This report constitutes the result of a master thesis that was composed at Presetting- and Sharpening at Scanias engine department in Södertälje. The department works as a service organisation for the production lines and its purpose is to maintain the right quality on tools within machining. This is done by resharpening of drills and by turning and changing inserts on milling tools. The tools are then adjusted according to given tolerances to obtain correct quality on processed parts. The master thesis project consists of two main parts; analysis of flow and waste within the department with the goal to make the processes more efficient. The other part treats development of an assembly station for milling tools with the aim to improve the ergonomy. The mutual connection for the master thesis project lies within the ergonomy which has been a problem on the assembly station. The demands for the station has been developed mutually to ensure good ergonomy, flow and quality on the work performed on the station. In addition to this, a digitizing has been made of the department to illustrate the proposed changes. Through observations, interviews and simulation of flow, wastes and bottlenecks have been detected. For the development of the assembly station the product development process Ulrich and Eppinger has been used. The work resulted in a recommendation to institute routines and standardized work methods for how the work is supposed to be performed by operators. A routine should also be instituted on the milling handling station that means that the automatic measurement station always is prioritized by operators to guarantee maximum productivity. Finally, the wash process should be prioritized as a critical part in the daily work and thereby receive machine ownership, and thus make sure that knowledge about the wash process is obtained. The development of the assembly station led to three level based solutions that were supposed to be implemented today, within 1-2 years and a vision about the future's possible assembly station.

A comparative study on existing shafts of the paint brush has been carried out within this thesis project. The comparative analysis was performed regarding ergonomics and how the design of the shaft in terms of shape affects the user. By looking at several shafts with different designs, product design can be linked to the user and increase the possibilities for a good working environment through a better tool. A central part of the work is the case study conducted to investigate the target audience using brushes for everyday use, namely the painters. The painters’ grip and movement pattern could be mapped through observation. Movement patterns were analysed in relation to the different shapes on the brushes to study possible relationships between shape and ergonomics. The observation was followed by an evaluation where the painters evaluated the shapes of different brush shafts. The evaluation was carried out by the painters, who were to estimate the different brush shafts as better, equal or worse than the study's reference object. In this way, the subjective experience of the painters could be captured. In order to verify the observed results and to supplement the study with objective measurements, an experiment was also conducted in a movement laboratory. Through the experimental study, differences in the movements of the painter and the amount of muscle activity in the use of the various forms could be recorded. The conclusion reached by the study is that the movement pattern of the painters, in terms of ergonomics, is not affected by the shape of the brush shaft. This is proven by the results from both the observation and the measurements that were made during the motion analysis. Some variation could be seen in the motion analysis, but these deviations were so small that no direct conclusions could be drawn. Neither could the study prove any major differences in the amount of muscle activity between the different forms of the brushes. It may be possible to assume that the muscle of the thumb was activated somewhat more when using one of the brushes. However, this result is uncertain and must be investigated and analysed more thoroughly before any conclusion can be drawn. Regarding the painters’ grips, the observation in the study gave clear answers. Roughly 90% of the time, the painters choose to use the thumb grip when handling the paintbrushes. Despite this lack of difference in both measurement data and observation, the painters themselves felt that the different shapes provided different conditions for better or worse ergonomics. This shows that there is a difference and that the painters themselves can more easily describe this difference than technology or an observer can. One of the brush shafts included in the study was estimated by all painters in the focus group as better than the reference object. Two other brush shafts in the study were estimated, by four out of five painters, to also be better than the reference object. The conclusion is therefore that three of the types of bush shaft studied excels and are appreciated more based on ergonomic aspects of the study´s focus group. However, before the results can be generalized, a more extensive study needs to be carried out on a larger focus group. / Inom ramen för detta examensarbete har en jämförande studie av befintliga skaft hos lackpenseln genomförts. Den jämförande analysen skedde med avseende på ergonomi och hur skaftets utformning vad gäller form påverkar användaren. Genom att titta på flera skaft med olika design kan produktdesign kopplas till användaren och öka hens möjlighet till god arbetsmiljö genom ett bättre verktyg. En central del i arbetet är den fallstudie som genomförts för att undersöka den målgrupp som använder penslar till vardags, nämligen målarna. Målarnas grepp samt rörelsemönster kunde genom observation kartläggas. Rörelsemönster analyserades i relation till penslarnas olika former för att studera eventuella samband mellan form och ergonomi. Observationen kompletterades med en utvärdering där målarna värderade de olika penselskaftens former. Värderingen genomfördes genom att målarna fick skatta de olika penselskaften som bättre, lika bra eller sämre än studiens referensobjekt. På detta sätt kunde målarnas subjektiva upplevelse fångas in. För att verifiera de observerade resultaten, samt för att komplettera studien med objektiva mätvärden, genomfördes även ett experiment i ett rörelselaboratorium. Genom experimentstudien kunde olikheter i målarens rörelser samt mängd muskelaktivitet vid användandet av de olika formerna registreras. Den slutsats studien kommit fram till är att rörelsemönstret hos målarna, vad gäller ergonomi, inte påverkas av formen på penselskaftet. Detta bekräftas av resultatet från både observationen och de mätningar som genomfördes vid rörelseanalysen. Vissa variationer kunde ses vid rörelseanalysen men dessa avvikelser är så små att inga direkta slutsatser kan dras. Någon större skillnad i mängden muskelaktivitet mellan de olika formerna på penslarna kunde studien heller inte påvisa. Möjligen kunde man ana att tummens muskel aktiverades något mer vid användandet av en av penslarna. Detta resultat är dock osäkert och måste undersökas och analyseras mer noggrant innan någon slutsats kan dras. När det gäller de grepp som målarna använder sig av ger observationen i studien tydliga svar. Till närmre 90% av tiden väljer målarna att använda sig av tumvecksgreppet när lackpenseln hanteras. Trots denna brist på skillnad i resultat vid både experimentstudien och vid observationen upplevde målarna själva att de olika formerna gav olika förutsättningar till bättre eller sämre ergonomi. Detta vittnar om att det trots allt finns en skillnad och att målarna själva lättare kan beskriva denna skillnaden än vad tekniken eller någon utomstående kan. Ett av de penselskaft som ingick i studien skattades av samtliga målare i fokusgruppen som bättre än referensobjektet. Två andra penselskaft i studien skattades av fyra av fem målare även de som bättre än referensobjektet. Slutsatsen är därför att tre av de undersökta formerna sticker ut och uppskattas mer utifrån ergonomiska aspekter av studiens fokusgrupp. Innan resultatet kan generaliseras behöver dock en mer omfattande studie genomföras på en större fokusgrupp.

