPC) increased abundance of IL-8. Pea protein concentrate (PPC) reduced IL-8 abundance and caspase-3 activity, while increasing abundance of IL-10. Canola meal (CM) and soy protein concentrate (SPC) did not significantly affect the transcript abundance of any assayed gene. Pearson correlation coefficients were determined between gene transcript abundance, performance parameters, protein source, inclusion level, and ANF content. Specific growth rate (SGR) was negatively correlated with the abundance of IL-1β and IgM. Dietary inclusion of SBM was positively correlated with all assayed proinflammatory markers and negatively correlated with SGR. Inclusion of PM was positively correlated with both SGR and the abundance of IL-10. The inclusion of CM was negatively correlated with average daily feed intake (ADFI) and with the abundance of both IL-8 and PCNA. Inclusion of PPC correlated positively with SGR and negatively with the activity of caspase-3. Correlation between transcript abundance and dietary content of putative ANFs suggested negative correlations between glucosinolate content, proinflammatory cytokine expression, SGR, and ADFI; whereas, isoflavone content was positively correlated with proinflammatory markers and negatively correlated with SGR. In conclusion, although high SBM and CM inclusion levels have been associated with reduced growth performance in trout, only SBM was associated with increased abundance of inflammatory marker transcripts. These contrasting responses may be mediated by CM glucosinolates, which could negatively affect palatability without inducing a pro-inflammatory response. Dietary PM was very well tolerated and may have promoted anti-inflammatory activity. Further processing of protein meals to concentrates markedly reduced any observable negative impact on performance parameters and the abundance of inflammatory marker mRNA transcripts. Interestingly, both PM and PPC were positively correlated with SGR and may contain a beneficial anti-inflammatory component.

Orientador: José Roberto Sartori / Resumo: Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de protease na digestibilidade e desempenho de frangos de corte em ambiente termoneutro e estresse cíclico pelo calor. Foram utilizados 320 pintos machos Cobb de um dia distribuídos casualmente em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 [ambiente termoneutro ou ambiente quente x dieta atendendo as exigências nutricionais (controle positivo, CP) ou reduzida 6% em proteína bruta e aminoácidos (controle negativo, CN) x protease: 0 ou 200ppm] com 8 repetições. De 1 a 7 dias de idade, a conversão alimentar (CA) foi melhor em frangos CN quando em ambiente termoneutro, e quando em ambiente quente, a CA melhorou com a dieta CP. Frangos em ambiente termoneutro apresentaram melhor CA e maior ganho de peso no período de 1 a 14 dias. Maior consumo de ração e ganho de peso foram observados em frangos mantidos em ambiente termoneutro nos períodos de 1 a 21 dias e 1 a 35 dias de idade. No período de 1 a 35 dias de idade houve interação entre dieta e protease, sendo que frangos que receberam dietas CP apresentaram melhor CA quando receberam protease. Frangos que receberam protease melhoraram a conversão alimentar quando consumiram CP comparados aos que receberam CN. A suplementação de protease favoreceu balanço de nitrogênio, coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da proteína bruta e da matéria seca e a energia metabolizável aparente e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo nitrogênio em frangos de corte em ambiente quente com dieta controle positivo. Concluindo, o estr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of protease supplementation on diet digestibility and growth performance of broilers raised under thermoneutral condition and cyclic heat stress. In a 2x2x2 factorial system [thermoneutral condition or heat stress vs. diets formulated to meet nutritional (positive control, PC) or diets with crude protein and amino acids below requirements by 6% (negative control, NC) x Protease: 0.200ppm], 320 one-day-old male Cobb broilers were distributed in 8 replicates. From 1 to 7 days of age, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better in thermoneutral condition, and in heat stress, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better when consume PC. Broilers in thermoneutral environment presented best FCR and greater weight gain during the period from 1 to 14 days. Increased feed consumption and weight gain were observed in broilers kept in thermoneutral environment in periods of 1 to 21 days and 1 to 35 days old. During the period from 1 to 35 days of age there was interaction between diet and protease, and broilers that were given diets CP presented best FCR when they