A presente tese é sobre gnosticismo, doutrina religiosa da Antiguidade tardia, em sua relação com a poesia. Procura circunscrever seu âmbito, definir suas características e localizar seus principais temas: entre outros, o dualismo, os mito do demiurgo, das duas almas, do andrógino primordial, sua noção do tempo e sua relação com hermetismo, astrologia e alquimia. Mostra como mitos e temas gnósticos e até um estilo, um modo gnóstico de escrever, reaparecem ou são retomados por poetas românticos, simbolistas e modernistas, inclusive aqueles de língua portuguesa. Entre outros, examina William Blake, Novalis, Gérard de Nerval, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Lautréamont, Breton, Fernando Pessoa, Dario Veloso e Hilda Hilst. Sustenta que, sendo arcaico e anacrônico em seu dualismo e sua complexa cosmovisão e teologia, ao mesmo tempo o gnosticismo pode ser associado a uma mentalidade moderna e, como parte dela, a criações literárias, algumas inovadoras, pelo caráter sincrético e por formular uma crítica total, cósmica, na era da crítica. Também mostra como poetas não apenas absorveram ou reproduziram aquela doutrina, mas o fizeram de modo pessoal e original, transformando-a e reinventando-a. E, principalmente, como, utilizando suas categorias e temas, tentaram promover uma subversão do senso comum, da percepção instituída do mundo, justificando paralelos do gnosticismo como misticismo rebelde com a rebelião romântica e seus continuadores. / The present thesis is about Gnosticism, the religious doctrine of Late Antiquity, in its relationship to poetry. The focus is to establish the realm of Gnosticism, to define its characteristics, and to locate its main themes. Dualism, the myth of the demiurge, the two souls, the primordial androgynous, its notion of time, and relations of Gnosticism with Hermetism, Astrology and Alchemy are, amongst others, some of the subjects and themes. The thesis shows how Gnostic myths and subjects and even a Gnostic style of writing reappear or is resumed by romantic poets, symbolists and modernists, including those of Portuguese language. Among others, examines William Blake, Novalis, Gérard de Nerval, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Lautréamont, Breton, Fernando Pessoa, Dario Veloso and Hilda Hilst. Holds that Gnosticism, being archaic and anachronic in its dualism, complex weltanschauung and theology, can be associated at the same time with a modern mentality and, as part of it, with literary creations, some innovative, for its syncretism and its formulation of a total and cosmic review in the era of the criticism. Finally, also shows how poets didn\'t just absorb or reproduce that doctrine, but that they did it in a personal and original way, transforming and reinventing Gnosticism. And, most outstandingly, how, using its categories and themes, poets encouraged subversion of the common sense, and the formal perception of the world, therefore justifying parallels of Gnosticism as a rebellious mysticism with the Romantic rebellion and its followers.

Le IVe siècle de notre ère représente indéniablement un tournant majeur dans l’histoire de l’Europe occidentale. Le passage du christianisme du statut de culture marginale d’une communauté religieuse à celui de pôle culturel et normatif à l’échelle d’une société constitue une transition caractéristique de l’Antiquité tardive, qui s’est d’abord opérée sur le terrain des systèmes sociaux de référence que sont le temps et l’espace – lieux d’expression identitaire. La richesse documentaire de l’"Vrbs" ajoutée à sa position de capitale historique et de cité de première importance pour le christianisme en font un cadre d’étude singulier. Cette enquête sur le partage du temps et de l’espace, entre la victoire du Pont Milvius (312) et le sac d’Alaric (410), propose une reconstruction des temps de la cité et une exploration des mécanismes de développement de l’organisation calendaire de l’Église et d’insertion au sein de la trame temporelle urbaine (partie 1). Sur la base d’un catalogue qui actualise le "LTVR(S)", elle reconstitue la topographie polythéiste et examine l’inscription de l’ancrage matériel du culte chrétien au sein du territoire romain (partie 2). Au travers de ces analyses transversales et d’études de cas (partie 3), elle tente aussi de comprendre des modes d’interaction, de coexistence religieuse au sein d’une société. La recherche replace le curseur sur la continuité plutôt que la rupture. Elle révèle un modèle prioritairement