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Remanufacturing is an environmentally sound material recovery option which is essential to compete for sustainable manufacturing. The aim with remanufacturing at a majority of companies is to prolong physical product performance by delivering the same or betterthan-original product quality. In general, remanufacturing is an industrial process that brings used products back to useful life by requiring less effort than is demanded by the initial production process. Consequently, from a product life-cycle perspective, remanufacturing generates great product value. Remanufacturers lag behind manufacturers since they often face complex and unpredictable material and information flows. Based on a review of remanufacturing research, remanufacturing challenges in material and information flows can be classified into three groups: insufficient product quality, long and unstable process lead times, and an unpredictable level of inventory. While some remanufacturing researchers state that manufacturing and remanufacturing are significantly different, they have more in common than many other processes operations. Therefore, to sustain competitive remanufacturing, companies investigate an opportunity for improvement through the employment of lean production that generates significant benefits for manufacturers. In order to investigate the potential to address remanufacturing challenges by lean production, a Minimum time for material and information flow analysis (MiniMifa) method was developed. This method originates from the value stream mapping (VSM) method, broadly practiced to bring lean to manufacturing companies. The focus of MiniMifa was to collect empirical data on the identified groups of remanufacturing challenges from the remanufacturing perspective, and to provide a basis for the development of improvements originating from lean principles. Lean production was selected for this research due to its system perspective on material and information flows. Among the defined lean principles in remanufacturing, a pull principle was investigated at the case companies. The suggested principle demonstrated a reduction in lead time, followed by improvements in inventory level and product quality. However, in order to become lean, remanufacturers have to overcome three levels of lean remanufacturing challenges: external and internal challenges as well as lean wastes. Finally, this research reduces the gap between academia and industry by contributing with a possible solution to the identified remanufacturing challenges in material and information flows.

