Orientador: Carlos Raimundo Ferreira Grosso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_RodneyAlexandreFerreira_D.pdf: 5653563 bytes, checksum: 3722a3f854c6082410b047a12b90764c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A microencapsulação em spray dryer tem sido amplamente empregada na indústria alimentícia, visando a proteção do recheio. Atualmente, a goma arábica e a maltodextrina são utilizadas como material de parede e a goma do cajueiro ainda não foi estudada para esta finalidade. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho, foi avaliar a retenção de voláteis, após a microencapsulação de extrato de café pela técnica de spray drying, utilizando-se maltodextrina, goma arábica e goma do cajueiro como agentes microencapsulantes. As microcápsulas obtidas foram caracterizadas por Karl Fischer, proteína, atividade de água e distribuição do tamanho de partículas. Além disso, foi avaliada a estabilidade física e química por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM). A extração assistida por microondas foi empregada para a extração do recheio, devido a sua simplicidade operacional, rapidez e por permitir a extração de várias amostras ao mesmo tempo. A identidade dos compostos contidos no recheio, foi sugerida por comparação dos espectros de massas com os da biblioteca NIST. O perfil cromatográfico obtido por CG-EM para as diferentes amostras de microcápsulas demonstrou uma similaridade na avaliação qualitativa. A análise sensorial foi realizada com 39 provadores, utilizando-se as microcápsulas em estudo, comparadas a um padrão de café instantâneo em pó, obtido em spray dryer. Foi observado que não houve diferença significativa entre as microcápsulas testadas e o padrão / Abstract: Microencapsulation using spray dryer has been widely used in food industry, seeking core protection. Nowadays, the gum arabic and maltodextrin have been used as wall material, but cashew gum was still not studied as a microcapsule for this purpose. This way, the objective of this work was studied the volatile retention of coffee extract during microencapsulation by a spray drying technique using maltodextrin, gum arabic and cashew gum as microencapsulating agents. The microcapsules obtained were characterizated by Karl Fischer, protein, water activity, particle size distribution. Besides, the physical and chemical stability were studied by scanning electron microscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Microwave assisted extraction was used for core extrraction, who allows operacional simplicity, rapid extraction and multiple extraction at same time. The identities of the compounds in the core were suggested by comparison of their mass spectra with those of the NIST¿s library spectra. The chromatographic profile of microcapsules samples obtained by GC-MS was similar in the qualitative evaluation. A sensory analysis was carried out with 39 consumers, comparing the studied microcapsules with instantaneous coffee powder standard obtained by spray drying. It was observed that there was not a significant difference between the microcapsules and the standard / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

A Postcard from Cairo is a chamber work for three performers (flute/soprano saxophone, vibraphone/conga, and electric guitar) supported by stereo tape and two digital sequencers. The musical content is a montage of Arabian, Indian, Spanish, and Moroccan ethnic music, combined with avant-garde sounds. The score reflects a mixture of traditional and contemporary elements featuring extensive use of improvisation and repetition. Each player is required to coordinate his responses in a variety of ways. Cues are governed by an analog clock, and pulses are provided by the tape/sequencer background.

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between a possible shortage of oil in Saudi Arabia and access to drinking water. The work is based on the hypothesis that in this area peak oil has taken place. Through method of disciplined interpretive study we focus on the influence of both sources in Saudi Arabia from the theory of sustainable development and conclusion are dealing with a scenario of possible solutions.

This study analyzes the sociocultural factors that affect Saudi students in the U.S. as they seek information and explores to what extent these factors impact their everyday life information seeking (ELIS) behavior and their information technology behavior (ITB). The factors in this study illustrate the unique sociocultural values that distinguish Saudi students from other international student groups: gender segregation, emphasis on religion, social support, and utilization of the consultation concept. After collecting data from an online survey, the data from linear regression analyses revealed that only one culture factor (the language barrier) showed a significant impact on Saudi student ELIS in the U.S., while the other factors were not statistically significant. Also, the findings indicated that perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEU) were statistically significant to the ELIS of Saudi students. Furthermore, the study showed that after academic information, food and drink, entertainment, and health were the top student needs, the top ranking sources for everyday life seeking information were social media and the Internet. The findings of the study help to shed light on a sizable user group. As the fourth largest group of international students in the U.S., Saudi students have been underrepresented in research. Also, the study's findings and recommendations provide a more profound understanding of Saudi students for both the hosting American university officials and stakeholders who provide scholarships.

