Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-04-07T20:44:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Soares.pdf: 7799264 bytes, checksum: fc04d0379c90920ac308a760382c61a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-07T20:44:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Soares.pdf: 7799264 bytes, checksum: fc04d0379c90920ac308a760382c61a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-25 / Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, known as jambolan, is one of the most medicinal plants used in folk medicine. Although it origin in the India, this species is cultivated in many countries, including Brazil. All parts of the species (leaves, seeds, fruit and bark) have a long history of medicinal use in several popular cultures. Leaves of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels are used for the treatment of fever, stomachalgia, gastropathy and mainly diabetes. The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo of three different extracts prepared from the leaves of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Antioxidant activity in vitro of the extracts was assessed by different methodologies such as scavenger of the DPPH radical, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power of the iron (III). As an in vivo model, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains proficient and deficient in superoxide dismutase (SOD). Growth of the strains and lipid peroxidation were assessed after 24 hours exposure concomitantly to paraquat (pro-oxidant) and different concentrations of the extracts. The extracts showed to have antioxidant activity in vitro through the ability to donate electrons and hydrogen. In the in vivo assays, paraquat inhibited the growth and increased lipid peroxidation in strains treated only with paraquat. The three extracts were able to assist the growth of strains and reduce lipid peroxidation even in the presence of paraquat. The contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids could be correlated with the antioxidant activity observed in the extracts. The results indicate that leaves of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels possess antioxidant activity which may contribute to their traditional use in treatment of many diseases. / A Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, conhecida como jambolão, é uma das plantas medicinais mais utilizadas na medicina popular. Apesar de ter origem na Índia, essa espécie é cultivada em diversos países, inclusive no Brasil. Todas as partes da espécie (folhas, sementes, frutos e casca) tem uma longa história de uso medicinal em várias culturas populares. As folhas são utilizadas para o tratamento de febre, estomalgia, gastropatia e principalmente diabetes. O presente estudo avaliou a atividade antioxidante tanto in vitro como in vivo de três diferentes extratos preparados a partir das folhas de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. A atividade antioxidante in vitro dos extratos foi avaliada por diferentes metodologias como a captura do radical DPPH, capacidade antioxidante total e poder de redução do ferro (III). Como modelo in vivo, utilizou-se linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficientes e proficientes em superóxido dismutase (SOD). O crescimento e a peroxidação lipídica das linhagens foram avaliadas após 24 horas de exposição simultânea ao paraquat (pró-oxidante) e a diferentes concentrações dos extratos. Os extratos mostraram ter atividade antioxidante in vitro através da habilidade de doação de elétrons e hidrogênio. Nos ensaios in vivo, o paraquat inibiu o crescimento e aumentou a peroxidação lipídica nas linhagens tratadas somente com paraquat. Os três extratos foram capazes de auxiliar o crescimento das linhagens e reduzir a peroxidação lipídica mesmo na presença do paraquat. O conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides podem estar correlacionados com a atividade antioxidante dos extratos. Os resultados indicam que as folhas de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels possuem atividade antioxidante o que pode contribuir com o seu uso tradicional no tratamento de diversas doenças.