In recent decades, the development of computer-controlled manufacturing by adding materiallayer by layer, called Additive Manufacturing (AM), has developed at a rapid pace. The technologyadds possibilities to the manufacturing of geometries that are not possible, or at leastnot economically feasible, to manufacture by more conventional manufacturing methods. AMcomes with the idea that complexity is free, meaning that complex geometries are as expensiveto manufacture as simple geometries. This is partly true, but there remain several design rulesthat needs to be considered before manufacturing. The research field Design for Additive Manufacturing(DfAM) consists of research that aims to take advantage of the possibilities of AMwhile considering the limitations of the technique. Computer Aided technologies (CAx) is the name of the usage of methods and software thataim to support a digital product development process. CAx includes software and methodsfor design, the evaluation of designs, manufacturing support, and other things. The commongoal with all CAx disciplines is to achieve better products at a lower cost and with a shorterdevelopment time. The work presented in this thesis bridges DfAM with CAx with the aim of achieving designautomation for AM. The work reviews the current DfAM process and proposes a new integratedDfAM process that considers the functionality and manufacturing of components. Selectedparts of the proposed process are implemented in a case study in order to evaluate theproposed process. In addition, a tool that supports part of the design process is developed. The proposed design process implements Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) witha parametric CAD model that is evaluated from functional and manufacturing perspectives. Inthe implementation, a structural component is designed using the MDO framework, which includesComputer Aided Engineering (CAE) models for structural evaluation, the calculation ofweight, and how much support material that needs to be added during manufacturing. Thecomponent is optimized for the reduction of weight and minimization of support material,while the stress levels in the component are constrained. The developed tool uses methodsfor high level Parametric CAD modelling to simplify the creation of parametric CAD modelsbased on Topology Optimization (TO) results. The work concludes that the implementation of CAx technologies in the DfAM process enablesa more automated design process with less manual design iterations than traditional DfAM processes.It also discusses and presents directions for further research to achieve a fully automateddesign process for Additive Manufacturing. / AddMan

Over the last decade, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have experienced an accelerated growth, and nowadays they are being deployed in a variety of missions that have traditionally been covered by manned aircraft. This unprecedented market expansion has created new and unforeseen challenges for the manufacturing industry which is now called to further reduce the idea-to-market times while simultaneously delivering designs of even higher performance. In this environment of uncertainty and risk, it is without a doubt crucial for the involved actors to find ways to secure their strategic advantage, and hence, implementing the latest design tools has become a critical consideration in every Product Development Process (PDP). To this end, a method that has been frequently applied in the PDP and has shown many successful results in the development of complex engineering products is Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO). In general, MDO can bring additional knowledge regarding the best-suited designs much earlier in the process, and in this respect, it can lead to significant cost and time savings by reducing the total number of refinement iterations. Nevertheless, the organizational and cultural integration of MDO has been often overlooked, while at the same time, several technical aspects of the method for UAV design are still at an elementary level. On the whole, research on MDO is showing a slow progress, and to this date, there are many limitations in both the disciplinary models and the available analysis capabilities. In light of the above, this thesis focuses on the particulars of the MDO methodology, and more specifically, on how it can be best adapted and evolved in order to enhance the development process of UAVs. The primary objective is to study the current trends and gaps of the MDO practices in UAV applications, and subsequently to build upon that and explore how these can be included in a roadmap that will be able to serve a guide for newcomers in the field. Compared to other studies, the problem is herein approached from both a technical as well as organizational perspective, and thus, this research not only aims to propose techniques that can lead to better designs but also solutions that will be meaningful to the PDP. Having established the above foundation, this work shows that the traditional MDO frameworks for UAV design have been neglecting several important features, and it elaborates on how those novel elements can be modeled in order to enable a better integration of MDO into the organizational functions. Overall, this thesis presents quantitative and qualitative data which illustrate the effectiveness of the new framework enhancements in the development process of UAVs, and concludes with discussions on the possible improvement directions towards achieving more and better MDO capabilities.

<p>Arbetslivet ställer allt högre krav på stresstolerans när kraven på flexibilitet ökar. Inom vissa yrkesområden har hög stresstolerans av naturliga skäl alltid varit ett grundläggande krav. Då stresstolerans förefaller mångfacetterat var syftet att göra en kvalitativ undersökning om hur professionella bedömare vid rekrytering och urval till yrken och yrkesutbildningar med höga krav på stresstolerans definierar och kartlägger denna egenskap samt vilka metoder de använder. Datainsamlingen genomfördes genom sju halvstrukturerade intervjuer med rekryterare samt psykologer knutna till försvarsmakten, flyg, brandförsvar, polis, räddningsverksamhet och kustbevakning. Resultatet som tolkades med induktiv tematisk analys, visar att detta genomförs med hjälp av typbestämning av stresstolerans, hypotesskapande testning, hypotesprövande helhetsbedömning samt kontroll av inre och yttre resurser. Slutsatsen är att stresstolerans betraktas både som en stabil och en situationsbunden egenskap och att bedömaren i huvudsak fungerar som instrument. Fler studier behövs genomföras, framför allt inom andra yrkesområden, för att säkerställa att stresstolerans inte bedöms enbart med fingertoppskänsla.</p>