Adaptation studies has recently turned an eye towards translation theory for valuable discussion on the role of movie makers as translators. Such discussion notes the difficulties inherent in adapting a medium such as a book, a play, or even a theme park ride into film. These difficulties have interesting parallels to the translation of one language into another. Translation theory, in fact, can shed important light on the adaptation process. Intrinsic to translation theory is the dichotomy between domesticating translation and foreignizing translation, the two major styles of translation. Translation scholar Lawrence Venuti, the author of these two terms, argues that while the former is an "ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to receiving cultural values, bringing the author back home," the latter is "an ethnodeviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and cultural differences of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad" (15). Venuti suggests that foreignizing translations, ones that maintain distinct cultural difference within the translated target text, are more desirable and ultimately commit less violence on the source text and language. This paper analyzes the 1940 film The Thief of Bagdad, a British remake of a 1924 Hollywood film by the same name, for its elements of foreignizing translation. Producer Alexander Korda, acting as a kind of translator, made this film during the height of the British national film movement. Supported by this movement, and inspired by his own personal vendetta against Hollywood, Korda took an American blockbuster and re-vised it with distinctly British thematic elements. Because his ultimate audience was an American one, however, I argue that his film took an American source text, The Thief of Bagdad (1924), and foreignized it, hoping, in the process, to establish British cinema as a major player in the international film world.

No description available.