received protease. Broilers receiving protease improved feed conversion when consumed PC compared to those receiving NC. Protease supplementation favored nitrogen balance, metabolizable crude protein, dry matter, apparent metabolizable energy and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy in broiler chickens in heat stress with positive control diet. In conclusion, heat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Luiz Edvaldo Pezzato / Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya / Banca: Fabiana Pilarski / Resumo: O farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) é um ingrediente protéico que se apresenta como possível substituto alternativo do farelo de soja nas rações. Entretanto, faltam informações a respeito de seu valor nutritivo e da ação dos fatores antinutricionais presentes, para peixes. Por 90 dias foi realizado experimento para avaliar o efeito da inclusão do farelo de pinhão manso (FPM) em dietas para tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 240 peixes com 13,82 ± 0,39 g de peso médio inicial e foram distribuídos em 30 aquários de 250L num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com dietas (isoprotéicas = 32,00% PB, isoenergéticas = 4000 kcal ED/kg e isofibrosas = 8,7% de FB), contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão de FPM (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0%). A composição química do FPM, o consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), porcentagem de mortalidade (MORT%) e índice hepatossomático (IHS) foram avaliados. Aos 45 e 90 dias todos os peixes foram anestesiados e pesados. Um peixe por aquário foi sacrificado para determinar a proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), umidade (UM) e cinzas das carcaças. Os valores de UM, cinzas e EE diminuíram com a inclusão de FPM na ração (P<0,05). Peixes alimentados com 2, 4 e 8% de FPM apresentaram maior teor de PB. Esta diferença foi provavelmente devido ao menor teor de EE desses peixes. Observou-se efeito quadrático negativo para as variáveis GP e CR e efeito quadrático positivo para a CA. A equação de regressão demonstrou que valores acima de 5,55% de inclusão de farelo de pinhão manso são significativamente prejudiciais para o desenvolvimento dos peixes. O IHS apresentou efeito linear negativo de acordo com o aumento do nível de FPM na dieta. Os peixes do tratamento 16%FPM apresentaram menor tempo de vida e 100% de mortalidade, indicando a alta toxicidade do FPM... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Jatropha curcas meal is a vegetable protein-rich ingredient which could be used in animal diets as a soybean meal substitute. Otherwise, information is lacking regarding to its nutritional value and the effect of antinutritional factors for fish. A 90-day feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effect of jatropha meal (JM) inclusion in diets for Nile tilapia. Two hundred and forty fish with 13.82 ± 0.39g mean initial weight were randomly assigned to 30 250l-aquaria in a completely randomized design. Fish were fed diets (isonitrogenous = 32.00% DP, isoenergetic = 4000 kcal GE/kg diet and same fiber level = 8.7% CF) containing graded JM levels (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0%). Jatropha meal chemical composition, feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were evaluated. At 45 and 90 days all fish were anesthetized and weighed. One fish per aquarium was killed to determine dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) content of fish carcass. Ash, DM and EE content reduced according to JM inclusion levels (P<0.05). Fish fed 2, 4 and 8% JM had higher CP content. This difference was probably due to the lower EE content of these fish. A negative quadratic effect was observed for WG and FI while positive quadratic effect was observed for FCR. The regression equation demonstrated that inclusion JM levels above 5.55% depressed fish growth. HSI showed negative linear effect according to increasing JM level in the diet. Fish fed 16% JM showed the lowest life span and completely died before the end of the experiment, indicating the high toxicity of JM. Tilapia fed JM showed anorexia signs, erratic swimming... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_vg_me_botfmvz.pdf: 160598 bytes, checksum: 2fe58f8db5442f8ac8dc644c76ac3c0a (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Várias oleaginosas estão sendo estudadas para a produção de biocombustíveis. O processamento do grão para a obtenção do óleo resulta numa diversidade de subprodutos, entre eles o farelo de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) que, por possuir alto teor protéico, se apresenta como possível sucedâneo do farelo de soja nas rações. Entretanto, faltam informações de seu valor nutritivo e da ação dos fatores antinutricionais presentes. Este estudo foi realizado na Unesp - Universidade Estadual Paulista, da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus de Botucatu, para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), aminoácidos (AA) e a disponibilidade do fósforo do farelo de nabo forrageiro, pela tilápia-do-Nilo. Empregouse uma ração purificada (referência) e uma ração composta de 60% da ração referência e 40% do farelo de nabo forrageiro. O farelo de nabo forrageiro apresentou 91,28% de MS; 42,07% de PB, 4256 kcal/kg de EB, 3,47% de EE, 7,37% de FB, 1,25% de cálcio e 1,0% de fósforo. Os CDA foram de 55,92% para MS, 82,10% para PB, 75,26% para EB e 85,23% do fósforo. Os CDA dos AA estiveram entre 81,12% para a glicina e 95,11% para o ácido glutâmico. Os resultados demonstram que o farelo de nabo forrageiro apresenta potencial para ser usado como fonte protéica alternativa para compor a ração da tilápia do Nilo. / Oil seeds have been studied to produce bio combustibles. In order to obtain oil, seed processing results in several byproducts, among them, the fodder radish meal (Raphanus sativus) which has high protein content. This byproduct is a potential substitute to soybean meal in feed manufacture. However, there is a lack of information regarding its nutritional value and the anti-nutritional content and effects. This study was conduced at the Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science College from Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), raw energy (RE), amino acids (A) and phosphorus availability. The fish were fed a purified feed (base diet) and a 60% base diet plus 40% of fodder radish meal feed. Radish meal presented 91.98% DM, 42% CP, 4256 kcal/kg RE, 3.47% Ether extract, 7.37% crude fiber, 1.25% calcium and 1.0% phosphorus. The ADC values were DM: 55.92%, CP: 82.10%, RE: 75.26% and phosphorus: 85.23%. The ADC value for AA was 81.12% for glycine and 95.11% for glutamic acid. The results presented a potential utility for radish meal as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia feeds.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_rn_me_jabo.pdf: 2674353 bytes, checksum: 1df586cc790a3f677f20fa5c520ce6d9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) é um ingrediente protéico que se apresenta como possível substituto alternativo do farelo de soja nas rações. Entretanto, faltam informações a respeito de seu valor nutritivo e da ação dos fatores antinutricionais presentes, para peixes. Por 90 dias foi realizado experimento para avaliar o efeito da inclusão do farelo de pinhão manso (FPM) em dietas para tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 240 peixes com 13,82 ± 0,39 g de peso médio inicial e foram distribuídos em 30 aquários de 250L num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com dietas (isoprotéicas = 32,00% PB, isoenergéticas = 4000 kcal ED/kg e isofibrosas = 8,7% de FB), contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão de FPM (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0%). A composição química do FPM, o consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), porcentagem de mortalidade (MORT%) e índice hepatossomático (IHS) foram avaliados. Aos 45 e 90 dias todos os peixes foram anestesiados e pesados. Um peixe por aquário foi sacrificado para determinar a proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), umidade (UM) e cinzas das carcaças. Os valores de UM, cinzas e EE diminuíram com a inclusão de FPM na ração (P<0,05). Peixes alimentados com 2, 4 e 8% de FPM apresentaram maior teor de PB. Esta diferença foi provavelmente devido ao menor teor de EE desses peixes. Observou-se efeito quadrático negativo para as variáveis GP e CR e efeito quadrático positivo para a CA. A equação de regressão demonstrou que valores acima de 5,55% de inclusão de farelo de pinhão manso são significativamente prejudiciais para o desenvolvimento dos peixes. O IHS apresentou efeito linear negativo de acordo com o aumento do nível de FPM na dieta. Os peixes do tratamento 16%FPM apresentaram menor tempo de vida e 100% de mortalidade, indicando a alta toxicidade do FPM... / Jatropha curcas meal is a vegetable protein-rich ingredient which could be used in animal diets as a soybean meal substitute. Otherwise, information is lacking regarding to its nutritional value and the effect of antinutritional factors for fish. A 90-day feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effect of jatropha meal (JM) inclusion in diets for Nile tilapia. Two hundred and forty fish with 13.82 ± 0.39g mean initial weight were randomly assigned to 30 250l-aquaria in a completely randomized design. Fish were fed diets (isonitrogenous = 32.00% DP, isoenergetic = 4000 kcal