This thesis looks at the pueblo theory as it was presented: whether there is anything supporting Rogers' theory, whether a pueblo could have existed in the area, and why the claim has been generally accepted by the archaeological community.

Cette thèse présente les résultats d’une fouille archéologique préventive menée sur un site de la région périurbaine est de la ville antique de Beyrouth. Leur étude approfondie montre des changements dans la fonction d’utilisation de cet espace, toujours lié directement à la ville. Son urbanisme s’est développé sur les bords des prolongations des axes urbains. Il n’a été bien planifié qu’à partir du Ier s. apr. J.-C. durant sa transformation en un espace funéraire. Sa division par des limites de terrains servait probablement aux colons nouvellement installés pour leurs activités agricoles, économiques, artisanales, etc. L’installation de constructions monumentales dans ce secteur périurbain n’a commencé qu’à la fin du IIe s. apr. J.-C. C’est ainsi qu’un sanctuaire du culte héliopolitain a été construit dans la plaine côtière, entre les deux voies menant à la ville, au point le plus proche de la mer et sur une falaise. Sa destruction est confirmée durant le IVe s. apr. J.-C.,soit à cause du tremblement de terre du 348/349 apr. J.-C. soit à la suite de la christianisation de la région. Ensuite, ce secteur a abrité plusieurs grandes résidences qui ont été détruites, soit par le tremblement de terre du 551, soit ultérieurement. Vers le début de la période médiévale, l’espace périurbain est a été abandonné pour la récupération des pierres des anciens monuments. Son occupation par des bâtiments ne reprend qu’à la période ottomane. / This thesis presents the results of the archaeological rescue excavation of a site situated in the periurban area of the ancient city of Beirut. The study findings reveal chronological changes in the use of the space, that are consistently linked to developments associated with the growth of the city. The site developed along the extensions of the urban axes, but was fully elaborated in the 1st century A.D. with its transformation into a burial ground. Divided by territory limits, the new colonists then most likely used this location for their economical, agricultural, and artisanal activities. The installation of monumental constructions in this peri-urban area began at the end of the 2nd century A.D. A sanctuary pertaining to the Heliopolitan cult was thus built on the plain between the two roads leading to the city, on the “Ras Mdawar” cliff at the nearest point to thesea. Its destruction is dated to the 4th century A.D., either as a consequence of the earthquake of 348/349 AD or as a result of the Christianization of the region. Several large villas were later built in this area and destroyed either by the earthquake of 551 AD or at a later period. With the start of the medieval era, the peri-urban space was abandoned and exploited for the recuperation of stones from the ancient monuments. It remained unoccupied until the Ottoman period.

