Ce travail de thèse porte sur la recherche géophysique de la proche sub-surface appliquée aux objets et structures archéologiques. L'objectif est de définir une méthodologie d'étude géophysique de sites archéologiques dans un contexte Méditerranéen : en France et en Tunisie, ainsi que " l'empreinte géophysique " des principaux objets archéologiques. La méthode géophysique principale utilisée est la méthode magnétique. Les cartographies magnétiques obtenues sont couplées aux cartographies et mesures électromagnétiques et aux tomographies électriques (ERT) et sismiques. Ce volet de prospection sur le terrain est corrélé aux mesures magnétiques de laboratoire, permettant une meilleure contrainte des modélisations directes et synthétiques proposées pour les différents objets étudiés. Dans une première partie, la thèse se concentre sur les structures et objets archéologiques de combustion. Cette partie précise la signature magnétique de ces objets et souligne son rehaussement dû à l'effet du feu. Dans un second temps, la thèse fait porter l'analyse sur l'empreinte géophysiques des structures d'aménagement et sa variation reliée aux différents matériaux et techniques utilisés ainsi qu'aux propriétés du terrain encaissant. D'autres objets sont par la suite étudiés pour une meilleure compréhension des anomalies magnétiques potentiellement produites. La diminution de la qualité du signal magnétique et donc du rapport signal sur bruit est traité vers la fin. / This dissertation deals with the applied geophysics to archaeological objects and structures in the close subsurface. The aims are to define a geophysical methodology for the study of archeological sites in a Mediterranean context : in France and in Tunisia, and also the geophysical signature of the main archaeological features. The main geophysical method used is the magnetic method. The obtained magnetic mappings are coupled with the electromagnetic cartographies and measurements, and with the electrical tomographies (ERT) and the seismic surveys. This ground prospecting is correlated with the magnetic measurements of laboratory, allowing a better constraint of the forward and synthetic modelling, proposed for the various studied features. First, the thesis concentrates on the study of the archaeological structures of combustion. This part specifies the magnetic signature of these objects and underlines the raising owed to the effect of the fire. Secondly, this work analyzes the geophysical imprint of the building structures and its variation connected with the various materials and techniques used as well as the surrounding ground properties. Other objects are afterward studied for a better understanding of the potentially produced magnetic anomalies. Last but not least, the decrease of the quality of the magnetic signal and thus the signal-to-noise ratio, is handled.

The study encompasses the reconstruction of the Iron Age sequence around the Limpopo River floodplain on Basinghall Farm during the second millennium AD. A survey uncovered 75 Iron Age sites, including three Moritsane and ten Toutswe facies sites for the Middle Iron Age and two Early Moloko, 16 Middle Moloko (Letsibogo facies) and 43 Late Moloko grain bin platform sites for the Late Iron Age. The local settlement sequence, which is based primarily on a ceramic analysis of surficial and excavated collections, is corroborated by radiocarbon dates, a glass bead sequence and comparative data from previous studies. The borders of the Toutswe chiefdom are shown to have extended 100 km to the south, while the Eiland sequence is refined to include an Eiland, a Moritsane and a redefined Broadhurst facies. New light is also shed on the local Moloko sequence and its correlation with historical Tswana groups in south-eastern Botswana. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Archaeology)

Esta pesquisa apresenta alguns resultados do trabalho realizado com enfoque na arqueologia da paisagem em sítios arqueológicos localizados na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Turvo-Grande. Os procedimentos de campo foram iniciados no ano de 2011 e finalizados no ano de 2014, permitindo-nos avaliar o tipo e a intensidade de materiais arqueológicos, sua distribuição na paisagem, os aspectos geoambientais relevantes para a ocupação pretérita e os processos de formação atuantes nesses registros. Os dados colhidos em campo foram compilados em linguagem cartográfica, o que permitiu gerar informações espaciais dos sítios arqueológicos, bem como compreender sua possível relação com os geoindicadores locais. Os materiais arqueológicos recolhidos foram analisados em laboratório, levantando questões importantes sobre a sua produção, o seu uso e a sua espacialidade intrassítio. Os sítios arqueológicos trabalhados no âmbito dessa pesquisa foram correlacionados ao contexto arqueológico regional. A análise multiescalar e multidimensional desse contexto permitiu identificar alguns padrões socioespaciais que auxiliaram na compreensão do processo de habitar e transformar às paisagens do norte do estado de São Paulo. / This research presents some results of the work fulfilled with focus on the landscape archaeology in archeological sites located in the Turvo-Grande River Basin. Field procedures were initiated in 2011 and finalized in 2014, allowing us to evaluate the type and intensity of archaeological materials, their distribution in the landscape, the geoenvironmental aspects relevant to the past occupation and the formation processes in these records. The data collected in the