A indústria de alimentos é responsável pela produção de grandes quantidades de resíduos que podem representar altos custos quando não utilizados. Entre estes resíduos estão as sementes oriundas do processamento de uva, uma das frutas mais consumidas no mundo. Além do aproveitamento de resíduos e consequentemente novas formas de consumo, este material tem sido relatado como fonte natural rica em compostos bioativos. Neste contexto, o consumo de alimentos mais saudáveis também tem impulsionado a busca e a preferência por alimentos orgânicos. Assim, para investigar o potencial de utilização de resíduo da indústria de processamento de suco de uva (Vitis labrusca, cv. “Bordô” e “Isabel”) foi analisado o resíduo da obtenção do óleo de sementes de uvas orgânicas e convencionais quanto ao teor de carotenoides e atividade antioxidante em comparação à semente integral. Os resíduos orgânicos e convencionais apresentaram os maiores teores de carotenoides totais, pró-vitamina A e atividade antioxidante por DPPH em relação a semente integral. O resíduo convencional destacou-se pela maior atividade antioxidante por TRAP e pelos teores mais significativos de carotenoides presentes no extrato antioxidante. também foram determinados O conteúdo de compostos bioativos e a estabilidade oxidativa dos óleos obtidos da prensagem das sementes orgânicas e convencionais Bordô e Isabel. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre as amostras quanto à atividade antioxidante por TRAP, porém os óleos Bordôs apresentaram-se mais estáveis ao aquecimento, com teores mais significativos de luteína, α e β-caroteno e α-tocoferol. A fim de investigar a qualidade, estabilidade oxidativa e conteúdo de compostos bioativos nestes óleos, foi realizado o refino do óleo Bordô orgânico. Não foi observada presença de β-caroteno e zeaxantina no óleo refinado e o óleo virgem de mesmo cultivar apresentou maior estabilidade ao aquecimento. Neste contexto, os resultados sugerem o consumo de óleos virgens devido a presença e maior quantidade de compostos bioativos. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os diferentes modos de cultivo, sugerindo que a preferência por alimentos orgânicos pode restringir-se à motivos como ausência de agrotóxicos e apelo socioambiental. Os resíduos obtidos do processamento de uva, inclusive da obtenção do óleo destacaram-se pela alta atividade antioxidante e quantidade significativa de carotenoides, o que sugere sua inserção na alimentação como fonte natural rica em compostos bioativos. / The food industry is responsible for producing large quantities of waste that may represent high costs when not used. Some of these residues are the seeds derived from the processing of grapes, one of the most consumed fruits worldwide. In addition to the reuse of waste and consequently new forms of consumption, this material has been reported to be rich natural source of bioactive compounds. In this context, the consumption of healthier foods has also driven the search and preference for organic foods. Therefore, to investigate the potential use of grape processing waste (Vitis labrusca, variety “Bordô” and “Isabel”), the residues obtained from the extraction of oil from organic and conventional grape seeds were examined to determine their content of carotenoids and antioxidant activity compared with those found in the whole seed. The organic and conventional residues exhibited higher levels of total carotenoids, provitamin A, and antioxidant activity by DPPH compared with the corresponding whole seeds. The conventional residue presented the highest antioxidant activity by TRAP and the highest levels of carotenoids in the antioxidant extract. The content of bioactive compounds and the oxidative stability of the oils obtained from the pressing of organic and conventional seeds “Bordô” and “Isabel” were also determined. No significant difference in the antioxidant activity by TRAP was observed between the samples, but the “Bordô” oils were more stable when heated and exhibited higher levels of lutein, α and β-carotene, and α-tocopherol. To investigate the quality, oxidative stability, and content of bioactive compounds in these oils, the organic “Bordô” oil was refined. The refined oil did not contain β-carotene and zeaxanthin, and the virgin oil of the same variety showed greater stability to heating. Thus, the results recommend the consumption of virgin oils due to their larger content of bioactive compounds. No significant difference was observed between the different modes of cultivation, suggesting that the preference for organic foods can be restricted to reasons such as the absence of pesticides and environmental appeal. The residues obtained from grape processing, including the residues obtained from the extraction of oil, exhibited high antioxidant activity and a high amount of carotenoids, suggesting their inclusion in foods as a natural source rich in bioactive compounds.

