The Mīqāt of al-Juhfa is located in the west of Saudi Arabia about 187 km northwest of the Holy City of Mecca. Al-Juhfa is one of the five fixed places called Mawāqīt, or entry stations to the pilgrimage (Hajj). These Mawāqīt were designated during the early Islamic period for any pilgrim comes through them with the intention of Hajj. During the early Abbasid period, al-Juhfa was the largest occupied Mīqāt in the Islamic world. This study focuses primarily on historical and archaeological aspects of the Mīqāt of al-Juhfa during the early Islamic period. To illustrate these aspects, the study analyzed many primary sources that mention al-Juhfa in order to reconstruct the historical and cultural development of the site and to establish the extent to which it functions as an urban center. The study benefited from important information provided by these sources in this respect, such as the chronology of the site, its strategic location, topographical features, the nature of the landscape at different times, the function of specific objects, human activities that took place at the site, and factors that led to its prosperity and decline. The study also undertook a fieldwork at al-Juhfa site—primarily archaeological survey and excavation. This fieldwork enabled us to test the results of the textual analysis and to reveal other characteristics of the site (such as its cultural role, urban elements, planning and defences, architectural functions, building technique, building material, and other features). Moreover, the study analyzed both the formal and technical qualities of all archaeological discoveries on the site, comparing them with their analogues at other early Islamic sites in the Middle East. The study derived many results that clearly indicate the great importance of al-Juhfa as an urban center characterized by several urban functions during the early Abbasid period in the late of 8th century until its importance began to decline gradually between the second half of 11th century and the first half of 12th century. This chronology is supported by both written sources and the archaeological evidence. Several architectural elements and a collection of archaeological finds of different pieces of pottery, ceramic, glass, worked stone, and metal were discovered at al-Juhfa. These discoveries provide us with more information about the extent of mutual influence and active interaction between various cultures during pre-Islamic period as well as the high cultural and commercial level achieved by al-Juhfa and the relationship it had with other Islamic sites in the Middle East. / Graduate / 2019-06-26

Cremated bone occurs in many archaeological sites as small grey and white fragments. The high temperatures reached during heating induce structural, chemical and isotopic changes to bone apatite (the inorganic fraction of bone). These changes are investigated here by infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (d13C, d18O and 87Sr/86Sr) in both modern heated bone and archaeological cremated specimens. The results of various heating experiments (in laboratory and natural conditions) highlight the significant carbon and oxygen exchanges with the fuel used as well as with bone organic matter (mainly collagen). While not informing on dietary practice and hydrology as is the case with unburned bone, the d13C and d18O values of calcined samples together with infrared results provide information on the conditions in which the bone was heated (e.g. presence of fuel, size of the pyre, temperatures reached, dry or fresh bone, etc.). In parallel, the effect of heat on the strontium present in bone is minimal, if not undetectable. Furthermore, as observed through artificial contamination experiments, post-burial alterations also appear to be extremely limited, which is to be expected due to the higher crystallinity of calcined bone apatite compared to tooth enamel and unburned bone. These experiments demonstrate that calcined bone provides a reliable substrate for mobility studies using its strontium isotope composition. The application of these results to the study of six Neolithic and one Bronze Age sites from Ireland showed the possibility of discriminating cremated individuals that ate food originating from different regions, as well as highlighting possible variations in cremation practices between different sites. The results of this thesis greatly extend the application of strontium isotopes to places and periods in which cremation was the dominant mortuary practice, or where unburned bone and enamel do not survive. They also provide insights into the reconstruction of ancient cremation practices.