intégratif et une stratégie de conformité aux dynamiques romaines dans le partage du temps et de l’espace. Elle argumente sur une cohabitation religieuse globalement pacifique portée par un investissement identitaire commun focalisé sur la "Romanitas". / The fourth century AD is admittedly a major turning point in the history of Western Europe. The evolution of Christianity from the status of a marginal culture within a religious group to that of a cultural and normative pole within society constitutes an important transition specific to Late Antiquity. This transition from margin to norm started from the social frameworks of time and space, acting as strong identity markers. The great amount of evidence from the "Vrbs", its position as historical capital, as its recognized status as important city for the development of Christianity, make it a specific research framework. This study, which focuses on the sharing of time and space between the victory of the Milvius Bridge (312) and the sack of Alaric (410), reconstructs the organization of the times in the city and explores the mechanisms behind the development of the calendar structure of the Church within this urban space (part 1). On the basis of a catalogue that brings up to date the "LTVR(S)", this study rebuilds the polytheistic topography and scrutinizes the material inscription of the Christian cult on the Roman territory (part 2). On the basis of these cross-sectional analyses and case studies (part 3), it also attempts at understanding the modes of religious co-existence and interaction within a society. The results point towards a sense of continuity rather than breaking. This dissertation reveals a model that favours integration and conformation strategies to the Roman dynamics in the sharing of time and space. It argues in favour of a religious cohabitation mostly peaceful led by a common identity investment focused on the "Romanitas".

Costuma-se avaliar o último movimento das pesquisas de Foucault como um suposto refúgio, um retorno aos gregos que traria consigo a marca de uma dupla recusa: à política e à modernidade. Prova disso seria o seu fechamento na análise acerca das práticas de si de uma época de ouro na qual este si divergiria radicalmente do sujeito moderno. Suplantado, assim, este polo referencial da modernidade, o relativismo pós-moderno daria a Foucault seu último nome. Na contramão dessa leitura, pretendemos desenvolver apontamentos (pautados sobretudo em trabalhos específicos dos anos de 1980) que possam apresentá-lo como um filósofo eminentemente moderno, que busca na abordagem genealógica ao invés de histórica dos Antigos a amplificação do campo de investigação de problemáticas presentes. Campo este em que as formações subjetivas terão papel privilegiado na recorrência que Foucault empreende a filosofias em que o si é tomado como um modo de vida ao qual conhecimento, ética, política e estética estão atados na constituição histórica dos sujeitos. Esse movimento, orientado por uma atitude crítica constante, traria consigo a potencialidade de redirecionamento do olhar à nossa modernidade e da experiência que poderíamos fazer de nós mesmos, sujeitos modernos. / It is customary evaluate the last movement of Foucaults work as a supposed refuge, as a return to the Greeks, that would bring the mark of a double refusal: to the politics and to the modernity. Proof of this would be the enclosure of this movement into the analysis of the practices of the self of a golden age in which this self would differ radically from the modern subject. Supplanted thereby this referential polo of modernity, the postmodern relativism would give to Foucault his last name. Contrary to this interpretation, we intend to develop notes (which are guided especially by works that characterize the Michel Foucaults production in the 1980s) that may present him as a philosopher eminently modern, who seeks with a genealogical approach and not a historical one of the Ancients, the amplification of the investigation field of the present\'s problematic. It is a field where the subjective formations have a privileged role in his recurrence to philosophies in which the self is taken as a way of life to which knowledge, ethics, politics and aesthetics are tied in the historical constitution of the subject. This movement, guided by a constant critical attitude, would bring with itself the potentiality to redirect both the look to our modernity and the experience of ourselves, modern subjects.