field were compiled in cartographic language, which allowed to engender spatial information of the archaeological sites, furthermore to understand its possible relation with the local geoindicators. The collected archaeological materials were analyzed in the laboratory, raising important questions about its production, its use and its intrasite spatial. The archaeological sites worked within this research were correlated to the regional archaeological context. The multiscale and multidimensional analysis of this context allowed the identification of some socio-spatial patterns that helped to understand the process of dwelling and transforming the landscapes of the north of the state of São Paulo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Filipe de Morais.pdf: 3048561 bytes, checksum: 3c1d6e23425b634478fbddc8f4af6ded (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-12 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / This dissertation, entitled Management of Archaeological Heritage in a Mining Context: Building a Model from the Brazilian Legal System", aims to propose a technical-scientific model for environmental licensing of potentially harmful mining activities regarding the speleological heritage in cases where it contains evidence of archaeological materials (lithics, ceramics, hearths or rock art) showing the presence of ancient indigenous occupations. Based on discussion of the theoretical, conceptual, methodological and legal bases, the text focuses on the possible interaction between the speleological comprising aspects of the physical and biotic environment, as natural environmental assets and the archaeological heritage comprising the signatures anthropogenic the past, such as cultural environmental assets. From this point of view, we propose a technical-scientific model for cultural resource management studies linked to environmental licensing of mining activities that may impact the natural cavities as natural and cultural environmental assets / Esta dissertação de mestrado intitulada Gestão do Patrimônio Arqueológico em Contexto Minerário: construindo um modelo a partir do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro tem por objetivo construir e propor um modelo técnico-científico para o licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos minerários potencialmente lesivos ao patrimônio ambiental espeleológico qualificado pela presença de evidências ou indícios de materiais arqueológicos (líticos, cerâmicas, estruturas de combustão ou arte rupestre) que demonstram a presença de antigas ocupações indígenas. A partir da discussão das bases teóricas, conceituais, metodológicas e jurídicas, o texto foca a interação possível entre o patrimônio espeleológico que compreende os aspectos do meio físico e biótico, como bens ambientais naturais e o patrimônio ambiental arqueológico que compreende as assinaturas antrópicas do passado, como bens ambientais culturais. A partir dessa colocação, é proposto um modelo técnico-científico para os estudos de arqueologia preventiva vinculados ao licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos minerários que possam impactar as cavidades naturais como bens patrimoniais ambientais naturais e culturais

Vingt-cinq ans après la ratification de la Convention de l'Unesco de 1970 et un an après celle de la Convention d'Unidroit de 1995 par l’État colombien, il est pertinent de réaliser un état des lieux du droit du patrimoine culturel colombien et de son appréhension des problématiques liées à la circulation des biens archéologiques et à leur transfert de propriété. Si ces vestiges appartiennent incontestablement à la Nation depuis 1991, leur protection constitutionnelle ne suffit pas à satisfaire la politique nationaliste que ce pays-source souhaiterait mener. Le questionnement est donc double : d'une part, celui du régime juridique auquel les biens archéologiques sont soumis sur le territoire national et, d'autre part, celui des possibilités d'application de ce dispositif protecteur lorsqu'ils se trouvent à l'étranger. Il s'agit donc de s'interroger sur la clarté et la précision du régime juridique auquel ces vestiges sont soumis en droit colombien pour permettre à l’État de fonder des demandes en restitution ou de retour susceptibles de réussir et, aussi, de définir dans quelle mesure ce dispositif national peut être appliqué par les autorités et les tribunaux étrangers. Par ailleurs, les traités internationaux spécialement adoptés en la matière depuis la seconde moitié du XXe siècle semblent insuffisants en vue de répondre aux attentes colombiennes de restitution et de retour de ses biens archéologiques. La pratique a démontré que la lutte internationale contre le trafic illicite reste étroitement liée aux législations nationales, tant celle de l’État requérant que celle de l’État requis. Les stratégies contentieuses susceptibles d'être mises en œuvre devant les autorités et les tribunaux français ont été étudiées à titre d'exemple. Plusieurs acteurs sont au centre de ces disputes : les États, les peuples autochtones, les marchands d'art et les musées. La diversité de leurs intérêts révèle la complexité des rapports qui peuvent se tisser autour de ces vestiges considérés, selon les différents points de vue, comme des objets identitaires, sacrés, artistiques ou scientifiques.Enfin, au regard de l'évolution récente du droit du patrimoine culturel colombien, les conditions semblent présentes pour revisiter le rapport que ce pays entretient vis-à-vis des vestiges archéologiques d'origine colombienne