The assumption that prehistoric Native American land use practices had little impact on the North American landscape persists in the literature. However, recent research suggests the effects of prehistoric burning, deforestation and agriculture may potentially have been greater than previously considered. To resolve this discrepancy, quantitative estimates of changes in human population size and forest structure and composition over the course of the Holocene are needed. This thesis addresses this need by providing radiocarbon-based paleodemographic reconstructions and pollen-inferred estimates of vegetation change, as well as analyses of associations between the two at both continental and regional scales, from the late Pleistocene to the Anthropocene. One way to estimate paleodemographic change is to use the number of radiocarbon (14C) dates from a given area to study patterns of human occupation through time. A review of the literature and compilation of existing databases relevant to this method showed there is now sufficient data to study the paleodemographic history of many regions around the world. An analysis of 14C datasets from North America and Australia compared well with model-based reconstructions of past demographic growth, and provided higher frequency fluctuations in population densities that will be important for future research. Using a kernel density estimation approach, the first estimates of prehistoric population density for North America were obtained and synthesized into a series of continental-scale maps showing the distribution and frequency of 14C dates in the Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database (CARD). The maps illustrated the space-time evolution of population and migration patterns, which were corroborated by independent sources of evidence. A methodology based on the statistical evaluation of cross-correlations between population and plant abundance was then developed to analyze the associations between these population estimates and plant communities derived from pollen databases. Periods of high spatial cross-correlation (positive and negative) between population and plant abundance were irregular and did not improve over time, suggesting that ancient human impacts are not discernable at a continental scale, either due to low populations or varying human land use practices. To further examine the relationship between pollen data and human land use at a regional scale, estimates of plant density and landscape openness are needed. The REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites) model corrects for the non-linear relationship between pollen production and plant abundance and can therefore be used to map histories of land use and land cover change. The model was applied to pollen records from lake sediments in the deciduous forest of southeastern Quebec. A preliminary analysis comparing these results to population density revealed low population during times of high Populus abundance and high population following the appearance of the mixed temperate forest suggesting a discernable human-environment association at regional scales. Overall, the results of thesis support the growing body of literature that suggests prehistoric Native Americans impacted their environments and that these impacts can be detected and quantified by integrating archaeological and paleoecological information. However, the timing, location, and intensity of human land use has changed in both space and time, suggesting regional- to local-scale analyses of human-environment interactions are most appropriate for continental North America. The methodology presented here can be used to study additional North American regions for the purpose of developing a continental history of human-environment interaction.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-22T17:15:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2037492 bytes, checksum: 124075a38989bfa89e1613e63b631712 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T17:15:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2037492 bytes, checksum: 124075a38989bfa89e1613e63b631712 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / The present paper aims to report a study on the adjustment between archaelogical collections and the scientific production made by four archaeologists during the period from 2005 to 2014 by means of their Lattes Curricula Vitae and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi museum documentation, which records and supports the menagement of its archaeological collections. Our objectives are: to underline the main components in both information sources; to evaluate the throughness of the available fields in museum documentation; to measure the quantity of archaelogical collections fostered by selected themes visible in both sources; and to exam the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi museum documentation chronology. The methodology used in this paper is based on a study characterized as a bibliographic, exploratory and documentalresearch. In addition, we used qualitative and quantitative approaches since we intend to demonstrate the relationship between the two proposedsources of information. From the research findings, we infer that these two sources of information are presented as a relevant way to help in the development of the creation of the collections found at Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Thus, it was found that these collections are interwoven in memorialístic aspect that permeate these patrimonies found the researchers studied. / O presente trabalho demanda evidenciar um estudo tratando do alinhamento entre as coleções arqueológicas e a produção científica, papers, de quatro arqueólogos no decurso de tempo compreendido entre 2005 a 2014, por meio de seus currículo lattes e da Documentação Museológica que registra e controla a formação e desenvolvimento das coleções arqueológicas constituídas pelo Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Neste sentido, objetiva-se evidenciar os principais componentes presentes nas duas fontes de informação analisadas, verificar a abrangência dos campos existentes na Documentação Museológica, mensurar a quantidade de coleções arqueológicas que foram desenvolvidas a partir das temáticas selecionadas nas duas fontes de informação e examinar a cronologia existente na Documentação Museológica que formam as coleções arqueológicas do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. A metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento desta atividade é baseada em um estudo caracterizado como uma pesquisa que parte de um fundo bibliográfico, exploratório e documental. Além disso, utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa já que busca verificar a relação entre as duas fontes de informação propostas. A partir dos achados da pesquisa, inferimos que as duas fontes de informações trabalhadas, por meio das relações nas temáticas imanentes, apresentam-se de forma relevante para o desenvolvimento da formação das coleções encontradas no Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Sendo assim, verificou-se que tais coleções se entrelaçam no aspecto memorialístico que permeiam esses patrimônios encontrados pelos pesquisadores estudados.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

The Formative Period in the North Highlands: IntroductionThe text doesn´t have an abstract / El texto no presenta resumen

