Many desktop applications have moved away from heavy client-side programs tolighter web-based solutions served from the cloud. Mobile applications have also beentraditionally client-based in the form of native applications. With the use of HTML5,however, there is a growing shift towards web apps as opposed to native. HTML5technologies are enabling mobile apps to run in the browser with some native appfunctionality. HTML5 has received a great deal of attention since its release in 2009,there are numerous articles and discussions on the Internet. Some developers are verynegative and some are very positive towards the idea that it is a serious contender inmobile application development. This report presents research carried out to get theviews of developers as to their current use of HTML5 and how much they expect tobe developing mobile apps using HTML5 in the future. Judging by the level ofresponse gained and comments given, this is a very hot topic right now. The researchshows that HTML5 is a viable alternative to native app development but it has somelimitations and has some way to go before it could begin to replace native appdevelopment altogether.

Tekniska apparater och spelapplikationer blir en allt större del av den nya generationens vardag och lärande applikationer används allt mer som läromeldel i förskolan. Enligt läroplanen för förskola så skall multimedia och informationsteknik ha en lika stor del av lärandet som bild, sång, dans, rytm och rörelse. Denna utveckling gör det allt viktigare att fokusera på kvaliteten hos applikationerna som används och en större förståelse behövs för hur en god pedagogisk applikation bör utformas för att inbjuda spelaren till flera aspekter av lärande såsom sociala, kognitiva, och problemlösande. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att genom grundläggande förstudier designa en pedagogiskt genomtänkt memoryspelsapplikation till ipad för barn i åldern 5-6år på förskola. Projektet är utfört i tre delar; förstudie, implementation och utvärdering. Förstudien består kvalitativa intervjuer med förskollärare som ger inblick i hur förskolorna arbetar med spel i dagsläget . Därefter har en genreanalys genomförts på liknande memoryspel idag. Implementationen har sedan gjorts i form av krevgenerering, och designutveckling genom ramverksdesign, detaljdesign och prototypskapande. Slutligen har designen utvärderats med hjälp av användbarhetstester på förskolebarn.  Studien visar tydligt att spel som förmedlar inlärningsmoment i både ljud och bild lyckas bäst, att innehållet bör gynna social interaktion och samtal samt att pedagogens närvaro har stor betydelse för hur eleverna tar till dig informationen. Det krävs tydliga anvisningar med både ljud och bild för att påvisa hur användaren ska navigera och gå vidare i spelet. Orden bör vara skrivna i versaler och ljudas fram via applikationen. / Technical devices and game applications are taking a far greater part of the new generation’s everyday life and learning apps are used as educational tools in preschools. According to the Swedish national agency for education, multimedia and information technology should represent an equivalent part in the curriculum as arts, song, dance, rhythm and movements. This development calls for a lager focus on the quality of the applications being used and an understanding of how a pedagogical app should be designed to invite the user to several aspects of learning such as social, cognitive and problem solving tasks. The purpose of this essay is thus to study and design an educational memory game application for Ipads for children aged 5-6 years in preschool.  This project has been performed through three steps; pre-study, implementation and evaluation. The pre-study consists of qualitative interviews with preschool teachers that provide an understanding for how educational games and apps are used today. A genre analysis has been conducted to understand the aspects of similar apps out on the market today. The implementation was proceeded trough requirement definition and design evolvement trough framework design, detailed design and prototype making. Finally the design was evaluated through usability tests on preschoolers.  The Study clearly shows that games that provides learning instructions through sound and image is the most successful, that the content should encourage social interaction and discussion and that the teacher’s presence substantially affect the way children grant information. Directives on navigation should be given both through images and sounds and the written words should be in capital letters and read out loud by the application.

