Havsplanering sker på både nationell och kommunal nivå och båda planeringsnivåer strävar mot målet hållbar utveckling. Kommuner och stat planerar samma havsområde varför det är önskvärt att planeringen stämmer överens. Uppsatsens syfte är att därför att undersöka hur hållbarhet konstrueras på de två planeringsnivåerna och om det finns förutsättningar för överensstämmelse.    Genom en fallstudie studeras fallen Kristianstads kommuns havsområde och Norra Bohusläns kommuners havsområde. Dessa kommuners havsområden omfattas av såväl kommunala som nationella havsplaner. De nationella planerna har tagits fram av den statliga myndigheten Havs- och vattenmyndigheten. Dokumentstudier och semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförs för att ta reda på hur hållbarhet konstrueras.    Resultatet är att hållbarhet innebär att havet måste bevaras, men också användas. Hållbarhet innebär att använda havets resurser men att göra det försiktigt och att bevara naturen. På den nationella nivån syns ett något större fokus på bevarande. Detta utgör den största skillnaden i synsätt på de två planeringsnivåerna. Gällande de kunskapssyner som ligger bakom så är den nationella nivån influerad av såväl planparadigmet som miljöparadigmet. Det går inte att avgöra vilket paradigm som dominerar. På den kommunala nivån dominerar planparadigmet. Avvägningar mellan olika intressen är mycket centralt på båda nivåer och konstruktionerna av hållbarhet är likartade på de två nivåerna. Det finns förutsättningar för överensstämmelse.

abstract: The aim of this research study is to develop a passive architectural design morphology, tuned to the Sonoran Desert, which redefines Desert Modernism and integrates: (a) mitigation of heat transfer through the exterior envelope, and (b) use of daylight to inform appropriate architectural massing. The research investigation was delimited to mid-nineteenth century European modernist examples, and ends with mid-twentieth century modern architecture in the southwestern United States as viewed through the lens of environmental design. The specific focus was on Desert Modernism, a quasi-architectural movement, which purportedly had its beginnings in 1923 with the Coachella Valley, Popinoe Desert Cabin. A mixed-method research strategy comprised of interpretive-historical research, virtual simulation/modeling analysis and logical argumentation is used. Succinct discussions on desert vernacular design, Modernism’s global propagation, and the International Style reinterpretations were illustrated to introduce the possibility of a relationship between Modernism and the vernacular. A directed examination of climatic responses included within examples of California Modernism, the Case Study Houses and Desert Modernism follows. Three case studies: a) the Frey House II, b) the Triad Apartments, and c) the Analemma House were assessed using virtual simulation and mathematical calculations, to provide conclusive results on the relevance of regionally tuned exterior envelope design and planning tactics for the Phoenix, Arizona area. Together, these findings suggest a correlation between environmental design principles, vernacular architecture, and Modernism. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Architecture 2019

Köket utgör en essentiell del i hemmet. De trånga köken med låga arbetsbänkar följde kvinnorna långt in på 1950-talet, och skapade opraktiska och otrevliga arbetsmiljöer. Studier av olika arbetsmoment i kök gjordes av Carin Boalt och Brita Åkerman, för att på så sätt studera vad som behövdes och därmed skapa en bekväm arbetsmiljö utan tröttande och skadliga moment i arbetet. Dagens kök planeras baserat på olika krav och bestämmelser i avsikt att skapa bra funktioner och underlätta köksarbetet. Men frågan är om dessa, idag inte lika bindande, standarder och byggregler skapar ett rationellt och hälsosamt kök.Syftet med examensarbetet är att få djupare inblick i hur köksutformning utvecklades samt hur utformningen påverkar människors hälsa. För att nå detta studerades bl.a. resultat från Hemmens forskningsinstitut som undersökte köksarbete och dess rörelsemönster. Vidare intervjuades olika kökstillverkare, köksbrukare och en fysioterapeut. Resultatet visar att dagens köksstandard i huvudsak passar majoriteten av köksbrukarna som intervjuades, men statistik från Statistiska centralbyrån, SCB, visar att svenskars samtida medellängd inte passar standardhöjden i kök.