A presente tese refere-se a uma proposta de abordagem geoarqueológica voltada ao estudo de sítios arqueológicos costeiros, enfocando pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos ligados à uma aproximação entre a Arqueologia, Geociências e Ciências da Informação. Objetivou em um primeiro momento, inserir questões e problemáticas relativas a necessidade de inclusão da incerteza no raciocínio e práticas arqueológicas, vislumbrando as possibilidades de seu tratamento. Neste sentido, a percepção do \"problema da não informação\" constituiu o argumento conceitual para a elaboração de um modelo de raciocínio dialético sobre a aquisição, geração, seleção e transmissão de informações na disciplina. Nessa perspectiva, sobreveio a necessidade da interação constante entre Teorias de Formação e de Recuperação, como passo essencial ao controle das perdas e ganhos informacionais e, ao tratamento das imperfeições, incompletudes, imprecisões e ambiguidades ligadas aos fenômenos arqueológicos e seu registro científico. Um dos aspectos explorados refere-se à percepção das incertezas e vieses envolvidos na interpretação das ocupações costeiras, notadamente quanto às problemáticas de origem e migração das primeiras populações nessas áreas. Em um modelo atual dicotômico entre o interior e o litoral, onde mesmo os sítios mais antigos (somente sambaquis) acham-se dispostos sobre a superfície dos terrenos, a percepção da dinâmica e complexidade dos sistemas costeiros, fica restrita ao enquadramento desses sítios em sucessões de cenários geomórficos e paeogeográficos. Deste modo, pouca atenção é dada às conseqüências de agentes dinâmicos sobre a configuração e seleção de sítios na atual paisagem costeira, bem como, à possibilidade de ocorrência e detecção de diferentes classes de sítios, que foram preservados em profundidade por meio de processos de capeamento sedimentar. Assim, em um segundo momento, foi proposto à utilização do conceito de \"Controles Geoarquelógicos\" (CG) no estudo e explicitação dos condicionantes naturais e analíticos envolvidos em uma pesquisa de caráter regional, cujo enfoque está nas relações informacionais estabelecidas entre sítios arqueológicos e meio (natural e analítico), e cujo resultado (síntese dialética) compreenderia a noção de evento arqueológico. Diante da explicitação da variabilidade envolvida na caracterização do Registro Arqueológico Regional (RAR), bem como, dos condicionantes complexos derivados da estrutura, dinâmica e evolução da paisagem, o evento arqueológico considerado na tese, compreendeu a investigação da probabilidade de preservação de sítios costeiros antigos (teoria de formação) e do seu potencial de detecção (teoria de recuperação). Neste sentido foi utilizado o raciocínio abdutivo para gerar hipóteses sobre a preservação ou não de sítios encobertos, tendo por base os modelos sedimentares e morfoestratigraficos produzidos para a costa sul-sudeste. Por sua vez, a busca de indicadores nas planícies costeiras de Guaratuba-PR e de Caraguatatuba SP, possibilitou apontar condicionantes (variáveis) favoráveis a geração de um modelo de trapeamento de sítios (capeamento e preservação sedimentar) para a região da Baía de Guaratuba. Por fim, foi testado o raciocínio probabilístico Bayesiano e a Teoria de Evidências (Dempster-Shafer) para a inclusão e representação da incerteza na pesquisa de sambaquis, visualizando um método de tratamento das evidências e inferências geradas em sistemas baseados em conhecimento. Esses mesmos métodos também permitiram determinar os pesos para os diferentes indicadores, e as condições de necessidade, suficiência e ambigüidade das variáveis na geração de mapas aplicados à predição da favorabilidade e suscetibilidade de sítios arqueológicos enterrados na planície costeira de Guaratuba. / This thesis refers to a proposal for a geoarchaeological approach focused on the study of coastal archaeological sites, concentrating on theoretical and methodological assumptions related to a closeness between the archeology, the Information Sciences and Geosciences. It aimed in a first moment, to insert issues and problems concerning the need for inclusion of uncertainty in archaeological reasoning and practice, foreseeing the possibilities of their treatment. In this sense, the perception of the \"no information problem\" was the argument for the conceptual development of a model of dialectical thinking about the acquisition, generation, selection and transmission of information in the discipline. Accordingly, the need for constant interaction between Formation and Recovery Theories became an essential step to the control of informational losses and gains, and the treatment of imperfections, incompleteness, inaccuracies and ambiguities relating to archaeological phenomena and their scientific record. One of the aspects exploited, is the perception of slants and uncertainties involved in the interpretation of coastal activities, notably on issues of origin and migration of the first people in those areas. In a current dichotomic model between the interior and the coast, where even the oldest sites (only sambaquis) are found placed on the surface of the land, the perception of the complexity and dynamics of the coastal systems, is restricted to the framework of these sites in a succession of geomorphic and paleogeographics \"scenarios\". Thus, little attention is given to the dynamic agents consequences on the configuration and selection of sites in the coastal landscape, and the possibility of occurrence and detection of different classes of sites, which were preserved indepth by a sedimental capstone process. Therefore, in a second moment, it was proposed to use the concept of \"geoarchaeological control \" (GC) in the study and explanation of natural and analytical conditions involved in a research of regional manner, whose focus is on the informational relations established between archaeological sites and the environment (natural and analytical), whose result (dialectical synthesis) understand the concept of the archaeological event. Given the explicit characterization of the variability involved in the Regional Archaeological Record (RAR), as well as the complex condition agent derived from the structure, dynamics and evolution of the landscape, the archaeological event considered in the thesis, understand the research of the probability of preservation of ancient coastal sites (formation theory) and its potential for detection (recovery theory). In this sense abdutive reasoning was used to generate hypotheses about the preservation or not of covered sites, based on the sedimentary and morphostratigraphic models produced for the south-southeast coast. In turn, the search for indicators in the coastal plains of Guaratuba- PR and Caraguatatuba-SP, it made possible to point constraints (variables) favorable to the generation of a trap model for sites (sedimental capstone and preservation) for the region of Guaratuba Bay. Finally it was tested the probabilistic bayesian reasoning and Evidence Theory (Dempster-Shafer) for the inclusion and representation of uncertainty in the research of sambaquis foreseeing a method of treatment of the evidence and inferences generated by knowledge-based systems. These methods also allowed to determine the weights for different indicators, and the conditions of necessity, sufficiency and ambiguity of the variables in the generation of maps applied to the prediction of favorability and susceptibility of buried archaeological sites in the coastal plain of Guaratuba.