<p>U ovom radu proučavana je osmotska dehidratacija korena i lista celera u dva različita osmotska rastvora: vodenom rastvoru saharoze i natrijum hlorida i melasi &scaron;ećerne repe. Ispitivan je uticaj temperature procesa (20&deg;C, 35&deg;C i 50&deg;C) i vremena imerzije (1, 3 i 5h) na gubitak vode, prira&scaron;taj suve materije, sadržaj suve materije, vrednosti aktivnosti vode, promenu antioksidativne aktivnosti, promenu boje i promenu mineralnog sastava (K, Mg, Ca, Fe) tokom osmotske dehidratacije korena i lista celera.<br />Dokazano je da se povećanjem temperature i produženjem vremena trajanja procesa pospe&scaron;uje prenos mase tj. migracija molekula vode iz tretiranog biljnog materijala u okolni rastvor, i prodiranje molekula rastvorene supstance iz osmotskog rastvora u tretirano biljno tkivo. Snižene aw vrednosti u svim ispitivanim uzorcima ukazuju na pozitivan uticaj osmotske dehidratacije na mikrobiolo&scaron;ku stabilnost tretiranog korena i lista celera, &scaron;to je potvrdila i mikrobiolo&scaron;ka analiza.<br />Nasuprot rastvoru saharoze i natrijum hlorida koji je uticao na opadanje ukupne antioksidativnosti osmotski dehidriranih uzoraka, melasa &scaron;ećerne repe, kao bogat izvor prirodnih antioksidanasa, doprinosi povećanju antioksidativnosti i pobolj&scaron;anju funkcionalnog kvaliteta dehidriranog produkta. Usled transfera bojenih materija (melanoidina) iz melase, dolazi do tamnjenja tretiranih uzoraka. Bojene materije iz melase, zbog svojih antioksidativnih svojstava takođe doprinose pobolj&scaron;anju antioksidativnosti krajnjeg produkta. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali značajno pobolj&scaron;anje mineralnog sastava korena i lista celera, dehidriranih u melasi &scaron;ećerne repe, dok je kod uzoraka tretiranih u rastvoru saharoze i natrijumhlorida uočeno smanjenje sadržaja ispitivanih mineralnih materija.<br />Statističkom obradom rezultata, uočeno je da su optimalni procesni parametri u pogledu efikasnosti procesa, kao i mikrobiolo&scaron;kog, nutritivnog, senzornog i funkcionalnog kvaliteta osmotski dehidriranog korena i lista celera, vreme trajanja procesa od 5h, na temperaturi od 50^{<span style="font-size:11px;">&deg;</span>}<span style="font-size:11px;">C</span>, u melasi &scaron;ećerne repe kao osmotskom rastvoru.</p> / <p>In this thesis, the osmotic dehydration of celery leaves and root in two different osmotic solutions (sucrose and sodium chloride dissolved in water and sugar beet molasses), was investigated. The effect of process temperature (20&deg;C, 35&deg;C i 50&deg;C) and immersion time (1, 3 and 5h) on water loss, solid gain, dry matter content, value of water activity, change of antioxidant activity, change of color parameters and change of mineral composition (K, Mg, Ca, Fe) was investigated.<br />It was found that increasing of process temperature and immersion time enhance mass transfer, intesifying migration of water molecules from the treated plant material into the surrounding solution and penetration of dissolved substances molecules from the osmotic solution into the treated plant tissue. Reduced aw values in all examined samples indicate a positive effect of osmotic dehydration on the microbiological stability of the treated celery leaves and root, which was also confirmed by the microbiological analysis.<br />Contrary to the solution of sucrose and sodium chloride, which was contributed to the decrease in total antioxidantivity of osmotically dehydrated samples, sugar beet molasses, as a rich source of natural antioxidants, contributed to an increase in antioxidant activity and an improvement in the functional quality of the dehydrated products. Due to the transfer of colored substances (melanoidins) from the molasses, the color of treated samples was darker. The colored substances from molasses, due to their antioxidant properties, also contribute to the enhancement of the antioxidativity of the final product. The results showed a significant improvement of the mineral content of celery leaves and root dehydrated in sugar beet molasses, while the samples treated in sucrose and sodium chloride solution show reduction of the examined mineral matters.<br />Statistical analysis revealed that optimal process parameters in terms of process efficiency, as well as the microbiological, nutritive, sensory and functional quality of the osmotically dehydrated celery leaves and root were: the process time of 5 hours, at a temperature of 50&deg;C, in sugar beet molasses as an osmotic solution.</p>