The number of buildings seeking LEED certification has been growing steadily over the past few years. In this study, three academic buildings which were designed and built to LEED certification standards were targeted in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Their electricity consumption and cost effectiveness were examined and compared with predesigned LEED efficiency models of those three buildings. This research directly examined cost effectiveness of LEED buildings in terms of electricity usage. Three case studies were completed to find the initial and on-going electricity costs of LEED buildings and to verify the LEED standard results. LEED aspects of these buildings were discussed with contractors, architects, project managers, and building maintenance personnel who participated in LEED projects and non-LEED sustainable projects.

The research will help to design a shower for Dr. Chelson’s shelter, which can control the water flow, pressure and duration of the shower, which optimizes the utilization of water. The showers could be used in drought-hit areas where water is very scarce, as daily sanitation needs are necessary to keep a person safe and healthy without wasting water. The report from, World Health Organization shows that showers consume the most water. A timed shower could help resolve this issue through eliminating the wastage. Eco-friendly environmentalists may also be attracted to the showers, as their main purposes are to save energy and water. The showers could be set according to the needs of the person. Annually, the difference in costs reflects that these showers are effective and make optimal use of the available water and energy.

When hollow concrete masonry is used for construction in high seismic regions, structural designs typically require fully grouted walls. The grouting process is labor-intensive, time-consuming and has a high energy demand due to requirements of consolidation in each and subsequent grout lifts. Self-consolidating grout with admixtures has been successfully used without segregation in walls of up to 12.67 ft. in height. Investigation of self-consolidating grout mixes without admixtures has potential for sustainability improvement. This thesis reports on the compression strength and consolidation observations of self-consolidating characteristics of no vibration/no admixture grout made by substituting various proportions of Portland cement with Type F fly ash and/or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). The percentages of Portland cement replacement evaluated were 0%, 50%, 60%, and 70% for Type F fly ash. The percentages of Portland cement replacement evaluated were 0%, 60%, 70% and 80% for Type F fly ash and GGBFS. Grout compressive strengths were evaluated from individually filled grout specimens constructed in concrete masonry hollow core units, dry cured, and tested after 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 130 days. Also, hollow concrete masonry walls were built 12.67 ft. tall and grouted. The relative performance was assessed by comparing to conventional grouted masonry and evaluating consolidation characteristics around mortar fins and reinforcement; compressive strength tests after 130 days of curing, and rebar pull-out tests were taken from various wall heights. All experimental grouts had acceptable consolidation characteristics but fly ash replacement grouts did not meet the compressive strength requirements.

ABSTRACT Forced Vibration Testing and Analysis of Pre- and Post- Retrofit Buildings Erica Dawn Jacobsen The primary goal of the thesis was to detect the retrofit through vibration testing of both buildings. The secondary goal focused on correctly identifying the behavior of the building through FVT, comparing that behavior to computational model predictions, and determining the necessary level of detail to include in the computational modeling. Forced vibration testing (FVT) of two stiff-wall/flexible-diaphragm buildings yielded natural frequencies and mode shapes for the two buildings. The buildings were nearly identical with the exception that one had been retrofitted. Both buildings were comprised of concrete shearwalls and steel moment frames in the north/south direction and moment frames in the east/west direction. The retrofit strengthened the moment connections and added braces to the perimeter walls in the east/west direction. The natural frequencies were found through FVT by setting a 30-lb shaker on the roof of both buildings and sweeping through a range of frequencies in both the east/west and north/south directions. Accelerometers were placed on the building to detect the accelerations. The peaks on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) graphs indicated the frequencies at which the structure resonated. Mode shapes were tested for by placing the shaker in a position ideal for exciting the mode and setting the shaker to the natural frequency detected from the FFT graphs. The accelerometers were placed around the roof of the building to record the mode shape. After testing, computational models were created to determine if the models could accurately predict the frequencies and mode shapes of the buildings as well as the effect of the retrofit. A series of increasingly complex computational models, ranging from hand calculations to 3D models, were created to determine the level of detail necessary to predict the building behavior. Natural frequencies were the primary criteria used to determine whether the model accurately predicted the building behavior. The mid-diaphragm deflection and base shear from spectral analysis were the final criteria used to compare these select models. It was determined that in order to properly capture the modal behavior of the building, the sawtooth framing, major beams, and the lateral-force-resisting-system (LFRS) must be modeled. Though the mode shape of the building is dominated by the flexible diaphragm, the LFRS is necessary to model to accurately predict both the natural frequency of the building as well as the diaphragm deflection.