Essa pesquisa tem como objeto a musealização da arqueologia marítima na cidade de Santos. Para tanto, recorreu ao estudo de recepção com estudantes de uma escola municipal de Santos visando a coletar dados norteadores de política de comunicação inerente ao processo de musealização. O propósito é trabalhar com a arqueologia pública, utilizando-se de estratégias participativas que aproxime as pessoas da ciência arqueológica considerando o museu e seu público. O estudo apresenta as pesquisas em arqueologia na cidade de Santos. Essas investigações trouxeram outras possibilidades de leituras para a história da cidade oriundas do campo arqueológico. Porém, muitas das coleções geradas por elas estão guardadas em outras cidades. Por esse motivo, é de suma importância que esse material permaneça em Santos, para que a comunidade santista tenha acesso a esses conhecimentos via comunicação museológica e a linguagem expositiva. O museu assume contemporaneamente um importante papel, para instigar seu público a participar da valorização e preservação desse patrimônio. Como patrimônio da união os vestígios arqueológicos marítimos musealizados devem estar a serviço da sociedade e a sociedade a serviço da preservação de forma a construir caminhos e soluções coletivamente. / This research has the objective of musealization of maritime archaeology in the city of Santos. For accomplishing that goal this research used the study of receptivity with students of a city public school to collect guiding data of the communication policy inherent to that process of musealization. The purpose is to work with the public archaeology using participative strategies that gather the people and the archaeological science, taking into consideration the museum and its audience. This study presents archaeological researches in the city of Santos. From those searches new possibilities of revisiting the history of the city arose originated from the archaeological field. However many of those archaeological collections are kept in other cities. For this reason it is of utmost importance that those archaeological findings stay in Santos so that its community has access to such knowledge through museological communication and expositive language. So the museum assumes contemporaneously a most important role by instigating its audience to participate in the valuation and preservation of such asset. As a Brazilian asset those musealized archaeological vestiges should stay to the service of the society and the society should stay to the service of preservation so to collectively build ways and solutions.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This study deals with the archaeological heritage management, specifically the management of information related to collections that received endorsement of museum institutions linked to Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), namely: Archaeology Museum of Xingó (MAX) and collections from Museum of Man of Sergipe (MUHSE). In granting the institutional endorsement to archaeology projects under contract, these institutions became responsible for vast amount of collections. Thinking about the archaeological heritage as a source of information, the objective of this study is to analyze the mechanisms made for information management concerning the collections of archaeological field collected under contract archaeology, and under the custody of museums in the Federal University of Sergipe, as well how to check if these procedures - if any - interact with the guidelines of the areas of Archaeology and Museology in relation to collections management. In front of the collections in the custody of the UFS, and the need for realization of management procedures for the archaeological heritage, this study assumes that it is imperative structuring mechanisms that permeate from the act of acquisition to the dissemination of information collections. This planning will be more complicated under the absence of several actions that prevent the collections management, especially if it occurs during the archaeological “rescue”. Lastly, the social role of museum institutions for knowledge of information in relation with archaeological heritage is consider, highlighting the necessity of implementing the museum documentation procedure on the archaeological collections, both by museum institutions as in field work, where these management mechanisms will enable the dissemination of information belonging to these cultural objects that are liable to be interpreted as acts and voices of past people to understand the social practices of present. / O presente estudo trata da gestão do patrimônio arqueológico, especificamente, o gerenciamento de informações referente às coleções que receberam endosso das instituições museológicas vinculadas a Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), a saber: Museu de Arqueologia de Xingó (MAX) e as coleções provenientes do Museu do Homem Sergipano (MUHSE). Ao conceder o endosso institucional aos