Appliqués au « Palais de Trajan » (Bosra, Syrie du Sud), les moyens de l’architecture comparée et de l’archéologie sont mis en œuvre pour restituer dans ses formes et son emploi cette vaste résidence urbaine de l’Antiquité Tardive. Les relevés précisent les procédés constructifs et constatent leur variété, les fouilles mettent au jour des thermes privés, équipement luxueux, le matériel exhumé permet de dater la construction des bâtiments et apporte des indications sur le décor disparu, le mode de vie ou la personnalité de ses habitants. Comparer cette architecture avec celle de la région basaltique et d’autres grandes villes de l’Empire aide à interpréter les vestiges et à restituer, au moins hypothétiquement et à l’aide d’une maquette numérique, les parties abolies. Sa taille et le raffinement de ses bâtiments, la présence d’une salle triconque et de bains privés, des couvertures en coupole nécessairement restituées, autorisent à promouvoir l’édifice en résidence officielle. L’inventaire des monuments fréquentés et édifiés alors, édifices publics, éléments urbains, sanctuaires, et l’analyse de leur position dans la ville participent à définir le rang de ce palais et à identifier ses occupants. C’est finalement sa proximité avec la plus grande église de Bosra, plus qu’une mise en parallèle avec les quelques groupes épiscopaux contemporains avérés, qui, l’affectant éventuellement au patrimoine de l’Église, soutient l’hypothèse d’y voir le palais de fonction du métropolite. En outre, cette revue du paysage de Bosra au VIe siècle met en lumière la diversité des monuments, celle des sources disponibles pour les approcher et ouvre des perspectives pour les recherches futures. / The disciplines of comparative architecture and archaeology are combined in this study of the “Trajan’s Palace”, vast urban residence from the Late Antique Period in Bosra, southern Syria. The surveys detail the variety of the construction processes, the excavations highlight the luxuriousness of the private thermal baths, while the small finds not only provide positive dates for the various construction phases, but also evidence of decorative features no longer extant, together with the personality and lifestyle of the occupants. A comparison of the architecture with that of other edifices from the basalt region and other major cities throughout the Roman Empire supports an interpretation of the remains and, with the assistance of a digital model, the reconstruction, at least hypothetically, of the missing sections. The size and refinement of constructions, the presence of a triconchos and private bath, together with restored domes, endorse the identification of the building as an official residence. An inventory of other monuments in use or constructed at that time, public buildings, urban elements, and sanctuaries, and an analysis of its position in the city help to specify the rank of this palace and to identify its occupants. Finally, itsproximity to the largest church in Bosra, rather than a comparison with other known contemporary episcopal complexes, possibly assigning it to the Church’s heritage, sustains the hypothesis that it was the official palace of the metropolitan see. This review of the Bosra landscape highlights the diversity of the monuments and the variety of sources available to study them, while opening prospects for future investigation and study.

Cnossos est principalement connue pour ses vestiges minoens et peu de travaux ont été menés sur les périodes postérieures malgré la multiplication des études sur la Crète historique depuis une vingtaine d’années. La période antique est pourtant fondamentale dans son histoire. En effet, entre le Ve siècle av. J.-C. et le milieu du Ier siècle ap. J.-C., c’est l’histoire d’une cité puissante politiquement en Crète puis d’une colonie romaine prospère qui se dessine grâce aux sources archéologiques et textuelles publiées, ainsi qu’à un corpus monétaire inédit. La première partie de la thèse est une étude des monnaies produites à Cnossos pendant toute l’histoire de l’atelier ; elle présente d’abord un catalogue de 2970 monnaies cnossiennes, les contextes de découverte des monnaies cnossiennes dans le monde grec et les monnaies de fouilles de Cnossos, puis une étude de chaque série (typologie, étude de coins, métrologie et datation). La seconde partie est une étude de l’histoire de Cnossos divisée en trois sections correspondant aux périodes classique, hellénistique et impériale. Pour