<p> </p><p>Internet har utvecklats till att bli den enskilt största källan för information och tjänster från myndigheter och företag. Webbsidor produceras dock sällan med användbarhet i fokus. Detta innebär en risk för att informationssökning och utnyttjande av tjänster försvåras eller omöjliggörs för stora grupper av befolkningen. I denna uppsats fokuseras på äldres problem med att tillgodogöra sig information via Internet på grund av syn-, koordinations- och kognitiva problem, dess bakomliggande orsaker och hur detta kan och bör åtgärdas.</p><p>Sammanlagt 65 webbsidor har studerats och vi konstaterar att ingen av dessa uppfyller de krav och rekommendationer som finns för att producera användarvänliga webbsidor. Vidare konstaterar vi att de riktlinjer som World Wide Web Consortium utvecklat och som bland annat rekommenderas av Verket för förvaltningsutveckling inte ger någon garanti för att webbsidor blir mer användarvänliga.</p><p>Uppsatsen avslutas med några rekommendationer för att skapa mera användarvänliga webbsidor.</p><p> </p> / <p> </p><p>Internet has grown to the biggest individual source of information and service from governmental authorities as well as companies. Web pages are, despite of this, rarely produced with usability in mind. This leads to a risk that information and use of services will be more complicated or even impossible to reach for large groups of people in the community. This thesis focuses on older people's problem using Internet because of reduced sight and problems with coordination and cognition. We also discuss the cause of those problems and how Internet pages should be designed to meet the needs of those affected.</p><p>Within the work 65 web pages has been analyzed and we establish that none of those pages fulfil the requirements and recommendations that are in use. We also establish that the guidelines that World Wide Web Consortium has developed and that is recommended by the Swedish Administrative Development Agency, is not a guarantee for usability of web pages.</p><p> </p>

<p>Today, the use of simulators is very common and is used in many different areas, for example research, development and education. This trend has progressed due to simulators provide a cost efficient and safe platform for a large set of applications. </p><p>The assignment was given by the Division of Industrial Ergonomics and was titled “Haptic Feedback”. The purpose of this master thesis was how to add more realism into a fixed base car simulator by stimulating the human haptic perception. </p><p>When performing tasks in a substitute environment, the achieved data can differ in validity dependent on how “true” a simulator is. Therefore it is very important to resemble the actual environment as much as possible if one want data consistent with the real world. With the use of devices such as electrical motor and frequency converter, vibrations are created to simulate the vehicles contact with the surface of the road. The goal is not to recreate the real world physics – the goal is to add more realism in analogue with the present visual and audio setup. </p><p>To solve this problem many different subject areas are involved. Knowledge about software development, mechanics, construction, electronics and ergonomics are areas that are concerned in this master thesis. </p><p>Although this report will give a good overview of the haptic feedback concept, it is recommended that you visit the Virtual Reality-laboratory at the University of Linköping and try this application hands on in the simulator environment.</p>

<p>I Volvo Personvagnars tillverkningsanläggning i Torslanda utanför Göteborg tillverkas personbilar av flera modeller och en mängd olika varianter av varje modell. I dagsläget är produktivitetskraven höga vilket medför risker för belastningsbesvär eller skador för</p><p>operatörerna som monterar ihop bilen. Således blir belastningsergonomi en viktig del i arbetsmiljöarbetet.</p><p>Man har på Volvo Personvagnars slutmonteringsanläggning i Torslanda utvecklat en beräkningsmodell för att beskriva belastningsergonomin i tillverkningen som man kallar BME (Beräknings Modell Ergonomi). Problemet består i att utvärdera validiteten hos BME utifrån ett</p><p>personalekonomiskt perspektiv, det vill säga huruvida kostnader relaterade till sjukfrånvaro,sjukskrivningar, rehabilitering, personalomsättning och omplaceringar kan knytas till belastningsergonomi med hjälp av BME. Genom litteraturstudier, undersökningar om hur den belastningsergonomiska situationen förändrats sedan BME infördes samt genom studier av hur sjukdomsbilden ser ut kunde samband ställas upp mellan belastningsergonomisk tyngd och</p><p>förekomst av skador.</p>