Le développement du système nerveux central fait intervenir de nombreux processus cellulaires comme la prolifération, la différenciation, l'apoptose, la migration neuronale et le guidage axonal. Ces processus sont finement régulés et aboutissent à la formation d'un système nerveux central fonctionnel. Au cours de cette thèse, je me suis principalement intéressé à une molécule chimiotropique, la Nétrine-1 et à ses récepteurs APP (Amyloïd-b Precursor Protein) et DCC (Deleted in Colorectal Cancer). La Nétrine-1 est impliquée à la fois dans le contrôle de la navigation neuronale (ie migration neuronale et guidage axonal) et dans celui de la survie neuronale. Un premier aspect de mon travail a consisté à étudier le rôle d'un nouveau récepteur à la Nétrine-1 : APP. Nous avons donc démontré que APP est un récepteur à la Nétrine-1 impliqué dans le guidage des axones commissuraux. En effet, APP collabore avec DCC afin de stimuler la croissance axonale en réponse à la Nétrine-1. Le second aspect de mon travail a été l'étude du rôle de la Nétrine-1 en tant que facteur de survie neuronale. En effet, son récepteur DCC appartient à la famille des récepteurs à dépendance. En absence de Nétrine-1, DCC ne reste pas inactif, mais déclenche une signalisation pro-apoptotique qui va éliminer la cellule. Nous avons démontré que pendant le développement du système nerveux, la Nétrine-1 inhibe cette signalisation et contrôle la survie des neurones commissuraux. Le contrôle de la signalisation pro-apoptotique de DCC par la Nétrine-1 pourrait ainsi réaliser un contrôle qualité des projections axonales et faciliter l'orientation du cône de croissance lors du guidage du cône de croissance / The development of the central nervous system requires several cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, neuronal migration and axon guidance. This whole process is finely regulated and leads to the formation of a functional central nervous system. During my thesis, I have mainly worked on a chemotropic molecule, Netrin-1 and its receptors APP (Amyloid-ß Precursor Protein) and DCC (Deleted in Colorectal Cancer). Netrin-1 is involved in both neuronal navigation (neuronal migration and axonal guidance) and neuronal survival. I have firstly investigated the role of a new Netrin-1 receptor, APP during axonal guidance. We have shown that APP is involved in the guidance of commissural axons. Indeed, APP collaborates with DCC in order to promote axonal outgrowth in response to Netrin-1. Thereafter, I have investigated the role of Netrin-1 as a neuronal survival factor. In fact, the Netrin-1 receptor DCC belongs to the dependence receptor family. In absence of Netrin-1, DCC does not remain inactive, since it triggers a pro-apoptotic signalling pathway. During the development of the central nervous system, we have shown that Netrin-1 blocks the pro-apoptotic signalling pathway and promotes neuronal survival. The Netrin-1 control of DCC pro-apoptotic signalling might carry out a “quality control” of the axonal projection or/and it could promote the steering of the growth cone during axonal guidance

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est la maladie neurodégénérative la plus commune et reste à ce jour incurable. Elle se caractérise par l’accumulation dans le cerveau du peptide neurotoxique bêta-amyloïde (Aβ), par une neuroinflammation et des atteintes neurovasculaires, qui ensemble induisent la mort des neurones et des déficits cognitifs. En raison de leurs activités multiples, les métalloprotéases matricielles (MMPs) émergent comme des acteurs importants dans la MA. Mes travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre l’implication de 3 de ces MMPs dans la MA et soulignent le caractère spécifique et complémentaire de MT1- et MT5-MMP, directement impliquées dans la production d’Aβ, et le rôle de MMP-12 dans la neuroinflammation et dans la perte d’intégrité de la barrière hémato-encéphalique, un système vasculaire particulier qui protège efficacement le cerveau. Mes travaux ouvrent des perspectives dans le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques basées sur la modulation de ces MMPs. / Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and remains to this day incurable. It is characterized by the accumulation in the brain of the beta-amyloid (Aß) neurotoxic peptide, by neuroinflammation and neurovascular damage, which together induce neuronal death and cognitive deficits. Because of their multiple activities, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are emerging as important players in AD. My work has provided insight into the involvement of 3 of these MMPs in AD and highlight the specific and complementary nature of MT1- and MT5-MMP, directly involved in the production of Aß, and the role of MMP-12 in neuroinflammation and in the loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier, a particular vascular system, which effectively protects the brain. My work opens perspectives in the development of new therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of these MMPs.