Au cours des dernières décennies, la présence des auralisations dans l’acoustique architecturale et la réalité virtuelle est devenue de plus en plus importante. De nombreuses applications en découlent, telles que les explorations de la réalité virtuelle multimodale ou les études de l’influence acoustique des rénovations et la recherche historique. Malgré ces nombreux cas d’utilisation, peu d’études scientifiques ont été réalisées sur le sujet. L’objectif de cette thèse était donc d’examiner l’utilisation d’auralisations acoustiques de salles, basées sur l’acoustique géométrique (GA) comme outil scientifique et visant à aider à la création d’auralisations historiquement exactes plus écologiquement valables. Déjà dans les années 1930 les premières tentatives ont été entreprises pour rendre audible (de manière imaginaire) les champs sonores. Les développements au cours des 80 dernières années ont conduit à des améliorations significatives des auralisations. Aujourd’hui, si l’on veut créer des auralisations, l’enregistrement anéchoïque réalisé préalablement doit être convolué avec une réponse impulsionnelle ambiante, mesurée ou simulée (RIR). Les logiciels GA sont souvent utilisés pour calculer numériquement la RIR de géométries compliquées. Les méthodes basées sur les ondes sont gourmandes en calcul, nécessitant des modèles géométriques complexes et des données d’entrée complexes. Cette thèse vise à améliorer la qualité des auralisations entièrement calculées. À cette fin, on a étudié l’étalonnage des modèles acoustiques des salles et l’inclusion de la directivité vocale dynamique. Des mesures acoustiques de la pièce ont été réalisées dans quatre salles et des modèles d’acoustique géométrique ont été créés des mêmes espaces. Une procédure méthodique de calibration du modèle a été proposée, réalisée dans les quatre salles, et validée au préalable par comparaison d’estimation de paramètres. Des tests d’écoute subjectifs comparant des auralisations mesurée set simulées pour trois espaces différents ont révélé que les auralisations étaient également perçues pour huit attributs acoustiques évalués. Par la suite, un cadre permettant d’inclure la directivité vocale dynamique a été présenté. Les résultats des tests d’écoute ont montré des différences perceptuelles entre la directivité vocale dynamique et la directivité de source statique pour la plausibilité, l’enveloppement de l’auralisation ainsi que la largeur perçue de la source. L’amélioration de la validité écologique des auralisations a permis d’étudier l’influence des visualisations sur l’expérience acoustique, avec un degré de confiance raisonnable que les effets perçus sont également applicables dans des situations réelles. À cet effet, un cadre a été établi qui a permis des évaluations multimodales de pièces de théâtre et de concerts. Les résultats d’un test d’écoute multi-modal présentant une scène cohérente visuelle-sonore ont confirmé les différences perceptuelles entre les auralisations de directivité vocale dynamique et statique. Dans ce même cadre, un second test d’écoute comparant des scènes visuelles/sonores incohérentes è cohérentes, indiquait qu’avec une distance source-récepteur accrue, les auralisations sont perçues acoustiquement plus éloignées et plus élevée. / Over recent decades, auralizations have become more prevalent in architectural acoustics and virtual reality. Auralizations have numerous use-cases such as multi-modal virtual reality explorations, studies of the acoustical influence of renovations, and historic research. Despite their numerous use-cases, they rarely have been part of scientific studies. Therefore, the goal of this thesis was to examine the use of room acoustical auralizations based on geometrical acoustics (GA) as a scientific tool and aimed to aid in the creation of more ecologically valid historically accurate auralizations. Already in the 1930s first attempts were undertaken to render audible (imaginary) sound fields. Developments over the last 80 years have led to significant improvements of auralizations. Today, if one wishes to create auralizations, generally anechoic recording need to be convolved with either a measured or simulated room impulse response (RIR). GA software are often employed to numerically compute the RIR of complicated geometries. Wave-based methods are computationally intensive, requiring complex geometrical models and complex input data. This thesis aims to enhance the quality of fully computed auralizations. For this purpose the calibration of room acoustical models and the inclusion of dynamic voice directivity were studied. Room acoustical measurements were carried out in four rooms and geometrical acoustics models were created of the same spaces. A methodical calibration procedure was proposed, carried out in the four rooms, and first validated by means of parameter estimation comparison. Subjective listening tests which compared measured and simulated auralizations for three spaces found that the auralizations were equally perceived for 8 tested acoustical attributes. Subsequently, a framework was presented which enabled the inclusion of dynamic voice directivity. The results of listening tests indicated that perceptual differences between dynamic voice directivity and regular static source ordinations in plausibility and envelopment of the auralization as well as perceived width of the source. With the improved ecological validity of the auralizations it was possible to study the influence of visualizations on the acoustical experience, with a reasonable degree of confidence that perceived effects are also applicable in real-life situations. For this purpose, a framework was established which enabled multi-model assessments of theater plays and concerts. Results of a visual-aural coherent multi-modal listening test confirmed the perceptual differences between dynamic and static voice directivity auralizations. A second listening test employing this framework which compared incoherent to coherent aural-visual cues indicated that with increased visual source-receiver distance auralizations are perceived acoustically more distant and louder.