Considerando que a tendência atual em termos de formulações cosméticas é a veiculação de diferentes substâncias ativas num mesmo produto, visando o sinergismo de efeito, o objetivo desse trabalho foi a avaliação da estabilidade, da segurança e da eficácia clínica de formulações cosméticas, contendo extrato de Myrtus communis e um complexo vitamínico hidratante à base de D-pantenol e derivados de vitaminas C e E, bem como a avaliação da atividade antioxidante in vitro do extrato objeto de estudo. Para tal, na primeira etapa do estudo foram elaboradas 4 formulações de géis creme, F1 (veículo), F2 (veículo acrescido de extrato hidrolisado de Myrtus communis), F3 (veículo acrescido de D-pantenol) e F4 (veículo acrescido de extrato hidrolisado de Myrtus communis e D-pantenol), as quais foram submetidas a testes preliminares de estabilidade e à avaliação do comportamento reológico, da compatibilidade cutânea e da eficácia clínica, por métodos subjetivos (avaliação sensorial) e quantitativos por técnicas de biofísica e análise de imagem da pele. No estudo clínico as formulações foram aplicadas nos antebraços e na face das voluntárias, sendo realizadas medidas do conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo, da perda de água transepidérmica (TEWL), do micro-relevo cutâneo e da anisotropia da pele, antes (basal) e após 3 horas (efeito imediato) 15 e 30 dias de aplicação das formulações (efeito em longo prazo). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste paramétrico análise de variância. A seguir, a formulação que apresentou melhores resultados na avaliação sensorial e estudo de eficácia, foi acrescida de Tetraisopalmitato de ascorbila (F5) ou Vitamina E - D-Alfa Tocoferol Acetato (F6) ou associação destes (F7). As referidas formulações foram submetidas aos testes de estabilidade e eficácia clínica. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as formulações foram consideradas estáveis e seguras, sendo que a formulação de nº 4 foi a que apresentou o melhor sensorial, de acordo com as voluntárias sendo, portanto, selecionada para ser acrescida dos derivados de vitaminas objeto de estudo. Na avaliação dos efeitos imediatos, as formulações estudadas aumentaram significativamente o conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo nas regiões dos antebraços e da face, quando comparadas com os valores basais. Em relação à TEWL, foi possível observar que as formulações nos 2, 3 e 4 provocaram melhora na função barreira da pele dos antebraços, enquanto que na face apenas as formulações nos 3 e 4 provocaram melhora neste parâmetro. Na avaliação em longo prazo, todas as formulações estudadas, proporcionaram um aumento significativo no conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo após 15 e 30 dias de aplicação, enquanto que somente as formulações que continham as substâncias ativas objeto de estudo, ou seja, as nos 2, 3 e 4, melhoraram a função barreira da pele. No estudo de eficácia clínica onde as formulações F4 (veículo acrescido de extrato hidrolisado de Myrtus communis e D-pantenol) e F7 (veículo acrescido de extrato hidrolisado de Myrtus communis, D-pantenol e os derivados de vitamina C e E) foram avaliadas comparativamente, foi possível observar um aumento significativo nos valores do conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo, em relação aos valores basais e a região controle (região que não recebeu aplicação de nenhuma formulação), após 15 dias de aplicação. Em relação à TEWL, apenas a formulação F4 (veículo acrescido de extrato hidrolisado de Myrtus communis e D-pantenol) provocou melhora na função barreira. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as formulações desenvolvidas neste estudo apresentaram efeito hidratante pronunciado e, as que continham o extrato Myrtus communis e D-pantenol, protegeram a função barreira da pele. Além disso, o extrato de Myrtus communis demonstrou atividade antioxidante pronunciada, efeito considerado muito importante para o emprego deste extrato em cosméticos com finalidades antienvelhecimentos. Finalizando, este estudo mostrou a importância do desenvolvimento de formulações cosméticas estáveis, de sensorial adequado e com eficácia comprovada, contendo o extrato hidrolisado de Myrtus communis e o complexo vitamínico objeto de estudo, para a hidratação, proteção e melhora das condições gerais da pele. / Considering that the current trend in terms of cosmetic formulations is to vehicle different active ingredients in one single product, aiming the effect of synergism, the objective of this study was to evaluate the stability, safety and clinical efficacy of cosmetic formulations containing extract of Myrtus communis and a moisturizing vitamin complex based on D-panthenol and derivatives of vitamins C and E, as well as to evaluate the extract in vitro antioxidant activity. Thus, for the first study stage, four gel cream formulations were developed, F1 (vehicle), F2 (vehicle supplemented with Myrtus communis hydrolyzate extract), F3 (vehicle supplemented with D-panthenol) and F4 (vehicle supplemented with Myrtus communis hydrolyzate extract and D-panthenol), which were submitted to preliminary stability tests, to rheological behavior