qui se trouvent à l'étranger. / It has been more than twenty-five years since Colombia State ratified the 1970 Unesco Convention and one year later it ratified the 1995 Unidroit Convention. It is now relevant to evaluate Colombia’s cultural heritage law and its perception of the issues surrounding the international trade of archaeological objects and ownership transfer. If archaeological antiquities belong unmistakably to the Nation since 1991, their constitutional protection does not satisfy the nationalistic policy this source country would like to lead.The evaluation of cultural heritage law is a double issue. On the one hand, there is the problem of how the domestic laws are applied to archaeological objects within the national territory. On the other hand, there is the difficulty of implementing domestic legislation when the antiquities are abroad. It is therefore a question of assessing if Colombia’s cultural heritage legislation has a framework that is clear and precise enough to allow the State to succeed in its claims and of defining to what extent it can be reinforced by foreign authorities and courts.Furthermore, international treaties adopted in this field since the second half of the twentieth century seem insufficient to meet Colombia´s concerns. Practice has shown that the international fight against illicit trade is closely bound to domestic laws, either that of the requesting State or of the requested State. The litigation strategies that can be brought before French authorities and courts have been studied as an example.These conflicts concern several actors: States, indigenous people, art dealers and museums. Their different level of interests reveal the complexity of the relationships that can be built among these antiquities considered, according to the stakeholders’ point of view, as identity, sacred, artistic or scientific objects.Finally, the recent development of Colombia’s cultural heritage legislation seems to challenge the country’s relation with its archaeological objects abroad.

This thesis describes and contextualises the Population & Cemetery Simulator (PCS), which represents agent-based demographic modelling software that can be used to model living populations based on archaeological and historical data as well as their cemeteries. The data used by the PCS are demographic in nature, e.g. age and sex data generated by osteoarchaeologists from excavated cemeteries or historical demographic data. This thesis seeks to provide a methodological foundation for modelling the demographics of archaeological populations. It focusses on case studies using data from early medieval Anglo-Saxon (South England) and Alamannic (South Germany) cemeteries, although excursions into neighbouring periods and regions are included as validation studies. The case studies show how the PCS can be used in archaeological research and the software is presented as a solution to various problems caused by the difference between the living population and the 'dead' cemetery data in archaeology.

Este trabalho é um estudo arqueométrico interdisciplinar envolvendo material cerâmico arqueológico da Amazônia Central, proveniente de dois sítios de grandes dimensões, Lago Grande e Osvaldo, na região de confluência dos rios Negro e Solimões. Procurou-se testar a hipótese de uma rede de trocas entre os antigos habitantes desses sítios, focando em trocas materiais e/ou tecnológicas. Essa hipótese tem implicações para teorias de ocupação da Amazônia Central pré-colonial que procuram relativizar o papel das dificuldades ambientais da floresta tropical como fator limitante para a emergência da complexidade social na região. A caracterização físico-química de fragmentos cerâmicos e argilas próximas aos sítios foi realizada por meio de: análise por ativação com nêutrons instrumental (INAA) para determinação da composição química elementar; espectroscopia de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR) para determinação da temperatura de queima; difração de raios X (XRD) para determinação da composição mineralógica; e datação de cerâmicas por luminescência opticamente estimulada (OSL). Estudos mostraram que a área dos sítios foi ocupada por culturas produtoras das fases cerâmicas Manacapuru e Paredão, da Tradição Borda Incisa, em torno dos séculos V-X d.C. e VII-XII d.C., respectivamente. Os resultados de INAA foram analisados por métodos estatísticos multivariados, que possibilitaram definir dois grupos químicos de cerâmicas para cada sítio, para os quais não se observaram variações significativas na temperatura de queima e composição mineralógica. A partir do cruzamento com dados arqueológicos, a superposição entre pares de grupos foi interpretada como correlata da existência de uma rede de trocas pretérita, embora não tenha sido possível definir se ela teria ocorrido apenas entre Lago Grande e Osvaldo. Pelo contrário, sugeriu-se, pela comparação de dois grupos químicos de cerâmicas, que Lago Grande participava de uma rede mais extensa de trocas. / This thesis is an interdisciplinary archaeometric study involving archaeological ceramic material from two large archaeological sites in Central Amazon, namely Lago Grande and Osvaldo, on the confluence region of Negro and Solimões rivers. It was tested a hypothesis about the existence of an exchange network between the former inhabitants of those sites, focusing on material and/or technological exchange. That hypothesis has implications for archaeological theories of human occupation of the pre-colonial Central Amazon, which try to