The goal of this thesis is to determine whether continuity ties in large wood diaphragms are stiff enough to engage and provide diaphragm flexural stiffness in a collective chord model. Four series of continuity tie assemblies using Simpson Strong-Tie steel connectors were tested to determine the stiffness of each assembly. The results found from testing were applied to an example building and then analyzed using both the traditional chord method and the collective chord method. The completed analysis on a typical size warehouse building showed that the collective chord model will act inadvertently on an existing building designed with a traditional chord, or alternatively will potentially act intentionally in the design of a new building. The relative stiffness of the continuity ties will determine if they engage and allow them to act collectively. The testing and analysis completed creates a basis for further research into the actual static and dynamic behavior of these diaphragms. The collective chord model does seem to be a reasonable approximation for how diaphragms actually behave. If more research is conducted into different shaped and sized buildings to confirm that the collective chord model will work on most buildings then it will be a more accurate way to design new diaphragms and analyze existing diaphragms than the current traditional model.

ABSTRACT ANALYSIS OF STABILIZED ADOBE IN RURAL EAST AFRICA Grace Ying Yu Chen This project seeks to assist people in rural East Africa by proposing sustainable building methods which implement affordable and durable adobe bricks for construction. Adobe, one of the oldest sustainable building materials in the world, is strong when dry but lacks structural integrity when exposed to moisture. Chemical additives such as cement and lime are added into the adobe mix to protect the brick against moisture decomposition. Once the chemicals are added and the mix is formed into a brick, a stabilized adobe brick is formed. Cement, a stabilizer, is locally available in East Africa, but is generally unaffordable for families in rural areas. Lime is also locally available and costs about half the price of cement. This project investigates reducing the amount of cement to produce an economical and stabilized brick. The tested brick mixes, measured by volume, were • 10% cement • 5% cement • 5% cement+5% lime • 7% lime with sand • 7% lime with clay only • 10% lime with sand After testing these bricks by water jet, submersion, modulus of rupture, and compression, the 5% cement+5% lime mix and the 7% lime with clay mix proved to be viable options for economical and durable bricks. The second half of this project contains summaries of research related to stabilized adobe and other soil building methods. A literature search shows that lime mixed with soil containing small particles rich in calcium carbonate and quartz produces proper cementation in the mix called carbonation.

Städer i Sverige utvecklas ständigt och samhällsplanerarna ställs inför nya utmaningar. Utvecklingen av dagens moderna städer formas av utmaningen att uppnå EU:s hållbarhetsprinciper. Detta ska göras genom att tillfredsställa dagens behov utan att äventyra kommande generationers möjlighet att tillfredsställa sina. En stad som anses vara hållbar kännetecknas av att planeringen och byggandet sker efter ett långsiktigt mål för ett beständigt samhälle. Det hållbara samhället präglas av trivsamma miljöer som skapar mänsklig närvaro. För att detta skall uppnås måste stadsrummet upplevas som attraktivt. Det attraktiva värdet har en betydande roll i arbetet och strävan i skapandet av hållbara städer. I följande rapport undersöks vilka arkitektoniska attribut som anses vara attraktiva i stadsmiljöer samt vilka attribut som upplevs ha en positiv inverkan på människan. Undersökningen baseras på datainsamling från en enkät, intervjuer och platsobservationer. Resultatet redovisar information om vilka arkitektoniska kvalitéer som människan anser som attraktiva, de utmaningar och svårigheter som uppstår i ett stadsutvecklingsprojekt samt vilka kvalitéer som kännetecknar en stads identitet. Den insamlade informationen användes som grund för framtagandet av ett visuellt förslag av utveckling för Brädholmen i Oskarshamns inre hamn. Ett attraktivt stadsrum innefattas av relationen mellan byggnadernas variation, originalitet, småskalighet, kulörrikedom och historiska komponenter. Stadsrummet bör kännetecknas av tre samverkande faktorer, byggnaders estetiska utförande, mänsklig rörelse och landskapets kvalitéer.