The work of an engineer is closely intertwined with safety. An engineer’s perception of the “safety” task is traditionally inherent in his or her design. However, in the technical world most machines and systems designed by engineers contain a human element, which engineers have to consider in their work. In the oil and gas upstream industry – especially drilling, production and workover operations – petroleum engineers (including drilling and production engineers) are responsible not only for design but also for operational and organizational aspects. The human factor becomes more important in complex offshore operations. Incorporating safety into a sys-tem design requires identifying, analyzing and evaluating risks and ensuring that any not accounted for are taken into consideration. This process requires communication among everyone involved in the process. Analysis of accidents in the oil and gas industry shows that often a lack of that communication led to incident triggering events. In this thesis, the author proposes a novel communication model that improves this exchange of information and supposedly makes the process of risk assessment more effective. In addition, the new model also incorporates factors such as emotions, feelings, needs and imagination into the risk assessment process. This broadens the information base for the risk identification and analysis and creates an atmosphere of psychological ownership for the stakeholders in the process, which leads to a perceived safety climate in the organization where the new model is applied. The innovative communication or consultation model, as it is also referred to in risk assessments, is based on a structured process used in conflict resolution called mediation. Mediation is an alternative conflict resolution process that is centered on mutual under-standing and listening to each other’s needs. The process is composed of elements that characterize it. These elements of mediation are used to assess other communication processes and to develop new communication models. The application of the elements of mediation and the safety-mediation consultation into the risk assessment process enables this process to be enhanced with human factors such as emotions, feelings, intuition and imagination. The inclusion of all stakeholders creates psychological ownership, improves communication, enables organizational learning and expands the knowledge base for risk analysis. The applicability of the safety-mediation consultation process for a human factor-based risk assessment is presented and tested using illustrative examples and field cases from the international oil and gas industry. Possible concerns and limitations are also discussed. This thesis shows that mediation and elements of the mediation process can be applied to improve communication in the international oil and gas industry. This is facilitated by educated safety mediators, who help the petroleum engineer and operational crew on a drilling rig to achieve a better understanding by ensuring that they hear and fully register each other’s needs.

The work of an engineer is closely intertwined with safety. An engineer’s perception of the “safety” task is traditionally inherent in his or her design. However, in the technical world most machines and systems designed by engineers contain a human element, which engineers have to consider in their work. In the oil and gas upstream industry – especially drilling, production and workover operations – petroleum engineers (including drilling and production engineers) are responsible not only for design but also for operational and organizational aspects. The human factor becomes more important in complex offshore operations. Incorporating safety into a sys-tem design requires identifying, analyzing and evaluating risks and ensuring that any not accounted for are taken into consideration. This process requires communication among everyone involved in the process. Analysis of accidents in the oil and gas industry shows that often a lack of that communication led to incident triggering events. In this thesis, the author proposes a novel communication model that improves this exchange of information and supposedly makes the process of risk assessment more effective. In addition, the new model also incorporates factors such as emotions, feelings, needs and imagination into the risk assessment process. This broadens the information base for the risk identification and analysis and creates an atmosphere of psychological ownership for the stakeholders in the process, which leads to a perceived safety climate in the organization where the new model is applied. The innovative communication or consultation model, as it is also referred to in risk assessments, is based on a structured process used in conflict resolution called mediation. Mediation is an alternative conflict resolution process that is centered on mutual under-standing and listening to each other’s needs. The process is composed of elements that characterize it. These elements of mediation are used to assess other communication processes and to develop new communication models. The application of the elements of mediation and the safety-mediation consultation into the risk assessment process enables this process to be enhanced with human factors such as emotions, feelings, intuition and imagination. The inclusion of all stakeholders creates psychological ownership, improves communication, enables organizational learning and expands the knowledge base for risk analysis. The applicability of the safety-mediation consultation process for a human factor-based risk assessment is presented and tested using illustrative examples and field cases from the international oil and gas industry. Possible concerns and limitations are also discussed. This thesis shows that mediation and elements of the mediation process can be applied to improve communication in the international oil and gas industry. This is facilitated by educated safety mediators, who help the petroleum engineer and operational crew on a drilling rig to achieve a better understanding by ensuring that they hear and fully register each other’s needs.