In Central Europe, an early medieval architectural complex, in which palatial remnants have been either unearthed or expected on the basis of historical writing, is often classified as a royal/princely seat. Thus, the architectural criteria are used to define the residential areas. Alas, in most studies the interpreted architectural remnants are simply juxtaposed without taking into account their terresial and landscape context. I demonstrate that in some cases landscape significance of royal seats was constructed without taking into account any spatial evidence. Secondly, I illustrate that by isolating a single building within the royal seat from its landscape and textual context, the spatial aspects of the structure were misinterpreted. However, our understanding of the local environment is essential to identify the role of architectural "quotation" in the semantic creation of space of the royal seats in the past. Thus, based on a textual approach to architecture and landscape, my thesis aims to deconstruct the meaning of early medieval royal seats, and to demythologize the interpretation of early medieval royal seats in Central Europe. In addition, I present that both textual (historic writing) and physical (environmental) aspects of the reality creates a historic spatiality that is polarized...

Archaeologists have employed a method to determine individuals’ sex through objects in grave contexts, this method is called archaeological sex determination. However, this method has proven to be misleading in interpretations in correlation with the concepts of gender and sex. This will be highlighted through a comparative study of two case studies: “Birkakrigaren” and “Barumskvinnan”. The concept of gender has grown stronger in the public debate concerning the difference between gender and sex, which has contributed to the concept’s amplification in the archaeological discipline, specifically gender theory. Gender theory will be used to explain and clarify the problems of archaeological sex determination, in addition how it could be used for criticism of a current case study, which is “Birkakrigaren” and why the criticism differed between two case studies: “Birkakrigaren” and “Barumskvinnan”. In order to reach the desired results, different articles and books will be examined, simultaneously with articles and blogs on the subject of the criticism.

Les résidus textiles archéologiques de l’Orient ancien sont rares. En Mésopotamie, la plupart des connaissances sur les textiles proviennent de textes cunéiformes. Fabriqués à partir de fibres animales ou végétales, les textiles sont périssables dans la plupart des environnements archéologiques. Un des principaux processus de préservation exceptionnelle de fibres archéologiques implique le contact avec un artefact métallique, ce phénomène est appelé « minéralisation ». Très peu de travaux ont été consacrés à l’étude approfondie des processus de minéralisation des textiles cellulosiques. Ce travail de doctorat a consisté à étudier à multi-échelles l’interaction entre substrat métallique à base cuivre et textile ancien, à partir d’échantillons provenant des sites archéologiques de Tello, de Nausharo et de Gonur-Depe (3e et 2e millénaire av. J.-C.). Le travail a permis de mettre en place une nouvelle méthodologie d’imagerie par microtomographie synchrotron de rayons X semi-quantitative afin de décrire la composition de ces systèmes complexes, hétérogènes et réactifs en 3d. Ces développements nous ont permis d’approfondir la description archéologique de ces textiles et de leur contexte d’enfouissement, en relation avec la question de leur production et de leur usage passés. Nous avons enfin abordé la description du système hybride fibres–produits de corrosion et la présence de signatures organiques dans ces systèmes hybrides altérés en vue de décrire les mécanismes à l’origine de leur conservation exceptionnelle. / Archaeological textile remains from the ancient East are rare. In Mesopotamia, most of the knowledge about textiles comes from cuneiform texts. Made from animal or vegetable fibres, textiles are perishable in most archaeological environments. One of the main processes of exceptional preservation of archaeological fibres involves contact with a metallic artefact, this phenomenon is called "mineralization". Very little work has been done on the in-depth study of the mineralization processes of cellulosic textiles. This PhD work consisted of a multi-scale study of the interaction between copper-base substrate and ancient textiles, based on samples from the archaeological sites of Tello, Nausharo and Gonur-Depe (3rd and 2nd millennium BC). The work made it possible to implement a new imaging methodology using synchrotron-based semi-quantitative X-ray microtomography to describe the composition of these complex, heterogeneous and reactive systems in 3d. These developments have allowed us to deepen the archaeological description of these textiles and their burial context in relation to the question of their production and use in past times. Finally, we discussed the description of the hybrid system of fibre-corrosion product and the presence of organic signatures in these altered hybrid systems in order to describe the mechanisms underlying their exceptional conservation.