chacune, sont examinés les frontières, l’aménagement du territoire et les événements historiques en prenant en compte la totalité des sources disponibles, numismatiques bien sûr mais aussi les autres vestiges archéologiques et les textes épigraphiques et littéraires. Ces deux parties sont accompagnées d’un volume d’annexes et de planches (volume 2) qui comprend notamment une liste des vestiges mis au jour sur le site entre les premières fouilles de la fin du XIXe siècle à aujourd’hui, le détail des tombes fouillées et les textes épigraphiques découverts à Cnossos et/ou relatifs à la cité. / Knossos is mainly known for its Minoans remains and little work has been undertaken on the later periods in spite of the many studies on historic Crete published in the last twenty years. Antiquity is nevertheless fundamental in its history. Indeed, between the 5th century BC and the middle of the 1st century AD, it is the story of a city politically powerful in Crete and then a prosperous Roman colony which can be seen because of the published archaeological and textual sources, and an unpublished coin corpus. The first part of the thesis is a study of the coins struck at Knossos during the entire operational period of the mint; it shows first a catalogue of 2970 Knossian coins, the archaeological contexts of the Knossian coins in the Greek world and the coins found during excavations of the site. Then, each series is studied (typology, die study, metrology and dating). The second part is a study of Knossos divided into three sections corresponding to the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods. For each, the borders, the spatial organisation and historical events are studied with all available sources: numismatics, archaeological remains and epigraphic and literary texts. These two parts work with an annexe and illustrations volume (volume 2) which is composed mainly of a remains list dug between the end of the 19th century and today, the tombs and the epigraphic texts discovered at/or about the city.

In both the narratives of their reigns and as objects of allusion in accounts of later periods of Roman history, the seven kings of Rome (r. 753-509 BCE, traditionally) frequently feature in historiographical and biographical works written after the death of Livy (17 CE) with meaningful nuance despite the relative crystallization of Rome's founding and regal legends during the age of Augustus (r. 31 BCE-14 CE). I demonstrate how 12 authors writing over a period of four centuries, from late in the reign of Tiberius (r. 14-37 CE) to shortly after the death of Theodosius I (r. 378-395), refashion the kings as creative reflections of, or reactions to, the Roman emperors in both their narratives and the time of writing those narratives. These writers are, in Latin, Velleius Paterculus, Tacitus, Suetonius, Florus, Justin, Aurelius Victor, Eutropius, Ammianus Marcellinus, and the anonymous authors of the Historia Augusta and Epitome de Caesaribus; in Greek, Appian and Cassius Dio. Through close, contextual readings I examine how and explain why certain authors present the kings as exemplary monarchs whose conduct should be imitated or avoided, especially in contexts where those kings are by a variety of rhetorical tactics compared or contrasted with figures in narratives of later history. I then place those readings along a chronological spectrum to reveal common elements of continuity and evolution of the kings among these 12 authors at various points in imperial history. It can be shown that the idealization of the kings is roughly a function of the author's audience and social class (i.e. Roman senators are less favorable to them than equestrians and provincials). Moreover, the kings evolve over time, beginning as blood ancestors of emperors in the early Principate, expanding to products and benefactors of a diverse, Mediterranean cosmopolis during the High Empire, then restricting to symbols of traditional political, cultural, and religious notions tied to the physical city of Rome in Late Antiquity, when the political, spatial, and spiritual transformation of the imperial office made the kings obsolete as persuasive models of imperial rulership. More broadly, this project adds to our understanding that at any point, societies tend to not only reinvent their histories as reflections of their own time, but also credit "Great Men" both as explanatory devices for major events and as embodiments of national identity.