In early 2001, as I began exploring the role of religion in conflict, I came across a declaration by a then little-known leader, Osama bin Laden, and his fellows. That declaration was of the World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders. Many analysts now see it as one of the founding documents of al Qaeda, the amorphous terrorist umbrella group. The purpose of the declaration was to issue a fatwa that, because United States troops were stationed in the holy Arabian peninsula and threatened Muslims, particularly in Iraq, it was every Muslim's duty 'to kill the Americans and their allies - civilians and military - ... in any country in which it is possible to do it'. Of course, the first thing that struck me, as an American, was that here was a group that wished to kill me solely because of my birthplace. They did not seem to care that I might not support specific actions of my government, even if I supported that government generally. Nor was there any discussion of whether methods other than violence might be more useful in persuading my fellow citizens as to the justice of their cause. I wondered, as a student of peace studies, what I could do in the face of such seemingly implacable hatred. The second thing that struck me about the declaration was its language. I noticed, in particular, a certain flourish that one does not often find in political analysis. The image that 'nations are attacking Muslims like people fighting over a plate of food' has always stayed in my mind because the simple image has such rhetorical power. I also noticed, in accordance with my research interests, the use of religious teachings as a justification for violence. Yet poetic rhetoric and religious dogma were not the only contents of that declaration. Bin Laden and his fellows made coherent political points. They cited as examples of the harm caused by the United States: the post-Gulf War presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia, 'dictating to its rulers [and] humiliating its people;' the continued bombing of Iraq 'even though all [Saudi] rulers are against their territories being used to that end;' and, finally, the way that these actions contributed to the security of Israel by weakening Arab nations. Thus, beneath its religious expression the declaration contained political points with which I could engage. Now, as I categorically oppose the use of violence, I unreservedly reject the conclusion of the fatwa. Moreover, I do not assume that a single statement is evidence of this group's true intent. It may very well be the case, as analysts more versed in their politics than I have argued, that al Qaeda's real goal is the establishment of an Islamic caliphate. Its affiliation with Afghanistan's Taliban certainly supports this argument. In spite of these things, though, their use of political arguments meant they were trying to reach an audience that cared about such things. I could address that audience as well, and try to propose different courses of action that would address the same concerns. Thus, I could step outside of my original framework, in which I envisioned implacable hatred, and argue for nonviolent ways of addressing the issues. Yet the religious idiom of the declaration was also an important factor. Given that the declaration addressed Muslims as Muslims, by only trying to argue political points with them I might alienate people for whom the religious language meant a great deal. Already in my research I had come to the conclusion, drawing on R. Scott Appleby's The Ambivalence of the Sacred, that the people best placed to show the peaceful potential of a religion are believers in that religion. I am not, however, religious. Thus, this conclusion left me with no recourse in the face of the religious aspects of conflict. I began to wonder what role a nonreligious - or, as I came to think of myself, a secular - person could play in peacemaking when religion is an element of a conflict. Moreover, I saw that different seculars would have different reactions to bin Laden's arguments. Some would reject the message because of the religious medium. Some, like I first did, would perceive the sociopolitical elements but continue to ignore the religious language. Others, as I also briefly did, might consider the religious element but leave out the issue of their own secular nature. Yet no perspective provided a good model for what I, as a secular, might do. Thus, the goal of my thesis became to analyze the various models of secularity, find the most beneficial principles, and construct from these a model for secular best practice. That Osama bin Laden's words should catalyze this thesis brings me to two important points. First, this is not a thesis about Islam. If a disproportionate number of the examples that I use throughout the thesis focus on Islam, this should not indicate that Islam deserves special attention concerning conflict and violence. Rather, the focus here is always on secularity and secular responses to religion in situations of conflict. However, particularly after September 11th, the largely secular policy and scholarly establishments of Europe and North America have produced a great deal of material concerning Islam. Thus, while I sought out more diverse sources dealing with secularity, I often used the religion most commented on by secular sources as an exemplar. That leads to the second point, which is that this is not a thesis about terrorism. Given its scope and the place of religion in it, most obvious case study to use in this thesis is the 'war on terror' - which I call such for ease of use, as that is what the Western media generally call it, not because I think it is an adequate designation. I will cover this topic in the final chapter, but because the thesis is about peace and violence in conflict, and not about specific forms of violence, it will not figure elsewhere. Because this thesis is concerned with violence and, specifically, with the promotion of peace, it has an overt prescriptive element. This stems in large part from my Peace Studies background. Peace Studies entails a normative commitment to pursue peaceful situations through nonviolent means. Thus, at several points I actively enjoin readers to take or not take certain types of action because, by my analysis, that is the best way to promote peaceful relationships. More generally, by the title of this thesis, I ask readers to 'rethink secular and sacred' - both what these terms mean, and more importantly how they relate to one another. In particular, this goal leads me to avoid discussing the concept of tolerance. Tolerance is often held to be a virtue by those who seek to promote nonconfrontational religious interaction. However, as many other writers have pointed out, the word 'tolerance' itself stems from physiological and biological studies, where it means the ability to withstand negative factors, such as poisons or drugs. Thus I find that its social meaning is essentially negative, denoting forbearance of what one finds repugnant. While in a very limited sense I feel that tolerance is necessary, it is only as a first step to actively engaging with what one might at first find off-putting.

Este estudo compara a mímese poética do mundo árabe-islâmico, especialmente no livro de contos As mil e uma noites, com a mímese poética do mundo hispano-americano na obra literária de Jorge Luis Borges. A obra anônima das Noites tornou-se a principal referência para especular tanto as formas e as estratégias de construção narrativa quanto os conteúdos temáticos na criação poética do escritor argentino. Devido à magnitude da produção literária borgeana, este estudo considerou o livro El Aleph (1946) e três contos de El libro de arena (1975)- El espejo y la máscara, Undr e El disco. O trabalho se propõe afirmar que a poética árabe-islâmica, enquanto acervo da cultura universal constituiu-se num dos elementos vitais para a construção da poética narrativa de Jorge Luis Borges / This study compares the poetic mimesis of the Arabic-Islamic world, specially the book of tales The Arabian Nights, with the poetic mimesis of the American- Hispanic world in Jorge Luis Borges literary production. The anonymous literary composition The Arabian Nights became the main reference to speculate both the form and the narrative construction strategies as well as the thematic contents as a poetic creation of the Argentinian author. Due to the magnitude of the borgesian literary production, this study has only considered the book El Aleph (1946) and three narratives of El libro de arena (1975) El espejo y la máscara, Undr and El disco. As a result, the study proposes to state that the Arabic- Islamic Poetics, albeit a universal cultural patrimony, constituted itself in one of the vital elements to the construction of Jorge Luis Borges Narrative Poetics