relativise the role of ecological difficulties of the tropical forest as a limiting factor for the emergence of social complexity in the region. The physical-chemical characterization of potsherds and clay samples near the sites was carried out by: instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to determine the elemental chemical composition; electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to determine the firing temperature; X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the mineralogical composition; and dating by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). Previous studies showed that Osvaldo and Lago Grande were occupied by people which produced pottery classified in the Manacapuru and Paredão phases, subclasses of the Incised Rim Tradition, around the 5-10th and 7-12th centuries BC, respectively. INAA results were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods, whereby two chemical groups of pottery were defined for each archaeological site. Significant variation in firing temperatures and mineralogical composition were not identified for such groups. By integration of the results with archaeological data, the superposition between pairs of chemical groups was interpreted as a correlate of an ancient exchange network, although it was not possible to define if it existed exclusively between Lago Grande and Osvaldo. On the contrary, it was suggested that Lago Grande participated in a more extensive exchange network by comparison of two chemical groups.

Este trabalho é um estudo arqueométrico interdisciplinar envolvendo material cerâmico arqueológico da Amazônia Central, proveniente de dois sítios de grandes dimensões, Lago Grande e Osvaldo, na região de confluência dos rios Negro e Solimões. Procurou-se testar a hipótese de uma rede de trocas entre os antigos habitantes desses sítios, focando em trocas materiais e/ou tecnológicas. Essa hipótese tem implicações para teorias de ocupação da Amazônia Central pré-colonial que procuram relativizar o papel das dificuldades ambientais da floresta tropical como fator limitante para a emergência da complexidade social na região. A caracterização físico-química de fragmentos cerâmicos e argilas próximas aos sítios foi realizada por meio de: análise por ativação com nêutrons instrumental (INAA) para determinação da composição química elementar; espectroscopia de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR) para determinação da temperatura de queima; difração de raios X (XRD) para determinação da composição mineralógica; e datação de cerâmicas por luminescência opticamente estimulada (OSL). Estudos mostraram que a área dos sítios foi ocupada por culturas produtoras das fases cerâmicas Manacapuru e Paredão, da Tradição Borda Incisa, em torno dos séculos V-X d.C. e VII-XII d.C., respectivamente. Os resultados de INAA foram analisados por métodos estatísticos multivariados, que possibilitaram definir dois grupos químicos de cerâmicas para cada sítio, para os quais não se observaram variações significativas na temperatura de queima e composição mineralógica. A partir do cruzamento com dados arqueológicos, a superposição entre pares de grupos foi interpretada como correlata da existência de uma rede de trocas pretérita, embora não tenha sido possível definir se ela teria ocorrido apenas entre Lago Grande e Osvaldo. Pelo contrário, sugeriu-se, pela comparação de dois grupos químicos de cerâmicas, que Lago Grande participava de uma rede mais extensa de trocas. / This thesis is an interdisciplinary archaeometric study involving archaeological ceramic material from two large archaeological sites in Central Amazon, namely Lago Grande and Osvaldo, on the confluence region of Negro and Solimões rivers. It was tested a hypothesis about the existence of an exchange network between the former inhabitants of those sites, focusing on material and/or technological exchange. That hypothesis has implications for archaeological theories of human occupation of the pre-colonial Central Amazon, which try to relativise the role of ecological difficulties of the tropical forest as a limiting factor for the emergence of social complexity in the region. The physical-chemical characterization of potsherds and clay samples near the sites was carried out by: instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to determine the elemental chemical composition; electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to determine the firing temperature; X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the mineralogical composition; and dating by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). Previous studies showed that Osvaldo and Lago Grande were occupied by people which produced pottery classified in the Manacapuru and Paredão phases, subclasses of the Incised Rim Tradition, around the 5-10th and 7-12th centuries BC, respectively. INAA results were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods, whereby two chemical groups of pottery were defined for each archaeological site. Significant variation in firing temperatures and mineralogical composition were not identified for such groups. By integration of the results with archaeological data, the superposition between pairs of chemical groups was interpreted as a correlate of an ancient exchange network, although it was not possible to define if it existed exclusively between Lago Grande and Osvaldo. On the contrary, it was suggested that Lago Grande participated in a more extensive exchange network by comparison of two chemical groups.