Rezensiertes Werk: Michael Sokoloff and Joseph Yahalom, Jewish Palestinian Arameic Poetry from Late Antiquity: Critical Edition with Introduction and Commentary (Publications of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Willy Kyrklund (1921–2009) anknyter i en betydande del av sina verk till såväl det gamla som det moderna Grekland. I avhandlingen gör nedslag i ett antal av dessa verk, men även Kyrklundforskningen i stort diskuteras. Med inspiration från Peter Szondis diskussion kring en specifikt litterär hermeneutik ställs textens estetiska verkningsmedel i centrum. Medan en ansenlig del av den tidigare forskningen strävat efter att fixera ett fåtal bärande tankar i Kyrklunds författarskap går denna undersökning i en annan riktning: det handlar om att visa på mångfalden och rikedomen i de olika verken. Den teoretiska diskussionen ligger till grund för en serie närläsningar, där såväl beröringspunkter som skillnader mellan de olika verken klarläggs. I de tre novellsamlingarna Ångvälten (1948), Hermelinens död (1954) och Den överdrivne älskaren (1957) väljs enskilda stycken ut, där grekiska element på ett eller annat sätt är närvarande. Ett återkommande drag är hur det förflutna framträder i nutiden, som något främmande. Hur de olika tidsplanen relaterar till varandra tematiseras ytterligare i Greklandsskildringen Aigaion (1957), på ett sätt som problematiserar bokens status av reseskildring. I det korta dramat Platanhårsdialog på en ö i Aigaion (1961) blir det våldsamma förhållandet mellan nuet och det förflutna avgörande för hela formspråket. Med exempel ur två senare prosaverk, Den rätta känslan (1974) och 8 variationer (1982), påvisas slutligen en underliggande logik bakom Kyrklunds angrepp på traditionen, en strategi som får namnet 'antimyt'.

Oration 30 (Or. 30) has been commonly used in scholarship as positive affirmation of religious violence and temple destruction in late Antique Syria. This view of widespread violence in late 4th century Syria was previously supported by scholarship on temple destruction and conversion, which tended to argue that temple destruction and conversion was a widespread phenomenon in the 4th and 5th centuries. Recent archaeological scholarship, however, argues against this perspective, in favour of temple destruction and conversion being a rather exceptional and late phenomenon. The question must therefore be asked, to what extent can Libanius’ Or. 30 be used as a source of temple destruction in the Antiochene countryside in Late Antiquity? This question is explored through three chapters which examine: the text and context of Or. 30, the use and application of Roman law in Or. 30, and the archeological evidence for temple destruction and conversion in the Antiochene countryside. This research has revealed that Libanius tends to use similar arguments in his ‘reform speeches,’ that there was no legal basis for temple destruction in the late 4th century, and that there is no archaeological evidence for widespread temple destruction occurring around the composition of Or. 30. Thus, the evidence shows that Libanius’ claim of widespread violence must be seen as an exaggeration. Meaning that Or. 30 cannot be used to support the idea of widespread destruction and religious violence in the Antiochene countryside at the end of the 4th century or, for that matter, Late Antiquity in general.

The existence of an infrastructure that allowed reliable communication between the emperors and all parts of the Roman civil and military administration was integral for the dissemination of ideologies, the promulgation of laws, and the implementation of Roman power in an organized and coherent fashion throughout the empire. This infrastructure was represented by the imperial information and transportation system (IITS, most commonly known by its 4th century name cursus publicus): a network of roadside stations set up in regular intervals along most major roads that could be used by officials of the central administration properly authorized with a permit. An integral aspect of Roman rule, the IITS has received relatively little attention in scholarship, particularly with regards to the question how structural and constitutional developments of the Roman Empire translated into changes to the communication system during the transition from the 3rd until the late 4th century. The aim of this thesis is twofold: after determining the ways in which the applications of the IITS changed over the course of the first three centuries CE on the basis of epigraphic evidence, the first part explores and explains factors that led to the creation of the cursus publicus with its two sub-divisions (cursus uelox, cursus clauulari(u)s) under Diocletian and Constantine through a comprehensive study of military, administrative, legal, and structural developments of the Roman Empire. The second part undertakes a comprehensive review of the structure, history, and development of the cursus publicus in the 4th century (e.g., infrastructure, financing, administration, usage rights, authorization, and control), primarily on the basis of a close reading of book 8.5 of the Theodosian Code. The evolution of the cursus publicus shows not only the interdependency between its development vis-à-vis that of the central administration, but also that the central government perceived it increasingly consciously as a valuable and important tool in ruling the empire. This thesis argues that on account of ongoing regulatory activity and reforms as a result of this shift in perception, the cursus publicus was firmly integrated into the imperial administration and streamlined to such a degree that it could be used with unprecedented effectiveness by the end of the 4th century.