projetos de arqueologia por contrato, essas instituições tornaram-se responsáveis por vasta quantidade de coleções. Pensando no patrimônio arqueológico como fonte de informação, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os mecanismos realizados para o gerenciamento de informações relativas às coleções do campo arqueológico coletadas no âmbito da arqueologia por contrato, e sob a guarda dos museus da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, bem como verificar se estes procedimentos – se é que existem – interagem com as diretrizes das áreas de Arqueologia e Museologia no que tange a gestão de coleções. Diante das coleções sob a guarda da UFS, e da necessidade de realização dos procedimentos de gestão para o patrimônio arqueológico, este estudo parte da premissa que é impreterível a estruturação de mecanismos que permeiem desde o ato de aquisição até a disseminação de informação relativa as coleções. Um planejamento estruturado visa evitar que informações sejam perdidas diante de várias ações que impedem a gestão de coleções, principalmente, durante o “salvamento” arqueológico. Por fim, reflete-se também sobre o papel social das instituições museológicas para o conhecimento das informações no que se refere ao patrimônio arqueológico, ressaltando a necessidade da execução do procedimento de documentação museológica sobre as coleções arqueológicas, tanto pelas instituições museológicas, bem como nos trabalhos de campo. Onde, esses mecanismos de gestão, possibilitarão a disseminação de informações pertencentes a esses bens culturais que são passíveis de serem interpretados como atos e vozes de povos do passado para a compreensão das práticas sociais do presente.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-14T13:19:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO ANDRÉIA MACEDO.pdf: 14642972 bytes, checksum: 83c5e27682e0c794cdc2fdfbc0065ad7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T13:19:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO ANDRÉIA MACEDO.pdf: 14642972 bytes, checksum: 83c5e27682e0c794cdc2fdfbc0065ad7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-04 / CAPES / A presente pesquisa constitui uma investigação geoarqueológica sobre a Lagoa Uri de Cima, localizada no município de Salgueiro-PE, abordando três escalas de análise: a escala macro, representada pelo ambiente da Lagoa, a escala meso, pela sequência estratigrafia dos sedimentos que preencheram a Lagoa, com cronologias LOE de 34.600±690 anos AP até 3.500±360 anos AP e a escala micro formada especificamente pelos dois níveis mais profundos da Lagoa, o de cascalheira cimentada por concreção carbonática, que constitui um calcrete e, pelo nível arenoso sobreposto a cascalheira. O nível de cascalheira foi estudado de forma amostral, através de microescavações de detalhe associadas às análises tafonômicas, granulométricas, de difratometria e fluorescência de raios X, datação por C-14 e isótopos do carbono da matéria orgânica do solo, enquanto para o nível arenoso foram realizadas análises granulométricas e a difratometria de raios X. Os resultados das análises do presente estudo, integrados aos dados de pesquisas anteriores, permitiram contextualizar os vestígios arqueológicos e paleontológicos encontrados nos níveis mais antigos da Lagoa, verificar os tipos de fossilização, demonstrar a coexistência dos grupos humanos com a paleofauna, há pelos menos 18 mil anos AP no Nordeste do Brasil e obter dados sobre o processo de instalação de um clima semiárido na região. / This research is a geoarchaeologycal study about Lagoa Uri de Cima, situated in Salgueiro county, state of Pernambuco. The methodological approach was built through three scales of analysis: the macro scale, represented by the lagoon environment, the meso scale composed by the stratigraphy sequence of the sediments that filled the pond, with ages since 34,600 ± 690 years BP until 3500 ± 360 years BP and, the micro scale formed specifically by the two deepest layers of the lagoon, the gravel layer cemented by carbonate concretion, which formed a calcrete and the sandy layer deposited above the gravel. The gravel layer was studied through the microdetailed excavation in laboratory of the concretion samples associated with taphonomical analysis, granolometric analysis of the sediments, diffraction and fluorescence of X- rays, C-14 dating and carbon isotopes of the soil organic material analysis, while for the sandy layer were conducted granolometric analysis of the sediments and the diffraction and fluorescence of X- rays. The results of this studies were integrated with previous survey data, that allowed contextualize the archaeological and paleontological remains that were found in the earliest sediments layers of the pond and also know the fossilization process, demonstrate coexistence between the human groups with paleofauna, at least 18,000 years BP and obtain data about the process of semi-arid climate installation in the region northeastern of Brazil.