Because it signified the violent transition from the Plantagenet to Tudor dynasty, the death of King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth’s Field was a monumental event. After five centuries, his skeleton was rediscovered by an archaeological team at a site, formerly the location of the Greyfriars Priory Church. The presentation uses the forensic evidence to examine the extent to which the perceived image of Richard III is the result of Tudor propaganda.

Partant de la définition que donne Patrick Brantlinger du gothique impérial victorien, ce travail aborde la manière dont l’Egypte, à travers le prisme de l’archéologie, est devenue un objet littéraire dans les dernières années du XIXe siècle. À mi-chemin entre science et aventure impériale, l’archéologie – et, plus particulièrement, l’égyptologie – est vite devenue un motif gothique, comme en témoignent les nombreux romans et nouvelles qui composent le genre de la mummy fiction. En examinant les écrits de Bram Stoker, Henry Rider Haggard, Arthur Conan Doyle et Sax Rohmer, entre autres, cette thèse considère la manière dont le motif archéologique a parcouru différents genres populaires, depuis le roman d’aventures jusqu’au fantastique, avant d’être approprié par le roman policier. L’étude de ces textes révèle combien l’histoire antique de l’Egypte, liée à un imaginaire magique, fascinait autant qu’elle effrayait dans la mesure où elle semblait ébranler les certitudes de la science moderne. Dans le même temps, l’histoire politique contemporaine de l’Egypte – et son statut ambigu au sein de l’Empire britannique – générait également une certaine angoisse, qu’alimentait la crainte du déclin et de la dégénérescence de l’Empire et de la civilisation britannique. La représentation fictionnelle de l’antiquité égyptienne – et de la figure de la momie en particulier – traduit la peur grandissante avec laquelle les Britanniques considéraient un Empire qui, à la manière des momies égyptiennes, menaçait de se soulever et de se venger du colonisateur. C’est ainsi que l’archéologie peut être lue comme une métaphore des relations et des angoisses impériales tandis que la momie incarne ce que l’on peut interpréter comme un refoulé impérial arraché aux profondeurs de l’inconscient collectif britannique au moment même où Freud développait les méthodes de la psychanalyse. / Taking Patrick Brantlinger’s definition of late-Victorian imperial Gothic as a starting point, this dissertation considers how Egypt became a literary object in the late nineteenth century through the prism of archaeology. Pertaining as much to science as to imperial adventure, archaeology – and Egyptology in particular – soon entered fiction as a Gothic trope, as is evinced by the great number of novels and short stories that form the genre of mummy fiction. By focussing on texts by Bram Stoker, Henry Rider Haggard, Arthur Conan Doyle and Sax Rohmer, among others, this work examines how the archaeological motif travelled through various popular genres, from the adventure novel to the fantastic, before being taken up by writers of detective fiction. The study of these texts reveals that Egypt’s ancient history, full of magical potential, was an object of fascination as well as fear insofar as it seemed to shatter the certainties of modern science. Meanwhile, the modern political history of Egypt – and its ambiguous position within the British Empire – also engendered a certain anxiety, fuelled by a more general concern about the decline and degeneration of the Empire and British civilisation. The depiction of Egyptian antiquity in fiction – and the figure of the mummy in particular – conveys the growing unease with which the British viewed an Empire which, quite like Egyptian mummies, threatened to rise and wreak its revenge upon the coloniser. Thus, archaeology came to stand for a metaphor of imperial relations and anxieties while the mummy embodied what can be read as an imperial repressed excavated from the depths of the collective British subconscious at the time when Freud was developing the method of psychoanalysis.