This thesis discusses mining cabin sites from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as cultural resources. Special attention is given the concept of "description" in regards to discussion of the resource category, history, and physical attributes of the sites. Evaluation and management suggestions are presented for this particular resource category. To aid in the process of identification of log cabin notching, a typology of notches is developed and presented within the context of the thesis.

In the Adams Collection at the Tillamook County Pioneer Museum, Tillamook, Oregon, there are 29 baskets that were probably made between 1880 and 1940. They are mostly of raffia, are somewhat faded from their original, bright, commercial colors, and are generally quite small. Despite the fact that these baskets are well-documented and were made by Tillamook women, they are the sort that have been overlooked by anthropologists and by collectors because of their non-"traditional" appearance. In order to determine what relationship these baskets have to Tillamook basketry made earlier, I analyzed them and 39 Tillamook baskets from four other museum collections for features of structural and.decorative techniques, shape, size, and stitch qualities, and noted the.materials used.

Social inequality is a trademark of Northwest Coast native societies, and the relationship between social prestige and resource control, particularly resource ownership, is an important research issue on the Northwest Coast. Faunal remains are one potential but as yet underutilized path for examining this relationship. My thesis work takes on this approach through the analysis of fish remains from the Cathlapotle archaeological site (45CL1). Cathlapotle is a large Chinookan village site located on the Lower Columbia River that was extensively excavated in the 1990s. Previous work has established prestige distinctions between houses and house compartments, making it possible to examine the relationship between prestige and the spatial distribution of fish remains. In this study, I examine whether having high prestige afforded its bearers greater access to preferred fish, utilizing comparisons of fish remains at two different levels of social organization, between and within households, to determine which social mechanisms could account for potential differences in access to fish resources. Differential access to these resources within the village could have occurred through household-level ownership of harvesting sites or control over the post-harvesting distribution of food by certain individuals. Previous work in this region on the relationship between faunal remains and prestige has relied heavily on ethnohistoric sources to determine the relative value of taxa. These sources do not provide adequate data to make detailed comparisons between all of the taxa encountered at archaeological sites, so in this study I utilize optimal foraging theory as an alternative means of determining which fish taxa were preferred. Optimal foraging theory provides a universal, quantitative analytical rule for ranking fish that I was able to apply to all of the taxa encountered at Cathlapotle. Given these rankings, which are based primarily on size, I examine the degree to which relative prestige designations of two households (Houses 1 and 4) and compartments within one of those households (House 1) are reflected in the spatial distribution of fish remains. I also offer a new method for quantifying sturgeon that utilizes specimen weight to account for differential fragmentation rates while still allowing for sturgeon abundance to be compared to the abundances of other taxa that have been quantified by number of identified specimens (NISP). Based on remains recovered from 1/4" mesh screens, comparisons between compartments within House 1 indicate that the chief and possibly other elite members of House 1 likely had some control over the distribution of fish resources within their household, taking more of the preferred sturgeon and salmon, particularly more chinook salmon, for themselves. Comparisons between households provide little evidence to support household-based ownership of fishing sites. A greater abundance of chinook salmon in the higher prestige House 1 may indicate ownership of fishing platforms at major chinook fisheries such as Willamette Falls or Cascades Rapids, but other explanations for this difference between households are possible. Analyses of a limited number of bulk samples, which were included in the study in order to examine utilization of very small fishes, provided insufficient data to allow for meaningful intrasite comparisons. These data indicate that the inhabitants of Cathlapotle were exploiting a broad fish subsistence base that included large numbers of eulachon and stickleback in addition to the larger fishes. This study provides a promising approach for examining prestige on the Northwest Coast and expanding our understanding of the dynamics between social inequality and resource access and control.

The main goal of this project is to find new use of former monastic grange for archaeological base and exhibition combined with multipurpose building containing gallery space, workshop room, accommodation and restaurant. The courtyard should become new public space (during opening hours). Znojmo-Hradiště (also known as Hradiště sv. Hypolita) is an important archaeological site with numerous finds from the period of the Great Moravia. The monastery and the grange are situated in the centre of former fortress. The complex of the monastery and all its buildings with few exceptions are cultural monument.