assessment, to skin compatibility test and to clinical efficacy assessment, by subjective methods (sensorial evaluation) and quantitative methods, by biophysics techniques and skin image analysis. In the clinical study, the formulations were applied on the volunteers´ face and forearms, with measurements of the stratum corneum water content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin micro-relief and skin anisotropy before (baseline) and after 3 hours (immediate effects), 15 and 30 days of the formulations application (long-term effects). Data were statistically analyzed by parametric test analysis of variance. Afterwards, the formulation that showed best performance in sensory evaluation and clinical efficacy study was supplemented with ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate (F5) or Vitamin E - D-Alpha-Tocopherol Acetate (F6) or a combination of both derivatives of vitamins, C and E (F7). According to the obtained results, all the formulations were considered safe and stable, and formulation 4 was the one with the best sensorial performance, according to the volunteers perception, and, therefore, it was selected to be supplemented with the vitamin derivatives under study. The immediate effects evaluation demonstrated that all the other formulations significantly increased stratum corneum water content in the face and forearms skin, when compared to baseline values. In relation to TEWL, it was observed that the formulations 2, 3 and 4 provoked an improvement in forearm skin barrier function, while only formulations 3 and 4 provoked an improvement on this parameter on the face. In the long-term assessment, all formulations studied promoted a significant increase in stratum corneum water content after 15 and 30 days of the formulations application, while only formulations containing the studied active ingredients, i.e., formulations 2, 3, and 4 improved skin barrier function. In the clinical efficacy study when the formulations F4 (vehicle supplemented with Myrtus communis hydrolyzate extract and D-panthenol) and F7 (vehicle supplemented with Myrtus communis hydrolyzate extract, D-panthenol and derivatives of vitamin C and E) were comparatively assessed, it was possible to observe a significantly increase in stratum corneum water content, when compared to baseline values and to control areas (region which received no formulation), after 15 days of formulations application. Regarding TEWL, only formulation F4 (vehicle supplemented with Myrtus communis hydrolyzate extract and D-panthenol) provoked an improvement in skin barrier function. According to the obtained results, the formulations developed in this study demonstrated a pronounced moisturizing effect, and those containing Myrtus communis extract and D-panthenol, protected the skin barrier function. Moreover, the extract of Myrtus communis demonstrated a pronounced antioxidant activity, an effect considered very important for this extract use in cosmetics aiming anti-aging purposes. Finally, this study demonstrated the relevance of developing stable cosmetic formulations, with adequate sensory characteristics and proven effectiveness, supplemented with Myrtus communis hydrolyzed extract and with the vitamin complex under study, for skin hydration, protection and improvement of general skin conditions

S.absconditiflora is one of the endemic Salvia species grown in Turkey, which is consumed as a herbal tea. Because of the presence of high amounts of vesicles on their leaves, S.absconditiflora is very rich in active compounds. S.absconditiflora water extract was investigated for its antioxidant capacity by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometric methods. LC-MS/MS analyses revealed the presence and quantities of caffeic acid, luteolin rutin and coumaric acid. Cytotoxic effects of water extract of S.absconditiflora on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) were examined via XTT colorimetric assay and Trypan Dye Exclusion cell viability assay. IC50 values for each cell line at 24 and 48 hours were determined. The results indicated that water extract of leaves of S.absconditiflora could inhibit cell proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-231 cells in dose dependent but not in time dependent manner. Effects of S.absconditiflora water extract on the expression of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were investigated with qRT-PCR technique. IC50 values calculated in XTT experiment for 24h incubation was used as cytotoxic extract concentration. It was found that treatment of MCF-7 cells with 1,558 mg/ml of extract enhanced an increase in expression as 2 and 2,8 fold in GSTO1 and GSTZ1 genes, respectively. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with 1,131 mg/ml of extract resulted in 1,57 fold increase for GSTO1 and 1,56 fold increase for GSTZ1.