La protéine précurseur du peptide amyloïde (APP) est un élément central dans l'apparition et le développement de la maladie d'Alzheimer. L'APP possède deux voies de maturations distinctes. La maturation dite amyloïdogénique, via la béta-sécrétase, a principalement lieu au niveau des endosomes et entraine la production de peptides béta-amyloïdes neurotoxiques au-delà d'un certain seuil. La voie non-amyloïdogénique, via l'alpha-sécrétase, a quant à elle lieu au niveau de la membrane plasmique et entraîne la libération de fragments solubles sAPP alpha; neuroprotecteurs. Dans un premier temps, nos travaux ont mis en évidence que le récepteur de la sérotonine de type 4 (5-HT4R), l'alpha-sécrétase ADAM10 et l'APP forment un complexe protéique et que le récepteur 5-HT4 est capable de moduler à la fois l'adressage membranaire de l'alpha-sécrétase ADAM10 et de l'APP mais aussi leur maturation. Par cette modulation, le récepteur 5-HT4 peut favoriser de façon constitutive la libération de sAPP alpha. Dans un second temps, nous avons mis en place une approche protéomique, basée sur la recherche de protéines interagissant avec ce complexe et pouvant influencer le trafic cellulaire de l'ADAM10 ou de l'APP et favoriser la voie non-amyloïdogénique. Ces travaux nous permettent d'émettre des hypothèses originales quant aux mécanismes communs de régulation, à la fois de l'endocytose et du trafic du récepteur 5-HT4, de l'ADAM10 et de l'APP. Ces mécanismes mettent en cause le complexe AP-2 et un autre complexe protéique impliqué dans le trafic intracellulaire du précurseur de la protéine amyloïde. / The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is the key element in the appearance and the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Basically, APP can be processed following two maturation pathways. The fist one, named the amyloidogenic pathway, involves a secretase, occurs mostly in the endosomes and leads to the release ofbeta-amyloïd peptides that are neurotoxics if overproduced. The second one, named the non-amyloidogenic pathway, involves analpha-secretase, occurs mostly at the plasma membrane and leads to the release of soluble APP alpha fragments that are neuroprotective. First, our work demonstrated that a serotonin receptor, the 5-HT4 receptor (5-HT4R), is able to form a protein complex with the alpha-secretase ADAM10 and APP and that this receptor could modulate ADAM10 and APP trafficking and maturation. By this way, the 5-HT4 receptor is able to increase ADAM10 and APP cell surface localization and to constitutively promote sAPP alpha release. In a second time, using an unbiased proteomic approach, we focused on the quest of protein partners able to interact with this complex and to promote the non-amyloïdogenic pathway. This work allowed us to propose original hypothesis about shared mechanisms able to regulate 5-HT4R, APP and ADAM10 endocytosis and trafficking. These mechanisms involve the AP-2 complex and another protein complex involved in the cellular trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein.

This thesis describes the process of development of mobile application on the Microsoft Windows platform. The described process covers all stages from the analysis of the target market through design and development of the application to the plan of publishing the app in the Windows Store. Development of the mobile part of Windows 8.1 Universal App using the C# programming language and XAML markup language is integral part of this thesis.

La neurotransmission nécessite la fusion de vésicules synaptiques (VS) avec la membrane pré-synaptique pour libérer les neurotransmetteurs qui vont activer les récepteurs du neurone post-synaptique. Le nombre de VS dans le bouton pré-synaptique est limité, ce qui nécessite des mécanismes efficaces pour régénérer ces vésicules. Parmi ces mécanismes, il existe l’endocytose dépendante de la clathrine, l'endocytose ultra-rapide et l'endocytose de masse (ADBE), ces deux dernières étant indépendantes de la clathrine. Dans cette étude, il est montré que l'absence d'Alix (ALG-2 interacting protein-X) entraîne des modifications morphologiques et fonctionnelles des synapses qui pourraient être la conséquence d’un recyclage défectueux des VS. Nous avons récemment montré que Alix et l’un de ses partenaires, l'endophiline-A, sont essentiels pour l'endocytose indépendante de la clathrine dans les fibroblastes, ce qui nous amène à penser que Alix pourrait jouer le même rôle dans le bouton pré-synaptique. Au cours de ce travail, j’ai montré que Alix se concentre au niveau des boutons pré-synaptiques après une stimulation à haute fréquence des neurones. En utilisant des formes mutantes d’Alix, j’ai montré que le recrutement d’Alix à la membrane pré-synaptique était dépendant de son interaction avec ALG-2 (protéine de liaison au calcium). De même la relocalisation de l’endophiline-A à la synapse est dépendante de son interaction avec Alix. Par ailleurs, l’absence d'Alix dans les neurones conduit à une altération de l'ADBE, qui peut être restaurée par l'expression d'Alix, mais pas avec ses mutants incapables d'interagir avec ALG-2 ou l'endophiline-A.Les résultats de cette étude démontrent qu'Alix est important pour l'endocytose indépendante de la clathrine dans les synapses, processus indispensable au recyclage des vésicules synaptiques au cours d'une activité neuronale normale. / Neurotransmission involves the fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs) to the presynaptic membrane to release neurotransmitters that will bind receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. The number of SVs in central nerve terminals is limited, necessitating a set of reliable mechanisms to regenerate SVs. Among such mechanisms are clathrin-mediated endocytosis, ultrafast endocytosis and activity-dependent bulk endocytosis (ADBE), where the latter two are clathrin-independent. The present study reveals that the depletion of Alix (ALG-2 interacting protein-X) leads to morphological and functional changes of synapses that indicate defective SV recycling. Our recent finding that Alix and its major partner, endophilin-A, is crucial for clathrin-independent endocytosis in fibroblasts, led us to hypothesise that Alix may have such a role at the presynapse. The present study has allowed us to demonstrate that Alix concentrates at presynaptic boutons during intense stimulation. Using mutant forms of Alix, we demonstrate that this recruitment of Alix is depends on the ability of Alix to interact with the calcium binding protein, ALG-2. Endophilin-A is also recruited to presynaptic boutons and this recruitment is dependent on its capacity to interact with Alix. It is then revealed that the lack of Alix in neurons leads to impaired ADBE, suggesting the importance of Alix in ADBE. Such a role of Alix depends on its ability to interact with ALG-2 and endophilin since the impairment of ADBE was reversed upon rescuing the expression of wild-type Alix, but not with Alix mutants unable interact with ALG-2 or endophilin-A.The findings of this study demonstrate that Alix is important for clathrin-independent endocytosis at synapses, a process necessary for the recycling of synaptic vesicles during normal neuronal activity.