Internal waves (IWs) owe their existence to the stratification in the medium. These waves affect acoustic transmission greatly. Impact of these waves on acoustic transmission in deep water is fairly well understood due to better performance of well-celebrated Garrett-Munk (GM) model. However, in shallow waters, predicting these waves is not as easy, because of interactions with the bottom and surface. Hence two experiments, one during October 2002 and the other during October 2004 were conducted to characterize IWs in the shallow waters of northeastern Arabian Sea. The first experiment was carried out during October 2002 south of Gulf of Kutch (GOK) and the second experiment during October 2004 both south and north of GOK. During these experiments CTD moorings were deployed and temperature and salinity (TS) data were collected at 5 seconds interval. CTD Yo-Yo collected vertical profiles of TS at a sampling interval of 2.5 minutes for 3.5 hours during October 2002 and 1 hour during October 2004 experiment. In addition, during the first experiment, currents were measured using a vessel mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), and in both experiments CTD TS profiles were taken from the ship. This data set has been used for characterizing internal waves in the northeastern Arabian Sea. Experiment conducted during October 2002, south of GOK has revealed large tidal ranges. The barotropic tidal range at the experimental site was 1.5m. Current observations made using the vessel mounted ADCP, along the shore and across the shore, showed signs of first mode (baroclinic) oscillations; currents in the top and bottom layers were in opposing directions. They were found to be southwesterly in the top layer and northeasterly in the bottom layer. Time - depth sections of TS profiles from CTD yo-yo data, revealed the presence of high frequency internal waves and solitons overriding on low frequency trend. Moored CTD time series of temperature records showed the presence of internal solitons, which caused a vertical displacement of about 8m in the isotherms, which is equivalent to 3OC change in temperature, in less than 10 minutes. Passage of internal solitons induced vertical mixing causing the mixed layer to deepen by about 10m and current speed increased by about 0.1 m/s. Internal solitons were traveling towards northwest and current vectors suggest that they were generated when the internal tide is reflected from the bottom. Vertical displacement spectra agreed well with GM spectra when solitons were not present. However, when the solitons were present the displacement spectra had higher energy levels compared to the GM spectra. Another experiment was done in October 2004, mainly aimed at characterizing internal solitons and to verify the consistency of the results obtained during October 2002 experiment. This experiment also showed that IWs of both high and low frequency along with internal solitons were present at the experimental site. It was found that internal solitons were more energetic during spring tide than the neap. The observed amplitudes of these solitons were around 12m and were not rank ordered suggesting that the experimental site is close to the generation point. It is believed that, generally, solitons get phase locked to the barotropic tide’s trough and travel. Such phase locking was not observed at the experimental site. They were observed riding on both troughs and crests of barotropic tide. One of the aims of this thesis is to develop a simulation model based on Garrett-Munk steady state internal wave spectrum. Hence, an internal wave model IWAVE was developed to simulate the sound speed structure due to internal waves. Sound speed structure is simulated instead of TS structure, because of their direct utility in sonar range prediction models. Since the GM model is a deep-water and mid-latitude model, it was calibrated to suite shallow-water tropical environment by incorporating the site and region specific parameters. EOFs and Dynamical modes estimated using TS profiles were used to identify the site-specific parameters of the GM model. Values for characteristic mode number and spectral slope used in the GM model are 3 and 2 respectively. However, it was found that they are different in the northeastern Arabian Sea. At this site, the characteristic mode number was found to be 1 and the spectral slope was found to be 3. The modified model was validated against the measured sound speed profiles. In the first case, the first sound speed profile (TS) of the CTD yo-yo data (20 October 2002) was used for predicting the remaining profiles and compared them with observations. This was done to verify the model’s ability to predict high frequency case (TS profiles are measured at every 2.5min.). In the second case, during October 2004, TS profiles collected at every one-hour for 24 hours were used. This gives an idea of the model’s performance for the low frequency case. The variances of the measured and simulated sound speed profiles matched well in both cases with the modified GM model.

Note: / As a result of its military campaigns for religious and political reform during the latter half ot the eighteenth century, the Su'udi principality at the al-Dir'iyah developed into a powerful state. It first brought the districts of central Arabia under its control and later annexed the region of al-Hasa. [...]