This study covers the extraction of antioxidants from wheat germ / which is the byproduct of the flour-milling industry and a rich source of antioxidants / with Ultrasound Assisted (UAE) and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2) extractions. Extraction conditions were ultrasonication time (1&ndash / 11 min), temperature (20&ndash / 60&deg / C) and ethanol level (5&ndash / 95%) for UAE, and pressure (148&ndash / 602 bar), temperature (40&ndash / 60&deg / C) and time (10&ndash / 60 min) for SC-CO2 extraction. The extraction conditions were optimized based on yield (%), total phenolic contents (TPC, mg GAE/g extract) and antioxidant activities (AA, mg scavenged DPPH&amp / #729 / /g extract) of the extracts, using Central Composite Rotatable Design. Total tocopherol contents (TTC) of the extracts were determined, as well. UAE (at 60&deg / C) with low ethanol level (~5-30%) and short times (1-3 min) provided protein rich extracts with high yield, medium TPC and AA. On the other hand, with high ethanol level (~90%) and long times (6-11 min), waxy structured extracts with low yield but high TPC and AA were obtained. SC-CO2 extraction at 442 bar, 40&ordm / C and 48 min. enabled almost 100% recovery of wheat germ oil (9% yield) but TPC and AA of the extracts were low. On the contrary, the extracts obtained at lower pressures (~150bar) and shorter times (~10 min) at 50-60&ordm / C had high TPC and AA since the oil yield was low. However, TPC and AA of these extracts were only half of those extracted by UAE. Maximum tocopherol (7.142 mg tocopherol/g extract) extraction was achieved at 240 bar, 56&ordm / C for 20 min. Both of the methods extracted high amounts of tocopherols from roasted wheat germ (SC-CO2 extraction / 0.31 mg tocopherol/g germ, UAE / 0.33 mg tocopherol/g germ) but TTC of the extracts obtained by SC-CO2 extraction was superior compared to 1.170 mg tocopherol/g extract obtained by UAE at 9 min, 58&ordm / C and 95% ethanol level. All these extracts with different characteristics have potential uses in cosmetic and food industry depending on the targeted specific application.

The aim of current research is to analyze the effect of microfluidization on the stability and some quality characteristics of orange juice with respect to treatment pressure and cycle. Orange juice was microfluidized with four different pressures (34, 69, 103 and 138 MPa) and three different cycles (1, 2 and 3) at 18 &plusmn / 2 0C. Physical and chemical properties of microfluidized juices were compared with non-microfluidized freshly squeezed orange juice. Microfluidization made orange juice brighter and decreased redness and yellowness. There was a huge difference between non-microfluidized juice and microfluidized juice in terms of particle size. Microfluidization decreased the volume weighted mean (VWM) of orange juice between 90 % and 97 %. The results of total phenol content and antioxidant activity experiments showed that treatment pressure affected them positively / however cycle had not a significant effect on total phenol content and antioxidant property of orange juice (p&lt / 0.05). Our current research also includes effect of microfluidization on stability of orange juice. The broken down of aggregated structure and reduction in particle size due to treatment were observed by the scanning electron and light microscopes. Therefore, it was observed that treated orange juice could be homogeneous and opaque for 14 days at 4 0C. Cloud stability of juice showed that both pressure and cycle had important effect on the cloud stability (p&lt / 0.05). Microfluidization made the juice very stable but increase in pressure and cycle resulted in less stable juice. It was also measured that pectin methyl esterase activity was increased due to treatment of microfluidization.