Die Auswertung von Unfallzahlen an Produktionsmaschinen der vergangenen Jahre zeigt, dass nach Jahren sinkender Unfallzahlen eine Stagnation eintritt (Mödden 2018). Der Unfallstatistik der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (DGUV) ist außerdem zu entnehmen, dass die Ursache für tödliche oder schwere Unfälle sehr häufig freigesetzte Werkstücke sind. In den meisten Fällen lagen mangelhafte Aufspannsituationen vor (Kesselkaul Meyer 2016). Wenn die Möglichkeiten der inhärent sicheren Konstruktion und der technischen Schutzmaßnahmen ausgeschöpft sind und trotzdem Restrisiken verbleiben, muss im Schritt 3 die Benutzerinformation, die als instruktive Sicherheit zusammengefasst wird, darauf hinweisen (Neudörfer 2014, ISO 12100 2011, MRL 2006). Das Problem ist hierbei, dass die Beachtung der instruktiven Sicherheit vom Bediener abhängig ist. Das Vertikal-Drehen auf Fräsbearbeitungszentren ist ein arbeitssicherheitstechnisch besonders kritischer Prozess, weil dafür die Maschine mit vollwertigen Rotationsachsen für das Werkstück ausgerüstet wird. Durch die hohen Drehzahlen der Werkstücke steigen deren kinetische Energie und damit das Gefährdungsrisiko gegenüber der reinen klassischen Fräsbearbeitung stark an. Im Stillstand und bei geringen Drehzahlen hat das Werkstück dagegen in der Regel einen sicheren Stand und vermittelt dem Maschinenbediener unter Umständen eine trügerische Sicherheit. Wird das Werkstück außerdem manuell gespannt, entstehen trotz ausreichender technischer Zuverlässigkeit des Systems 'Werkzeugmaschine-Spannmittel-Werkstück' Unwägbarkeiten, die rein auf das menschliche Handeln also die Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion zurückzuführen sind. Die auf einer bewährten Risikoabschätzung beruhende normungstechnische Konvention erfordert Überwachungsfunktionen und instruktive Sicherheit für die konkrete Werkstückspannung (ISO 16090 2017). Sie setzt also quasi einen idealen und z. B. nicht ermüdenden und immer richtig handelnden Maschinenbediener voraus. Die oben erwähnten Unfallzahlen sind ein Beweis, dass die reale Situation nicht befriedigend ist. Die wesentliche Frage ist: Wie kann die Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion (MMI) als Teil des Maschinendesigns sicherer gestaltet werden? Und auf das konkrete Beispiel bezogen: Wie kann die Instruktion so verbessert werden, dass schwere Unfälle verhindert werden? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, ist es im ersten Schritt notwendig, den Einfluss der menschlichen Unzuverlässigkeit zu quantifizieren, um ihn so sowohl in technisch-physikalische Auslegung als auch in die Bewertung der Maschinensicherheit einfließen zu lassen.

Die Reduzierung der Unfallzahlen und berufsbedingten Erkrankungen, die Stärkung des Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes genießen in Sachsen einen hohen Stellenwert, da sichere und gesundheitsgerechte Arbeitsbedingungen in den Schulen auch zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung des Freistaates beitragen. Um diesen Anspruch in den sächsischen Schulen dauerhaft zu sichern, entwickelt die Professur Arbeitswissenschaft und Innovationsmanagement der Technischen Universität Chemnitz das Arbeitsschutzmanagementsystem Schule »AManSys«. Einen wichtigen Teil der Systementwicklung bildet dabei das Handbuch zum »AManSys«, eine Handlungsanleitung und zukünftig digitales Hilfsmittel für den Schulleiter, um die Durchführung und Dokumentation der Prozesse in der Organisation im Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz regelkonform zu managen und damit seiner Unternehmerverantwortung gerecht zu werden.:1 Das Arbeitssystem Schule 1.1 Rechtliche Einordnung 1.2 Regelungen im Arbeitsschutz- und Unfallversicherungsrecht 1.3 Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz im Freistaat Sachsen 2 Chronologische Entwicklung von Arbeitsschutzmanagementsystemen 3 Entwicklung des »AManSys« aus dem OHRIS-Konzept 4 Entwicklungsstand »AManSys« 5 Literatur