GE/kg diet and same fiber level = 8.7% CF) containing graded JM levels (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0%). Jatropha meal chemical composition, feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were evaluated. At 45 and 90 days all fish were anesthetized and weighed. One fish per aquarium was killed to determine dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) content of fish carcass. Ash, DM and EE content reduced according to JM inclusion levels (P<0.05). Fish fed 2, 4 and 8% JM had higher CP content. This difference was probably due to the lower EE content of these fish. A negative quadratic effect was observed for WG and FI while positive quadratic effect was observed for FCR. The regression equation demonstrated that inclusion JM levels above 5.55% depressed fish growth. HSI showed negative linear effect according to increasing JM level in the diet. Fish fed 16% JM showed the lowest life span and completely died before the end of the experiment, indicating the high toxicity of JM. Tilapia fed JM showed anorexia signs, erratic swimming... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_gp_me_jabo.pdf: 699428 bytes, checksum: 57b840824067690f90297177920dfba2 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da soja crua (SC) e a substituição (0,0; 15,0; 25,0; 35,0%) da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da soja crua em dietas práticas, sobre o desempenho produtivo, resposta hematológica e análise histopatológica do fígado. A pesquisa foi dividida em dois estudos: Estudo I - ensaio de digestibilidade. Foram utilizados 80 juvenis (± 50,0 g) de tilápia-do-nilo num sistema para determinação dos CDA, sendo a ração teste acrescida de 0,1% de cr2o3. Estudo II - ensaio de desempenho produtivo e saúde. Por 90 dias. Foram utilizados 160 peixes com peso médio inicial de 17,0 ± 1,55 g, distribuídos em 32 tanques-rede de 200L (cinco peixes/aquário). Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Ao final do período experimental determinou-se o desempenho produtivo (ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de eficiência proteica, taxa de retenção proteica e porcentagem de sobrevivência). Posteriormente, foram efetuadas as análises hematológicas dos peixes (contagem de eritrócitos, porcentagem de hematócrito, taxa de hemoglobina e contagem diferencial de leucócitos) e aos 45 e 90 dias as lâminas histológicas dos fígados. Os peixes alimentados com ração sem SC apresentaram melhor ganho de peso e consumo de ração. Sinais de estresse, confrontos agonísticos, dominância entre os animais e lesão dérmica foi observado nos peixes alimentados com rações contendo níveis crescentes de soja crua. O fígado dos peixes não apresentou edema ou necrose, apenas degeneração. A soja crua prejudicou o desempenho produtivo da tilápia-do-nilo, porém no período de 90 dias, não determinou alterações no eritrograma e histologia do fígado / The research aimed to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of raw soybean (RS) and the replacement of protein from soybean meal by raw soybean protein in increasing levels of RS (0.0, 15.0, 25 , 0, 35.0%) in practical diets on productive performance, hematological response and histopatological analysis of liver. The present research was divided into two studies: Study I - the digestibility trial. In this study 80 juveniles (± 50.0 g) of Nile tilapia were used to determining the ADC. Chromic oxid was added in test diet at a rate of 0.1%. Study II - productive performance and health trial. In this study the experimental period was 90 days. One hundred and sixty fish with initial average weight of 17.0 ± 1.55 g were used. The animals were distributed into 32 cages of 200L containing five fish per aquarium. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replicates. At the end of the experimental period fish were weighed to determine productive performance (weight gain, feed intake, apparent feed conversion, efficiency protein ratio, protein retention ratio and survival percentage). Hematological parameters evaluated after 90 days were total (erythrocyte and leukocytes count, differential leucocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total plasmatic protein, albumin and globulin). Hematimetric indices were calculated. At the 45th and the 90th days histological slides of fish livers were performed. Fish fed diet with no RS showed better weight gain and feed intake. Signs of stress, agonistic behaviors, dominance among animals and skin lesions were observed in fish fed diets containing raw soybean. Fish livers showed no edema or necrosis, only degeneration. Raw soybean impaired growth performance, however 90 days did not determined alterations neither on erythrogram nor in histological characteristics of liver