Το οξειδωτικό στρες θεωρείται ότι διαδραματίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στη παθογένεση πολλών εκφυλιστικών νόσων, όπως τα καρδιαγγειακά νοσήματα, ο καρκίνος και οι νευροεκφυλιστικές διαταραχές. Πολλές μελέτες μέχρι τώρα έχουν δείξει τη σημαντική επίδραση της διατροφής στην εξουδετέρωση των ελευθέρων ριζών. Η Ελληνική χλωρίδα είναι πλούσια σε πηγές φυσικών αντιοξειδωτικών, στις οποίες ανήκουν και τα φυτά του γένους Sideritis. Στόχος της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να διερευνηθεί η επίδραση της πόσης, για 40 ημέρες, ενός αφεψήματος (4% κ.ό.), που παραδοσιακά καταναλώνεται στην Ελλάδα, του είδους Sideritis clandestina subsp. cyllenea, σε βιοχημικές παραμέτρους εγκεφαλικών περιοχών ενηλίκων μυών. Το ανωτέρω φυτό, που φύεται στα βουνά της Β. Πελοποννήσου, επιλέχθηκε μετά από προσδιορισμό της πολυφαινολικής σύστασης και των αντιοξειδωτικών ιδιοτήτων υδατικών εκχυλισμάτων από διάφορους πληθυσμούς του είδους Sideritis clandestina. Η αντιοξειδωτική ικανότητα των εγκεφαλικών περιοχών στα ζώα-μάρτυρες παρουσίασε διαφορές (φλοιός>παρεγκεφαλίδα>μεσεγκέφαλος). Η κατανάλωση του αφεψήματος μετέβαλε την αντιοξειδωτική ικανότητα των εγκεφαλικών περιοχών με ιστοειδικό τρόπο. Ο φλοιός και η παρεγκεφαλίδα επιλέχθηκαν για περαιτέρω μελέτη βιοχημικών παραμέτρων αυτών, με ανάλυση του μεταβολικού τους προφίλ, μεταβολομική, πριν και μετά την κατανάλωση του αφεψήματος, με τη χρήση αέριας χρωματογραφίας-φασματομετρίας μάζας (GCMS). Από την ανάλυση αυτή ταυτοποιήθηκαν μέχρι τώρα αρκετοί μεταβολίτες, η βιοχημική αξία των οποίων είναι σημαντική. Τα ανωτέρω αποτελέσματα υποδεικνύουν ότι η πόση του αφεψήματος επηρεάζει τις εγκεφαλικές λειτουργίες, παρατήρηση που χρήζει περαιτέρω διερεύνηση. / Oxidative stress is considered to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Until recently many studies have shown the important effect of diet in the destruction of free radicals. Hellenic flora is very rich in sources of natural antioxidants, including the plants of the genus Sideritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of consumption for 40 days, of a beverage (4% w/v) that is traditionally consumed in Greece, of species Sideritis clandestina subsp. cyllenea, on biochemical parameters of adult mice brain regions. This plant that grows on the mountains of North Peloponnesus was chosen after determination of the polyphenolic content and the antioxidant properties of water extracts of various Sideritis clandestina populations. The antioxidant activity of the brain areas of the control mice differed (cerebral cortex>cerebellum>midbrain). The consumption of the beverage altered the antioxidant activity of the brain regions in a tissue-specific manner. The cerebral cortex and cerebellum were chosen for further study of their biochemical parameters, analyzing their metabolic profile, (metabolomics) before and after the beverage consumption, using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) technology. Many metabolites, of high biochemical value, have identified with that analysis, until now. Consequently, the above results indicate that the consumption of this beverage can influence various brain functions, an observation that needs further delineation.

This study evaluated biological activities of blackberries (Rubus adenotrichos) and the effects of digestion or pasteurization processes on these activities. The blackberries phenolic extract showed an ORAC value of 4339 ± 144 μM TE/g, higher than those of quercetin and ellagic acid. It also protected liposomes and liver homogenates against lipid peroxidation; with IC50 of 7.0 ± 0.5 and 20.3 ± 4.2 μg/mL, respectively. The blackberry polyphenols inhibited nitrite production in J774A.1 cells stimulated with LPS+IFNγ due to down-regulation of iNOS protein expression, suggesting an anti-inflammatory potential. The biological activities of the fruits could be affected by the industrial processes. The pasteurization of a blackberry juice caused a 7% decrease in the anthocyanins concentration of the highest temperature tested, 92 °C. For the same sample, a significant reduction of 27% and 15% were showed in the DPPH and NO scavenging capacity, respectively. However, non-significant differences were evident neither for the peroxidation inhibitory capacity nor for the intracellular antioxidant activity after the pasteurization step. The antioxidant capacity is largely dependent of their bioavailability and because of this a blackberry juice was digested in vitro to obtain samples that represent the major stages of the digestion process. The gastric digestion had slight impact on polyphenolic composition while the pancreatin/bile digestion had marked effects on polyphenolic composition, particularly in the ratio anthocyanins-ellagitannins. These changes in phenolic composition caused in the dialyzed fraction a reduction of 33% and 35% in the activity against nitrogen derived radicals DPPH and NO respectively. As well the capacity to inhibit intracellular ROS was decrease by an 85% in the dialyzed fraction. Nevertheless, no significant differences were evident in the capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Finally, this study used an in vivo model with diabetic rats to evaluate the effect of the consumption of a blackberry beverage. The blackberry intake provoked a decrease in plasmatic glucose (-48.6%), triglycerides (-43.5%) and cholesterol (-28.6%) levels in the diabetic rats with respect to the diabetic controls animals. The diabetic rats which consumed blackberry, improved (+7%) the plasma antioxidant capacity (PAC) values and reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation in plasma (-19%) and in kidney tissue (-23%). This study suggests that selecting blackberry as a dietary complement could have health beneficial effects even when considering the bioavailability aspects of the phenolic compounds and the pasteurization effects.