In today’s digital and mobile world it is more important than ever that companies offer a mobile solution for their costumers. Deciding which mobile solution to implement can be difficult. The purpose of this study is therefore to make this decision easier. Two mobile solutions, web apps and native apps, were compared in order to identify the most important factors that differentiate the two. By assigning the two mobile solutions one score each for every factor, we created a multi-criteria decision-making model. The model was then evaluated, improved and implemented as a decision-making tool. The second evaluation showed that the majority of the respondents agreed with the decision-making tool, suggesting that it could be applied as a recommendation for companies choosing between developing a native app and a web app. / I dagens digitala och mobila värld är det viktigare än någonsin för företag att erbjuda en mobil lösning för sina kunder. Att bestämma vilken mobil lösning som ska implementeras kan vara svårt och därför har denna studie för avsikt att underlätta detta beslut. Två mobila lösningar, webb-appar och nativ-appar, jämfördes för att kunna identifiera de viktigaste faktorerna som skiljer dem emellan. Genom att ge de två mobila lösningarna ett betyg var för varje faktor så kunde en multikriteriebeslutsmodell skapas, utvärderas och implementeras som ett beslutsverktyg. En andra utvärdering visade att majoriteten av de tillfrågade höll med beslutsverktyget vilket tyder på att det kan användas som rekommendation åt företag som väljer mellan att utveckla en nativ-app och en webb-app.

Psykiska besvär som ångest, oro och nedstämdhet blir allt vanligare i dagens samhälle. Det kan bero på allt från en stressig vardag och sociala medier till ekonomiska utmaningar. Trots att det är ett vanligt tillstånd idag anses det vara ett ämne omringat av stigma hos en stor del av befolkningen. I mitt examensarbete har jag därför valt att jobba med sätt att uppmärksamma och främja ungdomars och unga vuxnas hälsa och välbefinnande. Som en lösning på detta problem har jag tagit fram appen MICA. Appen innehåller olika verktyg som kan hjälpa att hantera stress, lindra ångest, skapa rutiner och förbättra självkänslan. Genom att använda appen regelbundet skapar man hälsosamma rutiner och vanor som kan ha en positiv effekt på den mentala hälsan.  MICA är en lättillgänglig lösning som hjälper till att bryta ned tabun kring psykisk ohälsa samt hjälper användaren att nå sina mål för sitt mentala välmående. Med hjälp av den digitala coachen, räven Mica, tar användaren kontroll över sin egna hälsa och sitt välbefinnande för att nå sina personliga mål. / Mental health problems such as anxiety, worry, and sadness are becoming increasingly common in today’s society. This can be due to factors ranging from a stressful daily life and social media to economic challenges. Despite being a prevalent condition today, it is still considered subject surrounded with stigma for the majority of the population. Therefore, in my thesis, I have chosen to work on ways to raise awareness of and promote the health and well-being of young people and young adults. As a solution to this problem, I have developed the app MICA. The app contains various tools that can help manage stress, alleviate anxiety, establish routines, and improve self-esteem. By using the app regularly, individuals can develop healthy habits and routines that can have a positive impact on their mental health. MICA is an easily accessible solution that helps break down the stigmas surrounding mental health issues and assists users in achieving their goals for their mental well-being. With the help of the digital coach, the fox Mica, users increase their control of their own health and well-being to achieve their personal goals.

The FlyDeal Mobile Loyalty App business plan communicates the business model to the readers, as well as provides relevant information on FlyDeal’s services, markets, start-up costs, capital investment, and financial forecasts. The FlyDeal Mobile Loyalty App is a complete loyalty marketing solution that allows consumers to download the FlyDeal app via the Apple App Store or via the Android Market. The FlyDeal app will enable them to consolidate all their loyalty and membership reward cards into one application that is accessible via their smartphones. They can then earn points to claim rewards from merchants who have subscribed to the service, at their convenience. For merchants who have subscribed to the service, the FlyDeal Online Platform will enable them to create and manage their loyalty programs online, and get real-time analytics at a low cost. The business will require a capital investment of 150,000 USD, where 60% will be funded by the founder, and 40% will be funded by investors. FlyDeal will have a projected gross revenue of 7,184,825 USD and a net income of 4,126,607 USD and payback within the first quarter of Year 3. FlyDeal’s exit strategy is in a form of acquisition either by local or international companies.