Tyrimo tikslas - pagaminti vandenines ir etanolines ištraukas iš Junglans nigra L. lapų ir įvertinti bendrą fenolinių junginių, bendrą flavonoidų, juglono kiekį bei nustatyti antioksidacinį aktyvumą. Metodika: 1. Tyrimo objektai: 70% etanolinė juodojo riešutmedžio tinktūra, vandeninė juodojo riešutmedžio lapų ištrauka bei gamyklinis “Black Walnut” 1:1 ekstraktas (gamintojas „Nature's Answer”, JAV). 2. Ištraukų iš J. nigra lapų gamyba. 1) Etanolinės tinktūros gamyba. Pritaikius perkoliacijos metodą iš juodojo riešutmedžio lapų žaliavos, naudojant 70% etanolį, buvo pagaminta tinktūra (santykis 1:10). 2) Vandeninė ištrauka. 10 g smulkintos lapų žaliavos buvo užpilta 120 ml verdančio vandens ir kaitinta 1 val. Ištrauka nufiltruota pro 4 nr. Vatmano filtrą. 3. Kokybinės flavonoidų įvertinimo reakcijos. 4. Bendras fenolinių junginių nustatymas naudojant Folin – Ciocalteu metodą (standartas – galo r.) 5. Bendras flavonoidų kiekio nustatymas spektrofotometriniu būdu, naudojant AlCl3 tirpalą (standartas - rutinas). 6. Juglono kiekio nustatymas spektrofotometriniu būdu. 7. Antioksidacinio aktyvumo įvertinimas fluorimetriniu būdu, naudojant 10-acetil-3,7-dihidroksifenoksazinas (AMR) ir krienų peroksidazę (HPR). Rezultatai. Bendram fenolinių junginių, bendram flavonoidų bei juglono išekstrahuoto kiekio palyginimui buvo pagamintos J. nigra lapų etanolinė ir vandeninė ištraukos. Tiriamų objektų biologiškai aktyvių komponentų kiekiai buvo palyginti su gamykliniu „Black Walnut“ ekstraktu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the work - produce aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Junglans nigra leaves, evaluate the total phenolic and total flavonoids content, juglone concentration and identify antioxidant activity. Methods: 1. Objects of study: ethanolic tincture and aqueous extract of black walnut leaves, “Black Walnut” extract, 1:1 („Nature's Answer”, USA). 2. Liquid preparations of J. nigra leaves production: 1) Ethanolic tincture production. Tincture was produced of black walnut leaves applying the method of percolation. The 70% ethanol was used. Tincture ratio is 1:10. 2) Aqueous exract production. 10 g shredded leaves of black walnut were extracted with 120 ml of boiling wather for 1 hours. After boiling extract was filtered throught the Whatman paper no. 4. 3. Qualitative evaluation of flavonoids. 4. Total phenolic content was determined by spectrophotometric (Folin - Ciocalteau) method. 5. Total flavonoids content was measured with an aluminum chloride colorimetric assay using spectrophotometer. 6. Juglone determination by spectrophotometric method. 7. Fluorimetric antioxidant activity assay by using N-Acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine (Amplex Red) and horseradish peroxidase (HPR). Results. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of J. nigra leaves were made to compare total phenolic, total flavonoids content, juglone concentration. Biologically active components study results of ethanolic and aqueous extracts were compared with “Black Walnut” extract. The highest total phenolic and total... [to full text]